archaeologia cantiana - vol. 131 2011 · 2018-12-29 · and mo st have been co ncentrated in and...

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T H E DE V E L O PM E NT O F T O NBR I DG E S E E N T H R O U G H T H E G AT E O F I T S C AS T L E : R E C E NTE X C AV AT I O NS AT T H E FO R M E R BANK S T R E E T

S T O C K AND C AT T L E M AR K E T

S T U AR T H O L DE N, G I L L I AN DR APE R , C H R I S J AR R E T TAND DAM I AN G O O DBU R N

Between February and M arch 2005 Pre-C o nstruct Archaeo lo gy co nducted an archaeo lo gical ex cavatio n at the f o rmer T o nbridge S to ck and C attle M ark et alo ng Bank S treet in T o nbridge ( T Q 59 00 4674, Figs 1 and 2 ) f o r C gM S C o nsulting o n behalf o f C rest Nicho lso n.

Tonbridge is situated at the confluence of four tributaries to the River M edway that o nce delineated the so uthern bo undary o f the to wn centre,the settlement being p o sitio ned o n the higher gro und to the no rth, surro unded by lo wer-lying marshland. T he site lies to wards the no rthern end o f the centre o f to wn, to the west o f Bank S treet and no rth o f T he S lade. T he geo lo gy underlying it co mp rises T unbridge W ells S and o fL o wer C retaceo us Age ( British G eo lo gical S urvey, 19 71) .

Archaeol ogi cal ba ckgr ound

Few archaeo lo gical investigatio ns have been undertak en within T o nbridge and mo st have been co ncentrated in and aro und the castle itself ( Fig . 3 ) :

( i) T he M inistry o f W o rk s ex cavated acro ss the to p o f the ca s tl em o tte and elsewhere between 19 11 and 19 15, unco vering a well and the f o undatio ns o f an inner ring wall. I n 19 38 ex cavatio n o f the floor of the west tower of the gatehouse exposed the unfaced f o undatio ns o f the so uthern wall, whilst during p reservatio n and co nso lidatio n wo rk to the curtain wall in the p erio d 19 55 to 19 65 f urther sectio ns were revealed. M o re recently in 19 9 9 and 2000,several small watching brief s and evaluatio n p ro j ects have been co mp leted in and aro und the castle ( Pastscap e, 2007) .

( ii) T he K ent Archaeo lo gical S o ciety investigated the to wn’ s medieval enclo sure ditch and ramp art at L a n d s d o w n e R o a d in 19 76 ( S treeten 19 76) .

Archaeologia Cantiana - Vol. 131 2011

http://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/Research/Pub/ArchCant/131-2011/Contents.htm

S T U AR T H O L DE N, G I L L I AN DR APE R , C H R I S J AR R E T T & DAM I AN G O O DBU R N

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( iii) An evaluatio n was co mp leted as p art o f a co nstructio n p ro j ect o f a p o o l co mp lex in 19 9 4, acro ss the H il d e n B r o o k f ro m the castle. H ere a waterlo gged timber ho riz o n p o ssibly o f medieval date was ex p o sed and reco rded.

( iv) At 1 6 5 H ig h S tr e e t the structural remains o f a p o st-medieval build-ing were reco rded during the co urse o f redevelo p ment in 19 9 8 .

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DE V E L O PM E NT O F T O NBR I DG E : E X C AV AT I O NS AT FO R M E R C AT T L E M AR K E T

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( v) T o the so uth o f this site, o n the so uth side o f C a s tl e S tr e e t , an eval-uatio n in 2000 reco rded a linear f eature that may be o f p rehisto ric date ( R ady 2000) .

( vi) A p ro gramme o f evaluatio n trenching was co mp leted at L y o n s , E a s t S tr e e t in 2000 ( Pine and S aunders, 2000) . I n 2001, Pre-C o nstruct Archaeo lo gy f o llo wed up the latter wo rk with an o p en area ex cavatio n ( L Y T 01) that p ro duced redep o sited artef acts suggesting p rehisto ric and R o man activity in the area as well as

Fig. 3 E x cavatio ns in T o nbridge.

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structural elements and f eatures relating to the medieval and p o st-medieval p erio ds ( W ragg e t a l . 2005) .

( vii) I n 2002, an archaeol ogi cal imp act assessment ( Bow sher 2002) was com pi led f or the B ank St r e e t site, f ol low ed by two pha ses of archaeological evaluation. The first consisted of trenches located on the west side of the site, away f rom the H igh S treet. H ere, evidence f or backl ands activity was revealed in the f or m of small pi ts f rom which sherds of medieval pot tery were recove red, toge ther with evidence f or metalwor ki ng ( C or cor an and W atson 2003, p. i) . T he trenches of the second pha se of evaluation were pos itione d clos er to Bank S treet and T he S lade, pr o ducing a wealth of evidence f o r medieval activity and p ro mp ting the p ro gramme o f ex cavatio n, which f o llo wed. T wo areas o f ex cavatio n were o p ened up , Area A running f rom T he S lade tow ards the centre of the site and Area B pos itione d near Bank S treet a long t he s out h s ide of T he C or n E xc hange.

( viii) R unning co ncurrently with the ex cavatio n ( vii) , evaluatio n by trial trench was tak ing p lace immediately to the no rth, o n the site o f the f o rmer C a p ito l C in e m a co mp lex , which also p ro ceeded to ex cavatio n ( K T -T BR 03) ( S wif t and Black mo re, 2010) .

As o nly a f ew ex cavatio ns have been undertak en to date in the medieval co re o f T o nbridge, there is a p aucity o f p ublished literature o n the ceramics f ro m the to wn. T o co mp licate the situatio n f urther, the study o f medieval ceramics in K ent is limited p rimarily because o f a relatively small number o f ex cavated and p ublished p o ttery k ilns in the co unty, p articularly in the no rth and west. As p o ttery was the p rincip al to o l f o r dating the medieval f eatures f o und at Bank S treet, a p reliminary ceramic p hasing ( C P) was compiled to aid and further define the chronology of the site. This has been a so lutio n f o r many cities and to wns in the S o uth E ast, no tably at S t Albans ( T urner-R ugg 19 9 5, p p . 57-58 ) and L o ndo n ( V ince and J enner 1991, pp. 24-25). As typologies have become more refined for the late-S ax o n and early-medieval L o ndo n wares, the use o f ceramic p hasing there is now largely redundant. However, the ceramic profile of early-medieval and medieval T o nbridge has o nly recently begun to be studied using modern terminology and quantification methods, so a preliminary ceramic p hasing is used here to discuss the dating and distributio n o f p o ttery gro up s o n the Bank S treet site. E ach ceramic p hase co ntains o ne specific type or a combination of contemporary pottery types, and a new C P is intro duced with the ap p earance o f ano ther maj o r f abric typ e. T he distributio n o f the p o ttery typ es f o r each p hase is sho wn belo w:

C P 1: c.1050-1125; North or West Kent shell-filled ware (EM35)C P 2: c.1125-1150; North or West Kent shell-filled ware (EM35) with

less co mmo n No rth o r W est K ent sandy and shell-temp ered


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ware (EM36). West Kent fine sandy ware (EM4) and North or West Kent fine sandy ware with sparse shell and sparse grits ( E M 22) may be p resent f ro m c . 1125, but these f abrics are relatively rare o n the Bank S treet site.

C P 3: c . 1150-1250; No rth o r W est K ent sandy and shell-temp ered ware ( E M 36) with No rth o r W est K ent sandy ware ( M 38 A) and L o ndo n-typ e ware ( M 5) .

C P 4: c . 1225-1400 [ s ic]; No rth o r W est K ent sandy ware ( M 38 A) , North or West Kent fine-moderate sandy, rilled wares (M38B) and L o ndo n-typ e ware ( M 5) .

C P 5: c . 1325-1400; No rth o r W est K ent sandy ware ( M 38 A) and North or West Kent fine-moderate sandy, rilled wares (M38B) and North or West Kent hard-fired fine sandy ware (M38C).

T he Findings a t Bank S treet

P r e - N o r m a n T o n b r id g e

Although in situ evidence f or pr e his tor ic activity is limited in the T onbr idge region, there have been occasional finds of various periods suggesting activity in the area. An assemblage of M esol ithic microl iths was discove red at M artin’ s Field, to the sout heast of the tow n ( W ymer and Bons all 1977, p. 160) with f urther M esol ithic blades and a tranchet axe ( T hames Pick) being f ound at O ld H adlow R oa d, to the nor theast ( ibi d ., p. 150) . T hree microl iths were recove red at the L yons S ite on E ast S treet ( W ragg e t al . 2005, p. 122). These finds suggest that although not heavily exploited, there was at least som e mo vement of pe opl e acros s the landscape during this pe riod. No Neol ithic material has been f ound nearby and there is little evidence f or Bronz e Age activity. A barbed and tanged arrow head was f ound at the O ld H adlow R oa d site which is clo se to the line of a suspe cted pr ehistor ic trackw ay that traverses the land f rom W rot ham pa st T onbr idge to the east, tow ards S out hbor ough t o T unbridge W ells a nd be yond.

At the Bank S treet site, three narro w ditches o f late-p rehisto ric o r early-Roman date have been identified running on a roughly east to west o rientatio n ( Fig. 4). From within the fill of Ditch 1, sixteen sherds of p o ttery f ro m a j ar with an up right rim were reco vered. T he f abric was so f t, o range in co lo ur, with inclusio ns o f gro g and o f sand dating to the late I ro n Age. A f urther two sherds o f a hard vessel imitating Patchgro ve ware ( mid-1st to late-2nd century AD) were also identified from this feature.

T he C ap ito l C inema site to the no rth o f the Fo rmer S to ck and C attle M ark et ex cavatio ns p ro duced a single ex tremely abraded sherd o f p o ssible Patchgro ve ware f ro m within a p o stho le ( S wif t and Black mo re 2010) . S everal sherds o f o ther f abrics were f o und residually in later co ntex ts.

An evaluation at Castle Street, to the east of Bank Street, identified a


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p o ssible p rehisto ric linear f eature almo st 2m wide beneath nineteenth-century dep o sits ( R ady 2000) . W ith the ex cep tio n o f two undiagno stic flint flakes, the fills were sterile whilst the deposition sequence leads to the interp retatio n o f it being a f o rmer waterco urse. T he o nly o ther evidence f o r I ro n Age activity in the area is that two go ld s ta te r s have been f o und in T o nbridge and Bidbo ro ugh.

T here is no indicatio n that T o nbridge was o ccup ied in R o m a n times altho ugh there is so me evidence f o r activity in the area. R o mano -British burials, cinerary urns and p o ttery were f o und in 19 19 to the no rth-east o f the to wn and a co in o f C o nstantine has been reco vered f ro m the medieval castle mo und ( W admo re 18 8 6, p . 12) . A single f ragment o f R o man p o ttery was f o und in ex cavatio ns at the L andsdo wne R o ad site (Streeten, 1976), whilst excavations at Lyons, East Street, recovered five residual R o man sherds, co nsiderably increasing the assemblage f o r the to wn ( W ragg 2002) . W ith the ex cep tio n o f the two sherds o f R o mano -British ( imitatio n) Patchgro ve ware, there was no R o man p o ttery f ro m the ex cavatio ns at Bank S treet. As R o man f abrics tend to be harder and theref o re survive better, the lack o f material imp lies that there was little R o man activity o n o r near the site.

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T o date there is no archaeo lo gical evidence f o r any S a x o n activity any-where within the def ended p art o f the to wn. H o wever, the etymo lo gy o f the name T o nbridge is tho ught to derive f ro m the S ax o n tu n - to wn o r enclo sure and b u r g h- f o rt suggesting that a S ax o n stro ngho ld p receded the No rman castle. No do cumentary evidence ex ists to sup p o rt this.

N o r m a n T o n b r id g e

Do cumentary so urces suggest that the to wn came into being sho rtly af ter the No rman C o nq uest o f 1066 as p art o f the estates o f R ichard Fitz gilbert ( b. 1030-35 in No rmandy) , a lo yal servant and intimate o f W illiam the C o nq uero r. R ichard was amo ng tho se co nsulted abo ut the p ro p o sed invasio n o f E ngland early in 1066 but there is no direct evidence o f his p erso nal p articip atio n at H astings o r in the camp aign. S ho rtly af ter the C o nq uest R ichard was granted estates in K ent and S urrey, centred o n T o nbridge, and, p erhap s a little later, in S uf f o lk / E ssex aro und C lare. T his made him the eight wealthiest layman in E ngland at the time o f Do mesday Bo o k ( 108 6) . Po ssibly by 1070, R ichard annex ed dens aro und T o nbridge which eventually became k no wn as the lo wy, a baro nial f ranchise. S o me o f the dens belo nged to the archbisho p o f C anterbury, o thers to the bisho p o f R o chester. T he lo wy had a clear def ensive p urp o se ak in to the estates o f H ugh de M o ntf o rt aro und S altwo o d C astle and a mo tte and bailey castle was erected at T o nbridge. R ichard died sho rtly af ter Do mesday Bo o k was co mp iled and his so n G ilbert was invo lved in O do ’ s up rising o f 108 8 against W illiam I I . T he castle which G ilbert and his bro ther were ho lding was besieged by W illiam, and the to wn was sto rmed, but G ilbert surrendered o n the seco nd day, and was later p ardo ned. 1 T he wo o den castle was later rep laced by a sto ne o ne ( see belo w) .

T o nbridge do es no t have medieval urban ( civic) reco rds because it was in essence a settlement which develo p ed aro und the castle o f a magnate f amily, and was witho ut f o rmal chartered rights. H o wever there is a ro ll o f late f o urteenth-century acco unts co ncerning T o nbridge bo ro ugh ( o r bo rgh) and castle, including a v a l o r ( valuatio n) o f T o nbridge with its members, i. e. the o ther bo rghs o r tithings o f S o uthbo ro ugh and H ildenbo ro ugh. T here are also a bailif f ’ s acco unt o f W illiam H o re f o r T o nbridge bo ro ugh/ bo rgh f ro m M ichaelmas 138 4 to M ichaelmas 138 5, and an acco unt o f W illiam H o re, larderer o f T o nbridge castle, f o r the same p erio d. T here is a bedel’ s acco unt o f S imo n H o nte f o r H ildenbo ro ugh f o r this year, to o , and ano ther o f T ho mas R o lf f o r S o uthbo ro ugh f o r 138 5 to 138 6. T hese p ro bably survived and f o und their way into the C anterbury C athedral Archives because the castle was under ro yal guardianship when the earl o f S taf f o rd’ s heir was a mino r under a tri-p artite agreement with the archbisho p o f C anterbury and C hrist C hurch Prio ry, C anterbury. A f ew acco unts o f the bailif f , rent-co llecto r and larderer o f T o nbridge


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castle f ro m 1402-12 have similarly survived. 2 Beyo nd this, there are o nly a small number o f deeds p rio r to the six teenth century co ncerning T o nbridge o r its inhabitants held in archives in K ent and elsewhere. T his is unsurp rising as there was no urban bo dy o r religio us ho use with rights o f lo rdship in the to wn which might have k ep t o r enro lled such deeds.

T he stro ngho ld at T o nbridge was sited to co mmand a cro ssing o f the R iver M edway o n the ro ute, in te r a l ia , between L o ndo n and H astings/ R ye. Altho ugh the layo ut o f the o riginal castle is no t k no wn, it is lik ely that the later stone-built edifice that survives in part today (Plate I ) mirro rs that of its predecessor. The first castle probably consisted of a timber fort

T o nbridge C astle

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built on top of the artificially created motte with a defended enclosure, the bailey, o ccup ying the sp ace immediately to the east. E x cavatio ns within the gateho use and acro ss the to p o f the mo und revealed no trace o f these earlier structures. I t is generally tho ught that T o nbridge had a large seco nd o uter bailey that sp read to the no rth-west o f the main co mp lex , with the p resent ro ute o f T he S lade f o llo wing the co urse o f the f o rmer ditch. T he o uter bailey is no w k no wn as ‘ C astle Fields’ and p rimarily used f o r car p ark ing, ho using and disused electricity wo rk s ( f o rmerly the M ilne M useum) . H aslam ref ers to a def ended enclo sure in f ro nt o f the thirteenth-century castle ( W ragg e t a l . 2005, p . 122) , and o ne o f the earliest ref erences to a barbican in f ro nt o f the castle gateho use is made in 138 4-8 5. 3 I t is later reco rded that during the C ivil W ar the barbican was destro yed, imp lying that it o ccup ied the area in f ro nt o f the castle f o r at least 250 years. T he o utline o f this def ended sp ace has no t been satisf acto rily defined in documentary evidence or archaeological excavation, but it is p o ssible that the alignment o f C astle S treet demarcates its limit.

T he co nstructio n o f the castle co mp lex wo uld have req uired many hands and a p lentif ul sup p ly o f materials. T he wo rk f o rce co uld be mustered f ro m the surro unding lands, whilst the dense and ex tensive W ealden wo o dland p ro vided amp le timber. A large q uantity and variety o f go o ds wo uld have been necessary to fit out the castle and its occupants. It is likely that R ichard Fitz gilbert bro ught many items acro ss with him f ro m France, but with lands sp read o ver E ngland, mo re wo uld be req uired, and it wo uld clearly be mo re eco no mical to so urce bulk sup p lies o f stap les lo cally. S p ecialist needs such as the use o f iro n in the co nstructio n o f ho uses, buildings and o f bridges, the sho eing o f ho rses and p ro ductio n o f to o ls and equipment could also be most efficiently met locally and would have all p ro vided the resident smith( s) with custo m ( C ro ssley 19 8 1, p . 29 ) . As T o nbridge was situated within the W eald, where iro nwo rk ing has been undertak en since p rehisto ric times, it was well p laced to p ro vide these articles. H o wever, there is o nly o ne reco rd o f iro n in the W eald no ted in the Do mesday S urvey ( S trak er 19 31, p . 30) and there is little mentio n o f the industry in K ent until ref erences in do cuments o f the f o urteenth century ( H ewitt 19 74, p . 38 4) . T he ext ensive use of iron to make agricultural tool s during the early medieval pe rio d is clear f rom an eleventh-century tract on estate matters detailing tool s needed to run a f arm that included axe s, adz es, awls, pl anes, saws, mattoc ks and scythes ( Addyman 1976 , pp. 318-319) . I tems that were highly sought af ter included axe s, to clear trees, and pl oughs hares, to break up the newly claimed lands ( C ros sley, 1981 p. 29) . E xpa nsion of agriculture into the woodl and around T onbr idge wo uld have been necessary to suppor t the grow ing popu lation, whilst also pr ovi ding ampl e t imber f or c ons truction a nd br ushwood f or f uel.

An insight into the management o f the wo o dland surro unding T o nbridge


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during the early medieval p erio d is p ro vided by the timber-lined well ex cavated o n the Bank S treet site, set back so me 55m to the west o f Bank S treet ( Fig. 5 ) . Altho ugh so mewhat disto rted, the diameter o f the well co uld be estimated at ap p ro x imately 1. 3m. T he lining was f o rmed o f two o r p o ssibly three sectio ns o f sp lit lo g f ro m dif f erent p arts o f the same o r mo re than o ne large o ak . T hese lo gs were ho llo wed o ut and assembled within the well cut to create a vertical tube ( Plate II ) . T he timbers were dated by dendro chro no lo gy and were f elled in the summer o f 1116 ( T yers 2005) . W ith the diameter o f the well f o und at Bank S treet being mo re than twice that o f the earlier ex amp le f o und at No . 1 Po ultry, L o ndo n ( R o wso me 2000, p . 53) , and being larger than that o f the middle Anglo -S ax o n ex amp le f o und at C o p p ergate, in Y o rk ( H all 19 8 4, p . 32) , it ap p ears that the Bank S treet well lining is the largest o f its k ind ex cavated in Britain to date. I ts siz e imp lies that the well was built and used by a co mmunity, rather than an individual ho useho ld.

Altho ugh the internal f aces o f the lining sho wed co nsiderable wear f ro m use, so me to o l mark s remained sho wing f aint ax e o r adz e sto p mark s that wo uld have been made with a blade no t much wider than 8 0mm. T he bases o f the timbers had been cut with ax es o f a general p urp o se typ e, typ ically used in the late S ax o n and No rman p erio ds f o r the initial stages o f such timber co nstructio ns.

T he p arent tree( s) f ro m which the lo gs o riginated wo uld have had a

T imber-lined well

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diameter( s) o f ap p ro x imately 1. 4m at chest height. T he narro w tree rings signif y that at least f o r the last 100 years o f lif e the p arent tree( s) was slo w gro wing and that it was at least 300 years o ld, typ ical o f tall dark wildwo o d, rather than f aster gro wn trees f ro m managed wo o dland. No tably, H asted ( V , 19 6) o bserved that the very large p arish o f T o nbridge ‘ f ro m the nature o f its so il … is ex tremely k indly f o r o ak timber, o f which there are numbers o f large siz ed tree thro ugho ut it’ . I t is unlik ely that the well lining was made o f re-used timber, the p ieces being ex cep tio nally sp ecialised, which imp lies that it was co nstructed sho rtly af ter the trees were f elled in 1116. T he well lining co uld rep resent p art o f the inf rastructure asso ciated with the rebuilding o f T o nbridge castle af ter the fires reported for the late eleventh century (Wadmore 1886, p. 17).

T here is a lease o f f o urteenth-century date ( 1378 ) f o r T o nbridge and the surro unding area which deals with timber rights and indicates that timber was being tak en by its lessee to Frindsbury and S tro o d o n the L o wer M edway f ro m T o nbridge and nearby p laces with go o d timber sup p lies. T hese were the p arishes o f T o nbridge, L eigh, S hip bo urne, and E ast Peck ham in the W eald; I ghtham and S eal in H o lmesdale; S eveno ak s o n the G reensand ridge no rth o f T o nbridge; S tansted, K emsing and O tf o rd o n the No rth Do wns, and W ro tham straddling H o lmesdale and the No rth Do wns. 4 All these p laces were well wo o ded. I t can be assumed that timber, and p ro bably also brushwo o d f o r f uel, were maj o r p ro ducts o f the p ro p erty leased in these p laces, given that these were no t imp o rtant arable o r p asto ral areas. T he lease was f o r 20 years at £ 40 a year, indicating that this was a significant operation. The lessee lived in Wrotham, which was ideally situated f o r o verseeing the ex p lo itatio n o f the p ro p erty he leased. T he timber and brushwo o d f ro m these p laces was p ro bably transp o rted up river in barges. T he timber may have been used f o r buildings vessels in the S tro o d area, and the brushwo o d transp o rted up the T hames to L o ndo n f o r do mestic f uel. T he brushwo o d may also have been used lo cally in the iro n industry. T he lessee was a member o f the rising landho lding and p o litical elite o f K ent, J ames de Pek ham o f W ro tham. Pek am ref erred to ( E ast) Peck ham mano r, which lay in the M edway valley east o f T o nbridge, with E ast Peck ham being o ne o f the p arishes in the lo cality to which T o nbridge and its mark et was central. 5 ( Drap er 2006, p p . 10-11, 15, 20, 28 -29 ; Drap er 2010, p p . 59 -61; W ebster 19 8 4, p p . 222-23, 226 ) .

E vidence f o r ironw or ki ng, in the f or m of waste material, was f ound in the Bank S treet exc avations with 116kg of slag recove red f rom all cont ext s acros s the site. W ithin the assemblage were six smithing hearth bot tom s, a lo w number relative to the tot al amount of waste. As these are a by-pr oduc t of smithing rather than of smelting ( obt aining iron f rom the or e) , it suggests that secondary working of iron was not a significant activity on the site, although additiona l evidence, in the f or m of micro- slags such as hammer-


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scale, was also pr esent, indicating that this activity was undertake n on or near the site, albeit on a small scale. As mor e waste material pr oduc ed during the smelting stage of manuf acture, such as tap slag, was pr esent, this suggests t hat pr imary w or ki ng w as pr evalent i n t he a rea.

Pit [706] in the centre o f Area B was 3m in diameter and 1. 75m in dep th (Fig. 5) and contained within the lower fills over 4kg of slag comprising bo th smelting slags and smithing mirco -slags ( sp hero id hammerscale and hammerscale) . O f the diagno stic material the maj o rity was p ro duced during the smelting p ro cess. S melting f urnaces o f the late eleventh/ early twelf th century p erio d ex cavated elsewhere in the co untry, such as at S tamf o rd, L incs. , and W est R unto n, No rf o lk , measured 0. 40-0. 50m in diameter – co nsiderably smaller than p it [706] suggesting this was no t its purpose. The lower fills were rich in charcoal and one also contained quite siz eable f ragments o f burnt clay. I t may theref o re be that the remains o f a smelting f urnace and its asso ciated debris were disp o sed o f here.

Pottery recovered from the fills of this feature pertained exclusively to C eramic Phase 1 ( C P1) dating to c . 1050-1125. S o me o f it sho wed clear evidence f o r use as co o k ing p o ts ( Fig. 6 . 1: sand and shell temp ered ware ( E M 36) ) with o ne having a p ro bable f o o d residue o n its inside. Butchery waste o f sheep / go at and cattle co mp rised the f aunal remains f ro m these fills. The mixed industrial-domestic waste present indicates that there were multip le activities in the vicinity. T he siz e o f the f eature and the p resence o f smelting waste imp ly that it was no t cut f o r a do mestic purpose and certainly not in the first instance for the purpose of waste disp o sal, but that it was reused f o r this at the end o f its lif e.

T he do mestic waste f o und within p it [706] illustrates the castle’ s attractio n to p eo p le to settle alo ngside it f ro m the time o f its co nstructio n. No evidence was o bserved at Bank S treet f o r any destructio n o f the town when the castle was briefly besieged and the town stormed in 1088. Although many of the fills of the features were rich in charcoal, its p resence is mo re lik ely to be related to the industrial p ro cesses o ccurring o n and aro und the site. T he to wn theref o re ap p ears to have re-established itself immediately as demo nstrated in the co ntinuo us archaeo lo gical reco rd at Bank S treet.

H aslam’ s mo del f o r the early develo p ment o f T o nbridge ( W ragg e t a l . 2005, p . 125) suggests that the castle gate was link ed to a main tho ro ugh-f are with a ro ad heading directly no rth o ut o f the gates then running no rth-east alo ng Bank S treet ( p revio usly k no wn as Back L ane, a co mmo n designatio n f o r lanes o r alleys behind the main ‘ high streets’ ) . T he Bank S treet site is in the centre o f the line-o f -sight thro ugh the later gateho use gate, and it wo uld theref o re be imp o ssible f o r the activities tak ing p lace right in f ro nt o f the entrance to escap e the no tice o f any p erso n entering o r leaving the castle. T his p o sitio n in f ro nt o f the castle gate wo uld clearly


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be a prime location for commercial activity as all the traffic going in and o ut had no t j ust to p ass by but had to slo w do wn as it did so .

I n o rder to p ro sp er f ro m his estate the lo rd o f the mano r wo uld have been invo lved in the administratio n and setting o ut o f p lo ts o f land, k no wn as burgages that were awarded to citiz ens o r burgesses in return f o r a yearly rent. Based largely o n the T ithe Award o f the early nineteenth century, H aslam’ s mo del f o r the layo ut o f the to wn sho ws burgages with

Fig. 6 Po ttery ( S cale 1:4) .


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f ro ntages o nto the west side o f Bank S treet and o nto the H igh S treet, with the mark et area develo p ed between Bank S treet and the H igh S treet. T he excavation site was located on the area identified by Haslam as burgage p lo ts ( blo ck a) and p art o f the o p en area ( blo ck ii) between ‘ blo ck a’ and the to wn def ences to their no rth-west. T he ‘ o riginal mark et p lace’ identified by Haslam lay immediately to the south-east of the Stock and C attle mark et site, o n the o ther side o f Back L ane ( Bank S treet) . ( W ragg e t a l . 2005, p . 130) ( Fig. 7 ) .

R unning o n a no rth-west/ so uth-east o rientatio n and p o sitio ned to the no rth-east o f p it [706], Ditch 4 was traced f o r 20m and measured 0. 78 m to 1. 14m in width and 0. 27m to 0. 47m in dep th. Further linear f eatures were p resent to the west, to the rear o f Bank H o use. R unning ro ughly p arallel to Ditch 4 but sep arated by ap p ro x imately 20m, Ditch 5 was similar in width and dep th imp lying the two may be related ( Fig. 5). The fills of each of these contained CP1 pottery and pieces of slag. T he o rientatio n suggests that the ditches may have acted as a bo undary between p ro p erties f acing o nto Bank S treet.

Ditch 6 ran no rth-no rth-east/ so uth-so uth-west, intersecting with Ditch

Fig. 7 T he site within the medieval to wn p lan.


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5 at its no rthern end. A later p it had remo ved the stratigrap hic relatio nship between the two . T his linear f eature was smaller than tho se p revio usly mentio ned, measuring c . 0. 50m in width and up to 0. 25m in dep th and containing within its fill fragments of a horse skull of an animal which was aged 8 -10 years o ld at death. T he p o sitio n o f the cut suggests that it p erhap s delineated the rear o f the burgage p lo ts altho ugh the o rientatio n is slightly ask ew in co mp ariso n to tho se running p erp endicular to Bank S treet.

T o nbridge’ s layo ut is co mp arable to Butler’ s Perio d 1 M ark et-based p lan mo del ( Butler 19 76, p . 39 ) where the to wn’ s develo p ment is based o n a seigneurial f o cus, in this case the castle. T hese typ es o f to wns wo uld have been f o unded p rio r to 1140 and co mmo nly have a main street running f ro m the gates o f the f o cus p o int and have either a triangular mark et at the gates ( such as p ro p o sed f o r T o nbridge) o r a cigar-shap ed swelling in the main street. T he to wns are mark et-based but no t mark et-f o cussed, with the military or ecclesiastical sponsor influencing their siting and dictating their develo p ment. At T o nbridge the to wn and mark et came into being as a result o f the castle being co nstructed and during the early develo p ment these were entirely dep endent o n the castle.

T o the east o f the p o int where Bank S treet j o ins the main ro ad, the p arish church o f S t Peter and S t Paul was f o unded, p o ssibly in the late eleventh or early-twelfth century, as is reflected in some of its architectural f eatures. T he f o undatio n o f the church sho ws that altho ugh p ro bably still f airly small, the settlement at T o nbridge was well established. T he chancel was ex tended to the west in the twelf th century ( T atto n-Bro wn, 19 9 4) , signif ying a need f o r greater sp ace f o r wo rship and theref o re a gro wing p o p ulatio n in T o nbridge. A scho o l is k no wn at T o nbridge by 1323 and this was p ro bably held either at the p arish church o r at T o nbridge Prio ry. T he Prio ry, f o r Premo nstratensian cano ns, which lies under the p resent railway statio n and 0. 5 k m so uth o f the castle, was f o unded by R ichard de C lare, so n o f G ilbert o f T o nbridge, bef o re his death in 1136 ( J o hnso n 19 48 , p p . 19 0-1) . 6

O n the Bank S treet site, to the west o f Ditch 6, a linear f eature, Ditch 7, ran so uth-west/ no rth-east, which p ro duced six sherds o f E M 35 p o ttery and which included a single sherd of North or West Kent fine sandy ware with sp arse shell and sp arse grits ( E M 22) allo cated to C P2 and dated to c . 1125-1150. Alo ng the f eature’ s length numero us stak eho les were identified, with more of these present to the south-east. It is possible that these f o rmed an animal enclo sure; the f aunal remains reco vered f ro m the site imp ly that sheep , go at, p ig and cattle were all butchered in the vicinity. T he remaining f eatures, co ntaining C P2 p o ttery, were do minated by p its, with o nly o ne lo cated clo se to Bank S treet, the o thers being set back c . 50m f ro m the f ro ntage. T hese f eatures revealed little evidence o f their f unctio n and their o riginal ex cavatio n may have been related to


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co nstructio n activity, f o r ex amp le to o btain brick earth used in the mak ing o f wattle and daub p anels. Pit [430] co ntained the up p er lef t f o relimb o f a ho rse and a high number o f p o ttery ( 35 sherds) and its end use may theref o re have been f o r rubbish disp o sal.

Barley suggested that during the twelf th century so me settlements that had f o rmed o utside castles, including T o nbridge and C lare, were enclo sed by the co nstructio n o f earthen def ences, i. e. a bank and ditch, o r f o sse ( Barley 19 76, p . 59 ) . S uch a f eature ex ists to the no rthern and eastern sides o f T o nbridge, mark ed by Bo rdyk e, alo ng the ro ad into T o nbridge f ro m H adlo w, and clearly visible o n the inside o f the bo undary wall o f the p arish church graveyard. T he alignment o f the f o sse also o nce cro ssed the no rth-western co rner o f the Bank S treet site and while the Phase 1 evaluatio n aimed to investigate this f eature it was demo nstrated that co nstructio n o f the S to ck and C attle M ark et had remo ved any trace o f it ( C o rco ran and W atso n 2005, p . 45) . H enry I I I granted a licence to enclo se the to wn with a crenellated wall in 1259 ; ho wever, archaeo lo gical evidence indicates that such a wall was never co nstructed ( S treeten 19 76, p . 108 ; W ragg e t a l . 2005, p . 122) . T he results o f the ex cavatio ns at the L yo ns site allo wed H aslam to argue that the co nstructio n o f the ditch did no t tak e p lace until aro und 1265. Further ex cavatio n o f the f o sse wo uld greatly aid in understanding this asp ect o f the early develo p ment o f T o nbridge.

M e d ie v a l d e v e l o p m e n t ( the T w e l f th a n d T hir te e n th ce n tu r ie s )

From within the lowest fills of the timber-lined well, dated to 1116 and described abo ve, a to tal o f 21 sherds o f C eramic Phase 3 p o ttery were reco vered, rep resenting so me eight vessels, including co mp lete vessels. T his assemblage co nsisted mo stly o f grey sandy ware in the f o rm o f j ugs with strap handles dating them to between c . 1170-1225. T he two intact ex amp les o f these greyware j ugs ( Fig. 6. 2; Fig. 8 . 3) , and the less co mp lete f o rms, suggest that these were almo st certainly lo st whilst co llecting water. T he dating o f the p o ttery reco vered suggests that the well was in use for perhaps 100 years before becoming superfluous. The remains of a p iglet, rep resented by vario us sk eletal elements and aged aro und 3-6 mo nths at age o f death, were also reco vered.

In the period 1150-1250, as defined by CP3, there was increased activity o n the Bank S treet site ( Fig. 9 ) . S et back between 15-30m f ro m the street f ro ntage, a series o f inter-cutting p its were ex cavated. O f these, a f ew contained significant quantities of ironworking waste within their fills, in p articular p it [422], which p ro duced 7k g o f p redo minantly smelting slag, altho ugh so me hammerscale was p resent. Pit [58 1] was cut o n its so uth-western side by [577], the two f eatures co ntaining 1. 7k g o f waste between them. Aro und the area o f these p its was a layer thro ugh which


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Fig. 8 Po ttery ( S cale 1:4) .


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so me o f the p its were cut and so me were sealed by, rep resenting ‘ tramp le’ created by the intense activity that to o k p lace while they were in use.

Po sitio ned to the no rth-west o f the intercutting f eatures o f this p hase, p it [475] measuring 2. 60-2. 8 0m in p lan and 1. 45m in dep th, p ro duced mostly CP3 pottery. The earliest fill with pottery [473] comprised a single sherd o f sand and shell temp ered ware ( E M 36) . T he rilling o n its ex ternal surf ace suggests a thirteenth-century date and this was seen o n two o ther sherds o f this p o ttery typ e f ro m the same p it, p o ssibly also f ro m the same vessel. T his f abric was the mo st co mmo n in p it [475], with eighteen sherds and o nly so o ted j ar-shap ed vessels reco gnised, so me o f p ro bable co mp o site manuf acture with develo p ed rims. G rey sandy ware ( M 38 A) was the o ther p rincip al f abric with eight sherds, including j ar f ragments, whilst o ne sherd o f a L o ndo n-typ e ware ( M 5) j ug is p resent with a white-slip rib and green-glaz e. T he p o ttery typ es indicate the p it was infilled during the early thirteenth century, perhaps after c . 1225 by virtue of the fine rilling evidence on the sand and shell tempered ware. In total, 4.8kg of slag was also recovered from these fills, although much was undiagno stic ( 2. 8 k g) .

I n additio n to the iro nwo rk ing slag reco vered f ro m the f eatures o n the site, the q uantities o f o ther debris asso ciated with high temp erature activities, including domestic fires, such as fired clay, vitrified hearth lining, cinder, f uel ash slag and charco al, was no t p articularly large. T his may indicate that these activities were no t undertak en o n a large scale o r for prolonged periods of time in this vicinity. The fluctuations in quantities of ironworking waste over time may reflect changes in demand. At times o f heightened demand additio nal f urnaces may have been established within the settlement to bo o st the sup p ly and cap italise o n the mark et trends. I t is p o ssible that the surge o f activity intimated by the f eatures co ntaining C P3 p o ttery is related to the rebuilding o f the castle in sto ne during the twelf th and thirteenth centuries, which p ro bably began with the k eep and culminated in the grandio se gateho use o f the later p art o f the thirteenth century. I n additio n to the wo rk s o n the castle, there is evidence f o r co nso lidatio n o f the to wn f ro m the mid thirteenth century. T o nbridge is mentio ned as a bo ro ugh and vill by its o wn j ury at the eyre ( travelling ro yal co urt o f j ustice) in 1241. By 1259 licence was granted f o r a mark et to be held in the church gro unds ( the same year as the licence to enclo se the to wn with a crenellated wall was ap p ro ved) . T he issue o f the licence do es no t mean that there was no t already an established mark et, but rather it reflects recognition by the king of the urbanisation process that peaked during the reigns o f H enry I I I and E dward I ( Platt 19 76, p . 25) .

T o nbridge’ s p ro sp erity by the thirteenth century can be seen in the rich beq uests given to the p arish church and the Prio ry. I n 1248 J o hn, Prio r o f T o nbridge, received gif ts o f grants o f land f ro m men and wo men sup p o rting the p rio ry, suggesting the do no rs were wealthy to wnsf o lk o r


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mino r elite. L ands beq ueathed were in Y alding and G o udhurst as well as messuages in the develo p ing urban co re o f T o nbridge. 7 At this time the church was enlarged, the west wall demo lished and the nave ex tended whilst an arcade was inco rp o rated in the no rth wall ( H isto ry T o uch 2000) .

I n Area A, a large p it [547] p ro duced a substantial q uantity o f medieval pottery, comprising 395 sherds in total from four fills. The primary fill [568 ] co ntained 129 sherds o f C P 4 p o ttery, dated c . 1225-1400. T his was do minated by No rth o r W est K ent sandy and shell-temp ered ware (EM36) (59 sherds, 45.7%) mostly in the form of jars with narrow flat-to p p ed rims and sho rt neck s and bo wls ( Fig. 8 . 4) and by W est K ent sandy ware (M38A) (57 sherds, 44.2%) with jug and jars with flat top triangular profile rims. Also present in the assemblage were North or West Kent fine-moderate sandy, rilled wares (M38B) (8 sherds, 6.2%) identified in ro unded j ug shap es, o ne with a co mbed wavy line design and ano ther with a ro d handle and p o int stabbing. T hese wares to gether indicate dep o sitio n between c . 1225-50. S maller amo unts o f E M 22 and shelly ware ( E M 35) , including a ro unded co llared j ar rim were no ted, whilst three sherds o f glaz ed p o ttery o ccurred with two sherds f ro m a L o ndo n-typ e ware ( M 5) j ug with scale deco ratio n and E arlswo o d ware ( M 44B) . T he remaining pottery found in the fills of this feature was of Ceramic Phase 5, dated c . 1325-1400 ( discussed belo w) .

T he F o u r te e n th a n d F if te e n th C e n tu r ie s

T o nbridge p assed thro ugh the hands o f the twelve de C lare lo rds o ver almo st 250 years bef o re the last, 23-year o ld G ilbert de C lare, the R ed E arl’ s so n, was k illed in actio n at Banno ck burn in 1314. Fo llo wing the death o f G ilbert de C lare, H ugh Desp enser the yo unger, the f avo urite o f E dward I I , who was married to E leano r o f C lare, elder sister o f G ilbert de C lare and granddaughter o f E dward I , temp o rarily seiz ed T o nbridge castle. 8 I n 1317 S ir H ugh d’ Audley beco me lo rd o f T o nbridge, as husband o f M argaret de C lare, E leano r ’ s sister and co -heiress, and was later buried at T o nbridge Prio ry. 9 T he daughter o f M argaret de C lare and H ugh Audley, another Margaret, was reputedly abducted by Ralph, first Earl of Stafford, who married her as his seco nd wif e, and T o nbridge castle p assed into the hands o f the earls o f S taf f o rd until the early six teenth century. 10

At and aro und T onbr idge the iron industry in the W eald grew in strength. R eco rds o f T o nbridge castle in 1323 describe 26 p ieces o f unwo rk ed iro n being made into 423 bars o f p iece iro n and sent to Po rtchester ( H ants. ) , whilst two years later 7, 000 iro n nails and 7, 000 clenches suitable f o r ship building were also sent to Po rtchester. An itinerary o f the castle in 1325 gives details o f the f o rge and its co ntents, much o f which is indicative o f f arriery ( H ewitt 19 32, p . 38 6) . I mp o rtantly this


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sho ws that the castle had the means f o r the up k eep o f its ho rses, and p resumably tho se o f its guests. T he K ent L ay S ubsidy o f 1334-35 gives a go o d indicatio n o f o ccup atio nal activity where bynames can largely be tak en as ap p licable to tho se who bo re them ( Drap er 2006, p . 5) . T he name le f ero ur o r f erro ur ( f arrier) is natio nally f req uently asso ciated with medieval towns in the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries, and in particular tho se with mark et p laces, high streets and burgages and craf ts/ trades asso ciated with tho se areas. T he L ay S ubsidy lists o ne R ichard Fero ur under the lo wy o f T o nbridge. 11 Ferro urs were either attached to magnate households (such as identified within the castle above) or held ‘stallis on the strete’ . 12 T he castle acco unts o f 138 4-8 5 ref er to ‘ two [wo rk ]sho p s o nce S amp so n de M iddleto n’ s in the mark et o f T o nbridge j o ined to ( o r alo ngside) the barbican’ clearly distinguishing wo rk sho p s f ro m mark et stalls. 13 I n the later acco unt o f 1404-05, the two sho p s had beco me ‘ o ne S cho p p lace’ called Frennyngham’ s stable, the descrip tio n o f its lo catio n nex t to the barbican and its rent mak e it clear it was o ne and the same. T he later descrip tio n o f o ne o f them as a ‘ stable’ indicates that they had been used f o r f arriery and/ o r black smithing. 14 O ne J o hn Neylere was also listed in the lo wy, but there were no o ther nailers in the K ent L ay S ubsidy, suggesting stro ngly that the trade at T o nbridge dealt p rincip ally with the sho eing o f ho rses rather than their general care. 15

T hro ugho ut the f o urteenth century it seems that the maj o rity o f iro n p ro duced in K ent was mark eted lo cally and where large q uantities were needed, they tended to be imp o rted. S p anish iro n was bo ught f o r building o p eratio ns at Do ver in 1340 and slightly earlier reco rds sho w so me p urchases at L eeds with larger q uantities bo ught in, in 1370 and 1375. During the reign o f E dward I I I ( 1327-77) , and p ro bably f ro m earlier o n, the f urnace at T udeley to the so uth-east o f T o nbridge o p erated, turning o ut 19 4 blo o ms in 1330, 224 the f o llo wing year, and 231 in 1332 ( H ewitt 19 32, p . 38 5) . T he f urnace ( f a b r ica in L atin and f o r g e in French) was held by E liz abeth de C lare, co -heir o f G ilbert, as p art o f her mano r and chase o f S o uthf rith, T o nbridge. and its acco unts are rare survivals which co ntain ref erences to o ther iro nwo rk s at Newf rith nex t to Bo urnemill, to the so uth-west o f S o merhill Park , T o nbridge, and o thers in the neighbo urho o d, including o ne mak ing 300 blo o ms o f iro n in 1332-3 ( G uisep p i 19 12, 147, 151) . T he p lague p andemic in the late-1340s caused fluctuations in the production of iron at Tudeley but it stabilised and regained business. T he annual o utp ut has been estimated at between 1, 520 and 3, 160 k g o f unco nso lidated iro n blo o ms, rep resenting a small-scale o p eratio n ( C ro ssley 19 8 1, p . 33) , p o ssibly as the q uantity o f iro n o n the mark et was bo lstered by unreco rded f urnaces, such as may have been p resent in the immediate vicinity o f the Bank S treet site. L ittle is k no wn o f the f urnace at T udeley f o llo wing the seco nd o utbreak o f the p lague in 1363 ( H ewitt 19 32, p . 38 6; Drap er 2010, p . 76) .


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T he co ntinued success o f T o nbridge can be seen in the actio ns o f many of the populace following a fire at Tonbridge Priory in the summer of 1337, when mo st, if no t all, o f the buildings burnt to the gro und. T he cano ns ap p ealed to bo th the Bisho p and to the Po p e f o r aid and the archbisho p o f C anterbury granted an indulgence f o r sins co mmitted o f f o rty days to anyo ne assisting in the Prio ry’ s rebuilding; in to tal, the indulgences issued amo unted to a to tal o f 8 years, 230 days ( W admo re, 18 8 2, p p . 336-7) indicating the resp ect in which the p eo p le held f o r the Priory and that the population included persons of sufficient wealth to do nate mo ney, sup p lies and manp o wer to the cause. T he Prio ry also received a number o f beq uests f ro m the mino r landho lding elite o f K ent in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries (Draper 2006, pp. 19-21) . Fo r ex amp le, J o hn C haundeler, recto r o f Brasted, lef t to the Prio r o f T o nbridge a maser ( drink ing bo wl) with a co ver o f silver gilt in 1431, a beq uest to be administered by his ex ecuto rs who included J o hn T enterden, iro nmo nger o f L o ndo n. 16

At the Bank Street site, the secondary and tertiary fills of pit [547] appear to date a century o r mo re later than the p rimary o nes as they co ntain Ceramic Phase 5 pottery, which dates these fills to between 1325 and 1400. Three pottery types dominate the assemblages. The first was North or West Kent hard-fired fine sandy ware (M38C), the only identified form being ro unded j ugs with rilled neck s. O ne vessel has an ap p lied strip , whilst an unidentified vessel form has complex comb decoration. The o thers were No rth o r W est K ent sandy and shell-temp ered ware ( E M 36) in the f o rm o f j ar sherds that sho uld be residual by the f o urteenth century and o ther No rth o r W est K ent grey wares, p articularly sandy wares ( M 38 A) and ( M 38 ) , the latter in the f o rm o f bo th j ars and j ugs and also rilled wares ( M 38 C ) in the f o rm o f ro unded j ugs. O ther p o ttery typ es include (EM36), (M38C) a Maidstone fine sandy ware (M4) jug with rando m p o int stabbing o n a ro d handle, glaz ed j ugs o f Ashf o rd/ W ealden o r Rye sandy ware (M40BR), Earlswood ware (M44B), including a sgraffito deco rated sherd and K ingsto n-typ e, and glaz ed L o ndo n-typ e ware.

Cutting pit [547] was another large pit, [76]. Its primary fill produced greywares M 38 A and M 38 C , which date this to between 1325 and 1400. The latest fill produced mostly sandy greywares (M38A, M38B, M38C) in the f o rm o f bo wls and j ugs, whilst glaz ed wares are f o und in the f o rm o f j ugs in L o ndo n-typ e ware ( M 5) and C heam-typ e wares ( L M 5) , the latter f abric p ro viding a date f o r the co ntex t o f 1350-1400. S o me intrusive early-p o st-medieval sherds, dated c . 1450-1525/ 50, were also p resent in the upper fill.

The assemblage of fifteenth-century pottery recovered from the site of the Bank S treet exc avation was small and little can be deduced f or the medieval/


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po st-medieval transitiona l activities on the site. T he pa ucity of pot tery of this date is matched at the C api tol C inema site to the nor th ( Blackm or e 2006, p. 28) . I t coul d be that the f oc us of the tow n’ s business was at an alternative l oc ation, or t hat c eramics w ere di spos ed of e lsewhere.

T he S ix te e n th a n d S e v e n te e n th ce n tu r ie s

T he S taf f o rd f amily held T o nbridge castle f o r almo st 200 years, their chief legacies being the S taf f o rd and G reat W ater T o wers. I n 1519 -20 E dward S taf f o rd, Duk e o f Buck ingham, p rep ared to j o in K ing H enry V I I I and C ardinal W o lsey in a venture to France and visited his estates in K ent. H ere he disco vered that his bailif f , C harles K nevet, had been inef f ectual at co llecting his dues and he sack ed him. I n revenge, K nevet inf o rmed W o lsey o f the Duk e’ s intentio ns to o verthro w the k ing resulting in his arrest in L o ndo n and his sentencing to death f o r high treaso n ( W admo re 18 8 6, p p . 47-8 ) . T he cro wn seiz ed all his estates and retained mo st o f them, including T o nbridge. A survey and valuatio n o f the p ro p erties was co mp iled, describing ‘ T he to wn o f T unbrigge’ as ‘ a burgh, large and well inhabited with p eo p le, having p lenty o f water running thro ugh in sundry p laces’ ( W admo re 18 8 6, p . 49 ) indicating that T o nbridge o p erated indep endently o f the castle and the af f airs within the curtain wall bo re little relatio n to tho se o f the to wn. H o wever, when in 1525 C ardinal W ol sey dissol ved T onbr idge Prior y in an attempt to f ound one of his co lleges there – a grammar school f or f or ty schol ars – the tow nspe opl e show ed little desire f or this venture, instead vot ing to reinstate the pr ior y. I n the event, neither was undertake n and T onbr idge los t bot h the pr ior y and a pot ential grammar s chool ( Fow ler 1974, p. 168; Drape r 2008, p. 239) .

J o hn Dudley, E arl o f W arwick and later Duk e o f No rthumberland ap p lied to E dward V I f o r a grant o f W arwick o r T o nbridge and was awarded the castle and mano r o f T o nbridge in 1551 ( W admo re 18 8 6, p . 51) . T he mano r and castle p assed between the cro wn and vario us p atro ns and at the o utbreak o f the C ivil W ar in 1643 was leased to T ho mas W eller who sup p o rted the Parliamentary f o rces that installed a garriso n there. Fo llo wing a battle with the R o yalists that lasted a mere three ho urs, Parliament retained the to wn. Ap art f ro m the human lo sses and casualties, the castle to o was scarred by the event. I n W eller’ s acco unt o f lo st revenue while o ccup ied, p resented to the C o mmittee f o r the co unty o f K ent, there is mentio n o f ‘ … the barn, castle cro f t, and barbican … as the two latter are tak en away… ’ which imp lies that the barbican was destro yed. T hat the barbican was p ro bably destro yed during the f racas suggests that the area in f ro nt o f the castle gateho use was the site o f much o f the ho stilities. As the site o f the barbican is believed to have been clo se to the Bank S treet site, any activities o ccurring there wo uld certainly have been af f ected by the destructio n o f this structure. I n 1646, f o llo wing


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the end o f the First C ivil W ar, the C o mmittee charged W eller £ 140 f o r the timber used to rep air and f o rtif y the castle and o rdered that he slight and dismantle the fortifications (Wadmore 1886, pp. 53-55).

The castle was purchased in 1739 by John Hooker, first Secretary of the C o mp any o f the Navigatio n o f the M edway who so ld o f f much sto ne f ro m the castle walls to build vario us lo ck s, wharves and bridges alo ng the canalised river f ro m M aidsto ne ( S immo ns 19 9 6, p . 114) . S to nes f ro m the castle can also be f o und re-used in buildings aro und the to wn.

T wo lengths o f sto ne wall were revealed o n the Bank S treet ex cavatio ns which f o rmed f o undatio ns o f a building that f ro nted o n to Bank S treet itself ( Fig. 10 ) . I n the so uth-east o f Area B, wall [9 ] measured 1. 68 m in length running no rth-east/ so uth-west, returning at its so uthern end to wards the so uth-east f o r 1. 10m. T he wall was co nstructed using ro ughly hewn ragsto ne blo ck s and f ragments o f tile, bo nded with a light bro wn sandy mo rtar with inclusio ns o f shell. T o the west o f this, a sho rt stretch co nstructed in a similar way to [9 ] was p resent, wall [8 8 5], but this had suffered greatly from truncation. The backfill around it contained eleven sherds o f p o ttery, including a sherd o f p o st-medieval red ware ( PM 1) that had an industrial base and dated to 1525-1600. I mmediately no rth o f this wall f ragment a small p it [8 61] was ex cavated that co ntained the near co mp lete remains o f a small adult do g.

Adj acent to Bank S treet, an o val p it [2] measuring 1. 42m wide by o ver 2. 8 0m in length and 1. 15m deep was ex cavated, co ntaining an abundance of wood shavings forming the primary fill from which also an off-cut of a radially-sp lit sectio n o f a smallish o ak lo g was reco vered. T his o f f -cut was very k no tty which p ro bably ex p lains the reaso n f o r it being discarded. T he p ro p o rtio ns o f this timber suggest it was f ro m a traditio nal W ealden p o st-and-rail f ence being co nstructed in the vicinity at the time the p it was being backfilled. The fills produced pottery dated to 1550-1725 and a clay to bacco p ip e f ragment dated 1660-168 0. T he p resence o f the wo o d shavings imp ly that the f eature was a saw p it, p erhap s used during the rebuilding o f tho se p arts o f the to wn that suf f ered damage as a result o f the ef f ects o f the C ivil W ar.

R unning no rth-west/ so uth-east thro ugh the centre o f Area B was a line o f small o ak p ile tip s, Pile G ro up [701] that f o rmed a building f o undatio n, the timbers tending to be set in p airs and o ccasio nally threes. T he p o sts measured 110-150mm by 45-75mm in cro ss sectio n and were up to 1. 20m in length. A mix o f bo th reused and f reshly cut timber was p resent and whilst all the tip s and so me edges were hewn with ax es the f aces o f ten sho wed manual saw-mark s. T hese saw mark s f o llo wed the p attern lef t by the p it-sawing metho d typ ically f o und in p o st-medieval wo o dwo rk . T he bulk o f the ex amp les also had sap p y and o f ten waney edges, sho wing that they came f ro m the lo w value ‘ o utside slabs’ o f sawn


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baulk s o f o ak 0. 3-0. 4m sq uare. T he waste slabs were o f lo w value as they tend to decay q uick ly due to the high p ro p o rtio n o f sap wo o d and o ne p ile had been cut f ro m a bo x ed heart timber with a ro tted heart, also seco nd o r third q uality timber, imp lying that the builders o f these f o undatio ns were saving mo ney by using lo w-grade material. T he p iles were driven in to p ro vide a mo re stable f o undatio n acro ss so f ter gro und created by the backfilling of a medieval pit. The two posts forming Pile Group [700], and three p o stho les f o rming Po stho le G ro up 1 were all o n ap p ro x imately the same alignment as Pile G ro up 701 and may have been related.

A co mp lete Frechen sto neware ( PM 5) drink ing j ug f o und in Ditch 8 , E valuatio n T rench 4 ( Fig. 2) , is o f interest as it co ntains a dep o sit o f co p p er p ins and it may theref o re rep resent a witch bo ttle ( Fig. 8 . 5) . I t is o f c . 1650-75 date ( H urst e t a l . 19 8 6, 220) . S uch items were co mmo nly buried at the thresho ld o f a ho use, as it was believed that evil sp irits o r witches entering a ho me wo uld get caught o n the p ins, o r mo re usually nails, inside the bo ttle; there are at least three p revio us instances k no wn in K ent at Biddenden ( Aldridge 2002) , G ravesend ( T illey 19 65) and H o ath ( G o ugh 19 59 ) . As the ditch also co ntained later transf er-p rinted ware and co ntemp o rary red earthenwares, it is p o ssible that the witch bo ttle was thro wn into the ditch af ter the ref urbishment o r demo litio n o f an adj acent ho use.

Posthole Groups 2 and 3 in Area A reflected the alignments of earlier Ditches 6 and 7 resp ectively indicating co ntinuity o f the bo undary o rient-atio ns f ro m the early medieval incep tio n o f the to wn thro ugh to the nine-teenth century.

DI S C U S S I O N

T he ex cavatio ns at Bank S treet have greatly increased the k no wledge o f the develo p ment o f the co re area o f T o nbridge p ro viding an insight thro ugh archaeo lo gical evidence into the activities undertak en directly in f ro nt o f the castle gates. T o gether with the wo rk begun by A. D. F. S treeten and co ntinued by E llio t W ragg and J eremy H aslam, a f urther understanding o f the o rigins and develo p ment o f the settlement aro und the castle is being f o rmed based o n the archaeo lo gical evidence reco vered f ro m the sites at L ansdo wne R o ad, E ast S treet and Bank S treet. T he linear ditches p ro bably f o rming p ro p erty bo undaries f acing o nto Bank S treet appear to fit with Haslam’s proposed model for the layout of Tonbridge. H o wever, until f urther wo rk is undertak en in the area, much is still to be confirmed about the layout and expansion of the town, its defences and the castle itself .

The presence of the industrial waste shows that the significant phases f o r iro n mak ing/ wo rk ing activity at Bank S treet were early-medieval and medieval p erio ds. Fro m the slag evidence, it ap p ears that smelting, in


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particular, was a significant activity somewhere in the area, if not actually o n-site, during these p erio ds. Altho ugh no in s itu iro n mak ing/ wo rk ing activity was f o und in the ex cavated area, the assemblage do es co ntribute to the dating o f the iro n industry within the to wn. T he archaeo lo gical evidence sup p o rts a mo del where the main mark et at T o nbridge was o f considerable significance and was located in front of the castle gates. This included shops, which can be distinguished from stalls and identified as wo rk sho p s co nnected to metalwo rk ing. T his included the stabling and care o f ho rses ( f arriery) , p articularly travellers’ ho rses. I ro n nails and clenches were p ro duced at T o nbridge and p ro bably also weap o nry.

T he medieval mark et o r mark ets at T o nbridge served a wide area and this is measure of significance. The nearest other market places were so me distance away at S hip bo urne to the no rth, E denbridge to the west, Y alding to the no rth-east and Brenchley to the so uth-east. I n co ntrast, mark ets were relatively evenly sp read acro ss the eastern half o f K ent and tightly clustered in no rth-west K ent ( L awso n 2004, 51) . T o nbridge had go o d access by bo th ro ad and river, which did no t ap p ly to S hip bo urne o r Brenchley, altho ugh Y alding and E denbridge had access by water. M ark eting at T o nbridge is also k no wn a century earlier than at the smaller mark ets aro und. I t sho uld be no ted to o that the C lare ( G lo ucester) f amily had the mark et grants at Brasted and Y alding as well as T o nbridge and p resumably co ntro lled the nature o f the mark ets there. Brasted in additio n was o ne o f their mano rs ( H asted V , 207) . T he castle, T o nbridge’ s f avo urable lo catio n and its large hinterland ensured its medieval mark et/ s were much larger and mo re sp ecialised than tho se o f o ther nearby settle-ments.

Perhaps the most significant development in the study is that a prelim-inary ceramic profile for Tonbridge has been established from the ex cavatio n at the Bank S treet with co mp limentary evidence p ro vided f ro m o ther lo cal ex cavatio ns, bo th in the to wn and its enviro ns. T his seq uence is generated from the dating of pottery types as defined by the Canterbury Archaeo lo gical T rust typ e series, f o rm typ o lo gy and the p hasing and sp o t dating o f co ntex ts o n the Bank S treet site.

T he earliest medieval stratigrap hic seq uence p ro duced almo st ex clusively the shell-temp ered ware ( E M 35) . T his p o ttery typ e has a p ro ductio n date o f 1050-1225 and so was co ncurrent with the establishment o f the castle and the to wn. O ther typ es o f no n-lo cal p o ttery reaching T o nbridge in the late eleventh and early-twelf th century might be f o und o n higher status sites, such as the C astle itself . T he shell-temp ered ware p ro bably p ersisted as the main o r near ex clusive p o ttery typ e in T o nbridge f o r the first quarter of the twelfth century; from the evidence of the forms and stratigrap hy at Bank S treet, it is p o ssible to deduce that the sand and shell-temp ered ware ( E M 36) ap p eared here as early as c . 1100.

Fro m c . 1150 there is an increase in the range o f f abrics at Bank S treet


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and between c . 1150-1225, the main typ e o f p o ttery reco rded is the sandy greyware ( M 38 A) . R o unded j ugs with strap handles are the main typ e between c . 1170-1225, as f o und in the timber-lined well, and No rth o r West Kent fine sandy ware with sparse shell and sparse grits (EM22) also increases in f req uency during this p erio d.

It has not been possible to define the period 1250-1325 by using a ceramic fabric classification, as there are no relevant pottery types, forms o r deco rative techniq ues p resent that can characterise it. T his is no t to say that the 1250-1350 p erio d is no t rep resented, o nly that current dating and k no wledge do no t allo w us to iso late this p erio d adeq uately in the data. Fro m 1325 o n the K BS T 05 site ( o r p erhap s f ro m c.1300 as defined by f abric M 38 A3 o n the adj acent K T -T BR 03 site: Black mo re f o rthco ming) the ceramic profile can be defined by the presence of the hard fired sandy greyware ( M 38 C ) in the f o rm o f j ugs.

T wo sherds of the S urrey whiteware f rom C heam ( L M 6) indicate that this pot tery type appe ared in T o nbridge in the late f our teenth or pe rhaps fifteenth century, but it is present in a feature with a wide date range of ceramics w here i t i s not c lear w hat i s c ont empor ary, i ntrusive or r esidual.

The fifteenth-century ceramic profile is difficult to distinguish, as the land use at the Bank S treet ex cavatio n ap p ears to have changed to a p erio d o f inf req uent activity o r disp o sal o f ceramics. A sherd o f M edway hard silty-sandy ware with chalk ( L M 34B) , dated c . 1450-1525/ 50 o ccurs in a probable late fifteenth-century context as a white-slip decorated jug, but this ware is much mo re co mmo n in six teenth-century co ntex ts.

The late sixteenth and early seventeenth century ceramic profile of the site ap p ears to be characterised largely by glaz ed red earthenwares f ro m a number o f so urces whilst calcareo us ‘ p ep p ered’ smo o th ware ( PM 64) is a no table co mp o nent o f the late six teenth to early eighteenth- century dep o sits and p ro bably also derived f ro m a number o f p ro ductio n centres.

AC K NO W L E DG E M E NT S

Pre-C o nstruct Archaeo lo gy L td wo uld lik e to thank C rest Nicho lso n ( in p articular Prys W illiams and Dave S tevens) f o r f unding the p ro j ect thro ugh C gM s C o nsulting ( Archaeo lo gical C o nsultant, Duncan H awk ins) . T he autho rs wo uld lik e to thank T im Bradley, the p ro j ect manager, and Frank M eddens, the p o st-ex cavatio n manager, f o r advice and editing.

T hank s are due to C hris Pick ard who co -sup ervised the ex cavatio ns and to the ex cavatio n staf f : R ick Archer, T o ny Bax ter, L ucy Berk en, J o hn Bro wn, L uk e Burto n, Faith C airns, W ill C lark , T o m C o llie, J o hn C risp , J im Dix o n, J o hn G iblin, Neil H awk ins, C laire H enshaw, K erry J ennings, Alex L anglands, Anna Nico lso n, Adrian Nash, R o ddy M attiso n, C o lin R eid, G uy S eddo n, Andrew S hap land, J o T aylo r, S teve T o wnsend, E lio tt W ragg and to Fio na K eith-L ucas f o r the survey.


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T he autho rs thank the o ther sp ecialists f o r their valued co ntributio ns: L ynne K eys ( S l a g ) , M ä rit G aimster ( S m a l l F in d s ) , J ames G errard ( P r e -R o m a n a n d R o m a n P o tte r y ) , I an T yers ( De n d r o chr o n o l o g ica l Da tin g ) , K evin H ayward ( W o r k e d S to n e ) , Alys V aughn-W illiams and L isa G ray ( A r cha e o b o ta n ica l R e m a in s ) , J o hn Bro wn ( C e r a m ic B u il d in g M a te r ia l ) , L isa Y eo mans ( F a u n a l R e m a in s ) , J o hn S hep herd ( G l a s s ) ; and to Adrian Nash, J o sep hine Bro wn and the late M ichael M iles f o r the illustratio ns.

Finally, thank s to Davyd Po wer and J ane H iggs at S t Peter and S t Paul’ s C hurch; T o m H o llo bo ne f o r his additio nal research; J o hn C o tter, f o rmerly of the Canterbury Archaeological Trust, for help with identification of so me o f the p o ttery typ es; L yn Black mo re f o r co llabo ratio n o n the study o f T o nbridge p o ttery and mak ing available her rep o rt o n the K T -T BR 03 p o ttery; J . M ink in f o r assisting with the timber reco rding; and S arah Pearso n f o r discussing the ro le o f ( black ) smiths and f arriers in to wns.

E NDNO T E S

1 R ichard M o rtimer, ‘ C lare, R ichard de ( 1030x 35– 108 7x 9 0) ’ , O DN B , 2004 [http :/ /www. o x f o rddnb. co m/ view/ article/ 5445, accessed 19 O ct 2010]. R ichard M o rtimer, ‘ C lare, G ilbert de ( d. 1117) ’ , O DN B , 2004 [http :/ / www. o x f o rddnb. co m/ view/ article/ 5436, accessed 19 O ct 2010].

2 C anterbury C athedral Archives ( C C A) DC c FX 22-31. T he lor dship of T onbr idge castle, low y a nd m anor w as di sput ed be tween the ki ng, a rchbishop a nd C hrist C hurch Prior y, whenever the heir of the C lare f amily ( later E arls of G louc ester or S taf f or d) was a minor , since each of them claimed wardship of that heir and his pr ope rties. T his oc curred in the 13th century and again at the end of the 14th century. I n 1258 an agreement was reached between the Archbishop and Priory which was confirmed by royal decree, Hasted, V, 206-07. This stipulated that one-third of the heir’s manors, lands and tenements and the profits from them shoul d remain in the hands of the Prior y, to be appl ied to its ow n use. T he ot her two pa rts were to remain with the Prio ry until the ki ng or dered to whom they shoul d be delivered. T he castle of T onbr idge was to be delivered to the Archbishop of C anterbury to hol d until the heir came of age. The king confirmed this decree. The Priory claimed its rights s e de v ac ant e , when a new archbishop w as not ye t i nstalled, C C A DC c C harta Antiqua A28, cf . C 195.

3 C C A C C A FX 21, r2, r e ct.4 H arvard law scho o l E nglish deed catalo gue, deed 419 , H O L L I S number BC A9 121.

T here are also many leases o f timber rights in late f o urteenth-century K ent surviving in the archives o f C anterbury C athedral Prio ry. T he human and eco no mic co nnectio ns with Frindsbury and with K emsing are confirmed by the tenants at Tonbridge named d e F r in d s b u r y and d e K e m e s y n g amo ng the rents there in 138 4-8 5. T hese bynames are lik ely to have been inherited rather than p erso nally descrip tive o f the tenant’ s p lace o f o rigin by this p erio d, and indicate that earlier link s between T o nbridge and Frindsbury and K emsing, C C A DC c FX 21, r2, r e cto .

5 C C A DC c BR / Peck ham.6 David C ro uch, ‘ C lare, R ichard de ( d. 1136) ’ , O DN B , O U P, 2004 [http :/ / www.

o x f o rddnb. co m/ view/ article/ 5446, accessed 19 O ct 2010].7 C hurchill. I . e t a l . , C a l . F e e t o f F in e s , 224-25.8 J. S. Hamilton, ‘Despenser, Hugh, the younger, first Lord Despenser (d. 1326)’, O DN B ,

2004; o nline edn, J an 2008 [http :/ / www. o x f o rddnb. co m/ view/ article/ 7554, accessed 18 O ct 2010].


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9 J . R . M addico tt, ‘ Audley, H ugh, earl o f G lo ucester ( c. 129 1-1347) ’ , O DN B , 2004 [http :/ / www. o x f o rddnb. co m/ view/ article/ 37134, accessed 18 O ct 2010].

10 Carole Rawcliffe, ‘Stafford, Ralph, first earl of Stafford (1301–1372)’, O DN B , 2004; o nline edn, M ay 2006 [http :/ / www. o x f o rddnb. co m/ view/ article/ 26211, accessed 20 O ct 2010].

11 L a y S u b s id y , 116. A ferour is defined by the Middle English Dictionary as ‘an iro nwo rk er, a black smith and [p resumably] by ex tensio n a vetinarian’ , i. e. , f arrier.

12 M iddle E nglish Dictio nary.13 ‘ ii s ho p p ’ q u o n d a m S a m p s o n d e M id d l e to n in f o r o d e T o n e b r ’ a n n e x ’ a d b a r b e ca n ’ ,

C C A DC c FX 21, r2, r e cto . 14 C C A DC c FX 23, FX 25. 15 L a y S u b s id y , 116.16 http :/ / www. k entarchaeo lo gy. o rg. uk / R esearch/ L ibr/ W ills/ L bth/ Bk 22/ p age% 20154. htm

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