T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc.735 Bishop St., Suite 315, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96813

Archaeological Assessment for the Proposed SprintPCS ‘Ahuimanu Cell Site No. HI70XC014, 47-024Okana Road, Kahalu‘u, Ko‘olaupoko, O‘ahu Island

TMK:(1)4–7–039:019 por. �

omas S. Dye, Ph.D. Elaine H. R. Jourdane

March 31, 2006

Applicant: Clayton Group Services

Applicant’s Consultant: T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc.

Location: 47-024 Okana Road, Kahalu‘u, Ko‘olaupoko, O‘ahu, Hawaii.

Tax map key: (1)4–7–039:019 por.

Request: Proposed Sprint PCS ‘Ahuimanu Cell Site No. HI70XC014.

Direct E�ect: No historic properties in Area of Potential E�ect (APE) for direct e�ects.

Visual E�ect: No historic properties in Area of Potential E�ect (APE) for visual e�ects.

1 IntroductionAt the request of Clayton Group Services, T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc.conducted an archaeological assessment of a parcel at 47-024 Okana Road for the pro-posed Sprint PCS cellular site. e primary focus of the project was on the discoveryand appropriate treatment of historic properties within the area of potential e�ect. egoals of the archaeological investigation were to determine whether the installation ofantennas and construction of an equipment facility will have direct or visual e�ects onhistoric properties.

�Prepared for Clayton Group Services, Inc.

1

2 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Area

Sprint PCS proposes to install a 25 �. tall monopole and an equipment shelter withinan existing telecommunications facility at 47-024 Okana Road in Kahalu‘u, O‘ahu. emonopole will include three panel antennas mounted with tips ush to the top of thepole. Two separate lease parcels, a 16 �.2 parcel for the pole, and a 150 �.2 parcel for theequipment shelter, are located in the southeastern portion of the 2.00 ac. parcel owned byHarry Kim (dba Okana Hillside Terrace) and identi�ed as TMK:(1)4–7–039:019 (�g. 1).

�

0 0.5 1Kilometers

T.S. Dye & Colleagues, Archaeologists, Inc. March 2006.

SITE

Figure 1. Sprint PCS ‘Ahuimanu project location at Kahalu‘u, O‘ahu, portion of 1998USGS Kaneohe quadrangle.

e existing telecommunications facility includes equipment and antenna polesfor various businesses including VerizonWireless, T-Mobile, Cingular Wireless, VoiceStreamWireless andAT&TWireless. ACity &County ofHonolulu Public SafetyWirelessRepeater System is also contained within the telecommunication facility. e new equipment shelter will be situated adjacent to an existing Verizon wireless

equipment cabinet and approximately 28 �. north of an existing Sprint cellular equipment

1.1 Project Area 3

shelter. e equipment shelter will be built on a concrete slab and will be enclosed bya CMU retaining wall and chain link fence. e new monopole will be located abovethe shelter between two existing antenna poles and also enclosed with a chain link fence.Ground disturbance is not expected to exceed 36 in. for the utility conduit and 16 in. forthe concrete slab.Depth of excavation for the monopole will be c. 10 �. (�g. 2).

Figure 2. Sprint PCS Ahuimanu project location within existing telecommunicationsfacility, courtesy of Clayton Group Services.

According to the FCC Nationwide Programmatic Agreement (NPA), the area ofpotential e�ect (APE) for direct e�ects on historic properties includes the area of potentialground disturbance during the installation of the tower, equipment shelter and utilities. e APE for visual e�ects on historic properties for a tower 200 �. or less is the areawithin c. 0.5 mi. of the tower.

4 1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 Background Research is archaeological assessment includes the review of historic documents, maps andarchaeological reports on �le at the State Historic Preservation Division library, theHawaii State Archives and the State Bureau of Conveyances. No �eld inspection wasconducted of the area.

1.2.1 Natural Setting

e Sprint PCS project site lies at an elevation between 250 and 270 �. on the westernslope of Pu‘u Ma‘eli‘eli. e soils underlying the area are classi�ed as Alaeloa silty clay 15to 35 percent slopes. is soil occurs on smooth side slopes and toe slopes in the uplands,and was used for pineapple, pasture, truck crops, orchards, wildlife habitat, home sitesand water supply. Small acreages are used for truck crops and orchards [6]. e projectsite receives an average rainfall of 60–80 in. annually [7].

1.2.2 Historic Land Use

e project is located on the north side of the ridge to the west of Pu‘u Ma‘eli‘eli withinthe traditional ahupua‘a of Kahalu‘u in the Ko‘olaupoko district of O‘ahu.

ahupua‘aKahalu‘u translated as “diving place” was perhaps named by �shermen who used

to dive here for �sh [14]. Kahalu‘u was also known as “Ua poai hale o Kahaluu”, or the“House surrounding rain of Kahaluu” because the rain circled the hills around the areaand never le� [11:171]. Handy and Handy [8] describe the coastal at lands of Ka‘alaea,Waihe‘e and Kahalu‘u as one of the largest single wet taro lands along this side of O‘ahu.Handy and Handy [8] describe Kahaluu as:

sheltered for most of its shore length behind low coastal hills, and its areacontours are quite broken by the winding Kahalu‘u Stream and its tributaries,Waiola (Living-water), Ahulumanu (Discolored-and-broken), and Kalohaka(Hollow-taro). For this reason, despite the breadth of the stream valley, thelo‘i sections of Kahalu‘u are tucked away in pockets of land watered from

lo‘ithe several streams; there are few large continuous areas, but the total areaunder cultivation in ancient times must have been very considerable. [8:454]

Handy and Handy [8] further describe Kahalu‘u as one of the �ve ahupua‘a of thearea, along withWaiahole, Ka‘alaea, Waihe‘e andHe‘eia, that make up the long lagoon thatextends between Kualoa and Kane‘ohe. ey suggest that although the population waslikely large, the “unattractiveness of the shore line and the relatively inferior resourcesin �shing” may have played a role in the lack of traditional lore or history of this area[8:452]. e entire ahupua‘a of Kahalu‘u was set aside as Crown Lands in the mahele. A�er

the mahele, the Catholic Church purchased 191.75 ac. of land at Kahalu‘u and JamesSteward purchased the remainder of the ahupua‘a still owned by the Crown [5]. Severalsmall Land Commission Awards (LCA) were granted in Kahalu‘u, however no LCA wasfound for the project site.Devaney et al. [5] further describe the changes in land use at Kahalu‘u:

1.2 Background Research 5

Ownership o�en went to the largest landowner in the ahupua‘a. A numberof kuleana in Kahaluu, Waihee, and Kaalaea became the property of Kaalaea kuleana

Sugar Plantation, Kaalaea Mill Co., Sing Chong Co., Hawaiian Trust Co.,Ltd., and Bishop Trust Co., in that order. As each commercial venture—sugar, rice, and pineapple—extended its boundaries to increase acreageunder cultivation, the process of consolidation of land ownership continued.Each company sold to the next, land holdings were extended, ownershipconsolidated, and decision-making regarding use of the land was placed inthe hands of fewer and fewer people, most o�en resting ultimately in thehands of a few trustees or directors of the large landed corporations. [5:31]

e recent land history records trace ownership of the project site to the KahaluuLand Trust and Bishop Trust Company in the early 1940s. In 1952 a 3.954 ac. parcel, whichincludes the project site, was deeded to Sydney Smith. is parcel was subdivided into a1.954 ac. parcel and the 2.00 ac. project site parcel in 1969. Several transfers of ownershipoccurred through the years until the early 1990s when the current land owners acquiredthe project parcel.

1.2.3 Archaeological Background

ere are no known archaeological surveys conducted for this parcel. However, severalarchaeological investigations have been conducted within the general area.In the 1930s, McAllister [11] identi�ed several heiau and �shpond within Kahalu‘u heiau

ahupua‘a. Kahalu‘u (Kahouna) �shpond (site 50–80–10–319), listed on the NationalRegister of Historic Places, is located c. 1.5 mi. north of the project site. Two other pondswere noted in the area, a small pond near the Libby cannery (site 50–80–10–319A) andPokole Pond (site 50–80–10–322) located along the coast. ree heiau were recorded by McAllister along the coast between the Kahalu‘u

�shpond and He‘eia Point:

• Haluakaiamoana heiau, site 50–80–10–320, was formerly located at the site of theLibby, McNeill and Libby Company cannery.

• Kalaeaalakihi heiau, site 50–80–10–321, was reported as destroyed during thebuilding of the road.

• An unnamed heiau, site 50–80–10–323, on the point between Kahalu‘u and He‘eia.

e ruins of Kailikahi Heiau were said to be relocated in the 1950s in the Kahalu‘uOcean View Lots subdivision. However, Bishop Museum sta� did not believe that thestone remains were the heiau [16:194].Archaeological investigations in Kahalu‘u since McAllister’s survey of O‘ahu have

been limited. Shun [15] conducted archaeologicalmonitoring during backhoe excavationsfor the wastewater pumping station at Laenani Beach Park located c. 1.5 mi. north ofthe project site. No historic sites or cultural deposits were found during the backhoeexcavations.Limited archaeological investigations have been conducted at the Kahalu‘u Taro Lo‘i

complex which is listed on the Hawaii Register of Historic Places (site 50–80–10–1165).

6 3 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

e complex is located c. 1.0 mi. southwest (inland) of the project site and consists ofextensive agricultural terraces and associated habitation and other features along thelower slopes and valley oor around ‘Ahuimanu Stream [9], [17].In 2003, Carson [3] conducted an archaeological inventory survey of 11 ac. of land

within the Valley of the Temples cemetery property. No historic sites were found and itis believed that this area was not as intensively cultivated as nearby parcels such as theKahalu‘u Taro Lo‘i complex to the north.

2 ResultsNo �eld inspection was conducted of the project site by T. S. Dye & Colleagues, Archae-ologists, Inc.However, a �eld inspection was conducted by Clayton Group Services andthe information and photographs of the project site were reviewed. e results of theinspection show that the project site has been graded and modi�ed during constructionof the existing cellular facilities (�gs. 3 and 4).

Figure 3. Sprint PCS equipment shelter site in vegetated area to le� (east) of existingVerizon equipment shelter. Courtesy of Clayton Group Services

3 Discussion and ConclusionsA review of the archaeological literature, historic maps, and information provided byClayton Group Services, shows that the project site is located in an area that has been pre-

GLOSSARY 7

Figure 4. Sprint PCS antenna pole site in vegetated area to right of stairs and abovefenced Cingular Wireless antenna pole. Courtesy of Clayton Group Services

viously modi�ed. Since 1996 this area has been modi�ed for use as a telecommunicationscompound. No surface historic properties exist within the area of potential e�ect forthe proposed Sprint PCS cellular site and no subsurface deposits are likely to be found. erefore the construction of the facility will have no direct e�ect on historic properties.Since there are no known historic sites within 0.5 mi. of the tower, the undertaking willhave no visual e�ect on historic properties.

GlossaryEntries for Hawaiian words are excerpted or paraphrased, where possible, from theHawaiian Dictionary [13], or from Lucas [10]. Geological and geographical terms arefrom American Geological Institute [1] and Clark [4]. Archaeological terms are fromBray and Trump [2] and Mignon [12].

ahupua‘a Traditional Hawaiian land division usually extending from the uplands to thesea.

heiau Traditional Hawaiian place of worship.

kuleana Right, title, property, portion, responsibility, jurisdiction, authority, interest,claim, ownership.

lo‘i A single irrigated taro patch. Irrigated terrace, especially for taro.

8 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bibliography[1] American Geological Institute (1976). Dictionary of Geological Terms (Revised ed.).Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press.

[2] Bray, W. and D. Trump (1982). e Penguin Dictionary of Archaeology (Second ed.).New York: Penguin Books.

[3] Carson, M. T. (2003, May). Archaeological Inventory Survey of the Proposed Garden ofValor Expansion Parcel, Valley of the Temples Memorial Park, He‘eia Ahupua‘a, Islandof O‘ahu, State of Hawaii, TMK 4–7–07:001. Prepared for RightStar Management, Inc.Honolulu: International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc.

[4] Clark, A. N. (1998). e Penguin Dictionary of Geography (Second ed.). London:Penguin Books.

[5] Devaney, D. M., M. Kelly, P. J. Lee, and L. S. Motteler (1982, October). Kane‘ohe AHistory of Change. Prepared for U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Honolulu: e BessPress.

[6] Foote, D. E., E. L. Hill, S. Nakamura, and F. Stephens (1972). Soil Survey of theIslands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai, State of Hawaii. Washington, D.C.:United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Published incooperation with the University of Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station.

[7] Giambelluca, T. W. and T. A. Schroeder (1998). Climate. In S. P. Juvik and J. O. Juvik(Eds.), Atlas of Hawai‘i ( ird ed.)., pp. 49–59. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

[8] Handy, E. S. C. and E. G. Handy (1972). Native Planters in Old Hawaii: eir Life,Lore, and Environment. Number 233 in Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin. Honolulu:Bishop Museum Press. With the collaboration of Mary Kawena Pukui.

[9] Kennedy, J. (1989). Limited Subsurface Testing and Monitoring: Portion of AhuimanuTaro Complex/Kahaluu Taro Complex. Pepared for Ahuimamnu Joint Ventures.Haleiwa, Hawaii: Archaeological Consultants of Hawaii, Inc. on �le at State His-toric Preservation O�ce.

[10] Lucas, P. F. N. (1995). A Dictionary of Hawaiian Legal Land-Terms. Honolulu:Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation and University of Hawai‘i Committeee for thePreservation and Study of Hawaiian Language, Art and Culture.

[11] McAllister, J. G. (1933). Archaeology of Oahu. Number 104 in Bulletin of the BerniceP. Bishop Museum. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press.

[12] Mignon,M. R. (1993).Dictionary of Concepts inArchaeology. Number 13 inReferenceSources for the Social Sciences and Humanities. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.

[13] Pukui, M. K. and S. H. Elbert (1971). Hawaiian Dictionary ( ird ed.). Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 9

[14] Pukui, M. K., S. H. Elbert, and E. T. Mookini (1974). Place Names of Hawaii.Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

[15] Shun, K. (1992, March). Archaeological Monitoring Wastewater Pumping StationLaenani Beach Park, Kahaluu, Koolaupoko (TMK: 4–7–10:17), Island of Oahu. Preparedfor Fletcher Paci�c Construction Co., Ltd. Archaeological Associates Oceania.

[16] Sterling, E. P. and C. C. Summers (Eds.) (1978). Sites of Oahu. Honolulu: BishopMuseum Press.

[17] Tuggle, H. D. (1974). Preliminary Report on Archaeological Excavations of theAhuimanu Terrace Complex. Deartment of Anthropology, University of Hawaii.