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July/August 200www.archaeology.org A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America July/August 20

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24London 2012Archaeology and the Olympics

BY NADIA DURRANI

28omb of the ChantressA newly discovered burial chamber

in the Valley of the Kings provides a

rare glimpse into the life of an

ancient Egyptian singer

BY JULIAN SMITH

33Te Birth of BureaucracyAt the site of Iklaina, excavations are

revealing new evidence of how the

Mycenaean state functioned

BY AMANDA SUMMER

40Automated Site MappingComputational analysis of satellite

images detects previously

overlooked human settlements

BY ALDO FOE

42Vasas Curious ImbalanceResearchers are learning new lessons

from the majestic Vasaa warship

monumental in its ambition, its failure,

and its role in maritime archaeology

BY LUCAS LAURSEN

46Uncovering SidonsLong LifeFor the first time, archaeologists are

revealing the 4,000-year history of

one of ancient Lebanons oldest ports

BY ANDREW LAWLER

CONTENTSJULY/AUGUST 2012

VOLUME 65, NUMBER 4

features

46 Among the graves excavated

at Sidon was one containing the

remains of a child who was buried

in a large pottery jar.

3

Cover: Inside a wooden coffin,

archaeologists found the 3,000-year-old

mummy of an Egyptian chantress.

COURTESY UNIVERSITYOF BASEL KINGS

VALLEY PROJECT

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departments

More from this IssueTo see a slideshow withmore images of the Pilling figurines, go to

www.archaeology.org/pilling

Interactive Digs Read about the latest discoveriesat the Minoan site of Zominthos in central Crete; at

Johnsons Island, a Civil War site in Ohio; and at

El Carrizal, in Veracruz.

on the web www.archaeology.org

Archaeological News from around theworldupdated by 1 p.m. ET every weekday. And

sign up for our e-Update so you dont miss a thing.

Stay in TouchVisit Facebook and likeARCHAEOLOGYor follow us on Twitter at

@archaeologymag

16

6 Editors Letter

8 From the President

10 LettersAn ax capable of felling a tree, the purpose of the

Donner Partys westward travels, and the Nebra

sky disc.

11 From the TrenchesA set of 1,000-year-old clay figurines are reunited

after nearly 40 years, Homo erectus was a fire-starter, a Greek murder court, and tzi the

icemans illness.

22 World RoundupA mass grave in the South Atlantic is a grim reminder

of the slave trade, Lucys tree-climbing hominin

friends, scientists look for elite archers in a medieval

shipwreck, and when it snowed in Baghdad.

53 Letter from MexicoAn archaeologists daughter surveys the rich

cultural heritage of northern Mexicoand the

impact of violence on researchers working there.

68 ArtifactAt one of the earliest Anglo-Saxon Christian burial

sites in Britain, archaeologists find a young girls

rare gold and garnet-jeweled cross.

14

13

5

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The Value of Persistence

This issues cover is an image of a womans coffin from the first unlooted tombfound in Egypts Valley of the Kings since 1922. Her name was Nehemes-Bastetand hieroglyphs on the coffins side reveal that she was ashemayet, or chantress,

of the sun god, Amun. In Tomb of the Chantress (page 28), contributing editor JulianSmith discusses her life and the significance of the find.

The Birth of Bureaucracy (page 33), by archaeologist and writer AmandaSummer, focuses on the Mycenaean site of Iklaina, located in Greeces southwesternPeloponnese. Since the late 1990s, excavation work there has focused on the manner in

which government functioned in towns and villages, on the lives of the ordinary peoplewho lived at Iklaina more than 3,000 years ago, and on how widespread literacy mayhave been in the Mycenaean world.

The wreck of a seventeenth-century Swedish warship, pulled nearly intact morethan 50 years ago from Stockholm Harbor, has long concealed a

mystery about why it sank on its maiden voyage. In Vasas CuriousImbalance (page 42), science journalist Lucas Laursen explainsthat archaeologists are now coming up with answers thanks, in

part, to their ability to digitally render Vasas contours.As the 2012 Summer Olympics approach, journalist Nadia

Durrani has filed a report on the challenging archaeology of theOlympic Park site in East Londons Lea Valley. London 2012:Archaeology and the Olympics (page 24), offers a12,000-year

timeline, maps the location of six of the most significantfinds, and tells us what people have been up to there fromprehistoric times until the present day.

Contributing editor Andrew Lawler, in UncoveringSidons Long Life (page 46), traces the history of the portcity of Sidon in Lebanon. The extraordinary site sits directlybeneath the modern-day city and has been under excavation

by a multinational team for more than a decade. Sidon hasbeen occupied for some 4,000 years, and archaeologists are only

now beginning to trace the long history of a city so ancient that it ismentioned in the Book of Genesis.

Letter from Mexico (page 53), tells a different story, one in which archaeologymust proceed sporadically because of the danger to researchers often caught in theongoing drug war south of the United States border. Writer Kathleen McGuire detailsthe importance of the region known to some as El Norte de Mxico, and talks witharchaeologists who are committed to studying and preserving its important heritage.

That, of course, isnt all. Dont miss a very special Artifact, and do look for amystery or two to be revealed in From the Trenches and World Roundup.

ARCHAEOLOGY July/August 2016

EDITORS LETTER

Editor in Chief

Claudia Valentino

Executive Editor Deputy Editor

Jarrett A. Lobell Samir S. Patel

Senior Editors

Nikhil SwaminathanZach Zorich

Editorial Assistant Intern

Malin Grunberg Banyasz Aldo Foe

Creative Director

Richard Bleiweiss

Contributing Editors

Roger Atwood, Paul Bahn, Bob Brier,Andrew Curry, Blake Edgar, Brian Fagan,

David Freidel, Tom Gidwitz, Andrew Lawler,Stephen H. Lekson, Jerald T. Milanich,Jennifer Pinkowski, Heather Pringle,

Angela M. H. Schuster, Neil Asher Silberman

Correspondents

Athens: Yannis N. StavrakakisBangkok: Karen Coates

Islamabad: Massoud AnsariIsrael: Mati Milstein

Naples: Marco MerolaParis: Bernadette ArnaudRome: Roberto Bartoloni,

Giovanni LattanziWashington, D.C.: Sandra Scham

Publisher

Peter Herdrich

Associate Publisher

Kevin Quinlan

Director of Circulation and Fulfillment

Kevin Mullen

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Director of Integrated Sales

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For production questions,contact [email protected]

Editorial Advisory Board

James P. Delgado, Ellen Herscher,

Ronald Hicks, Jean-Jacques Hublin,Mark Lehner, Roderick J. McIntosh,Susan Pollock, Jeremy A. Sabloff,

Kenneth B. Tankersley

Subscription questions and addresschanges should be sent to Archaeology,

Subscription Services,P.O. Box 433091 Palm Coast, FL 32164toll free (877) ARKY-SUB (275-9782),

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LETTERS

Crashing the Donner Party

Letter from California: A New Lookat the Donner Party (May/June 2012)asserts that the Donner Party was aself-serving expedition for land and

wealth. Most of the pioneers migrat-ed west because of religious persecution

and/or economic deprivation, not greed.David K. Rogers

Walnut Creek, CA

Author and archaeologist JulieSchablitsky responds:Members of the Donner Party moved westfor a variety of reasons, including inexpen-sive land and even a healthy climate. Theview that the pioneers migrated for greed isnot necessarily my opinion, but, as I say in thepiece, a perspective that was shared with me.

An Ax to Grind

Your recent article on Ancient Ger-manys Metal Traders (May/June 2012)describes an ax head weighing8 ouncesas being something you could fell atree with. The smallest hammer that acarpenter uses is 16 ounces and is usedforfinish work. An ax of that size, muchless an ax weighing8 ounces, would notbe suitable for felling trees. A hatchet isthree times that weight.

Jaenia MikulkaCambridge, MA

Senior editor Zach Zorich responds:We live in a world with relatively cheap andabundant steel. That was not the case for thepeople at Dermsdorf. An 8-ounce ax head wasprobably a very expensive tool and was usedfor a variety of jobs. It may seem unsuitableby modern standards, but people were chop-ping down trees with stone tools long beforemetal axes were invented. Trees also come in

different sizes. It is not hard to imagine smalland medium-sized trees being cut down witha small ax.

ARCHAEOLOGY welcomes mail from

readers. Please address your comments

to ARCHAEOLOGY, 36-36 33rd Street,

Long Island City, NY 11106, fax 718-472-

3051, or e-mail [email protected].

The editors reserve the right to edit

submitted material. Volume precludes

our acknowledging individual letters.

Sun or Moon?

I noticed the Nebra sky disc in thesidebar to Ancient Germanys MetalTraders is described as depicting thesun, moon, and 32 stars. I believe itsthe full moon, half moon, quarter moon

phases, anchored by the strip of horizonshown on the right. Obviously the sunisnt out at night, and the moon phaserepresentations seem straightforward.

Andi Willman

Flushing, MI

The Real Oldest Handbag

The German researchers in your storyDogtooth Is the New Black (May/

June 2012) claim a reconstructed (notpreserved) probable bag that is 4,200

to4,500 years-old may be worlds old-est handbag. The Germans may notbe aware of the bags from Spirit Cave,Nevada, dated to 9,400 years ago. TheSpirit Cave bags and the shrouds wrap-ping corpses are the oldest complete,preserved textiles in the world.

Alice B. Kehoe

Marquette University

Milwaukee, WI

Corrections

In Letter from California: A New Lookat the Donner Party (May/June 2012),we incorrectly stated that the wagontrain set offfrom Springfield, Missouri.It left from Independence, Missouri.

In Rethinking the Thundering Hordes(May/June2012), the caption accompa-nying the map is incorrect. As indicatedin the map itself, Begash is actually inKazakhstan. Sarazm is in Tajikistan.

The Nebra

sky disc

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LATE-BREAKING NEWS AND NOTES FROM THE WORLD OF ARCHAEOLOGY

In 1973,Deseret Magazine showed a photograph of11 pre-historic figurines on exhibit at the Zions First NationalBank, Carbon-Emery Division, in Utah. By1974, when

the College of Eastern Utah (CEU) Prehistoric Museumincluded the figurines in their centennial celebration display,there were only10. What became of the 11th figurine has

been a mystery ever since.The unfired clay figurines, created by the Fremontculture that inhabited parts of Americas Great Basin be-tween A.D. 400 and 1300, had originally been found byranchers Clarence, Art, and Woodrow Pilling, and tworanch hands, Dusty Pruit and Tony Finn, in a rock shel-ter in eastern Utahs Range Creek Canyon in 1950. Aftertheir discovery, Geneve Howard Oliver, a Pilling familyfriend, brought the figurines to the Smithsonian and thento Harvards Peabody Museum for examination. At thePeabody, anthropologist Noel Morss studied the collec-

tion (which has since been dated toA.D. 9951000) and concluded thefigurines all had been made by thesame artist. Later that month, Oliverreturned home with the collection,and for more than two decades, it

was displayed at the CEU museumand in banks, courthouses, and a ho-

tel in Utah, becoming an unofficialyet much beloved state symbol.

Last November, Utah State Uni-

versity anthropologist BonniePitblado opened a small box

that had arrived in her office. Insideshe found a ceramic figurine wrappedin leather and an anonymous typednote expressing the senders wish thatthe artifact be returned to its properplace. Pitblado knew instantly that

it was the missingfigurine. First, mycolleagues and I went to the computerto check the figurine against old pho-tos of the Pilling collection when it

was complete. And then we immedi-ately thought about what we could doto demonstrate scientifically that hematched at least one of the other 10figurines so I could reunite him withthe group, says Pitblado. I also wantedto be sure it wasnt a fake, she adds.

Pitblado assembled a multidis-

ciplinary team to test whether thefigurine was in fact the artifact thathad disappeared. First, archaeologistand prehistoric textile expert JamesAdovasio from Mercyhurst Collegelooked at the backs of the figurineand his mate (the assemblage was ar-ranged as five pairs of male and femalefigures and an additional eleventhfigure). He examined impressionsmade by the baskets the figurines sat

Investigating a Decades-Old Disappearance

www.archaeology.org 11

Prehistoric clay female and male

figurines (left and right) from

Utahs famous Pilling collection.

The male figurines

back preserves

impressions of the

basket on which

it dried.

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FROM THE TRENCHES


Located in the province of Jujuy innorthern Argentina, Pucar deTilcara is the site of a pre-Incafortification built around thetwelfth century. Situated on a hilloutside the small town of Tilcara, itwas built by the ancestors of theOmaguaca tribe, renowned

warriors who were also experts inagriculture, weaving, and pottery.Though the region of Humahuaca

has evidence of occupation goingback 10,000 years, it reached itspeak around the fourteenthcenturyA.D., when Pucar deTilcara was an importantadministrative military center thatcovered 15 acres and housed morethan 2,000 people. In addition toliving quarters, the pucara(Quechua for fortress) containedcorrals, sites for religiousceremonies, and burials. The tribes

in the region were later conqueredby the Incas just decades beforethe Spanish arrived in 1536.Constanza Ceruti, the only female

high-altitude archaeologist in theworld and Director of the Instituteof High Mountain Research at theCatholic University of Salta, madePucar de Tilcara her home, livingin an adobe house at the foot ofthe site for five years while she

studied the Inca shrines in theAndean peaks nearby.

The site

From the town of Tilcara, the

pucara is accessible by foot, and

you will see many llama and cacti

along the way. Just be sure to wear

good walking shoesit can be a

rather exhausting climb. The site

was strategically chosen by the

Omaguaca to be easily defensible,

and it provides good views over the

surrounding UNESCO-listed valley,

Quebrada de Humahuaca. The

remains of many structures can still

be seen today, though part of the

site was reconstructed in the 1950s,

when excavation was taking place.

The small square stone buildings,

pirkas, were constructed without

mortar and roofed with grass, known

locally as ichu, and cactus wood. The

houses were built without windows

and with very narrow doorways

to conserve heat at night, when

temperatures drop in the high-

altitude desert. Visitors are free

to enter the houses, but be sure

to treat them with care. You can

see the highlights of the pucara

including the ceremonial ruins

known as the church and some of

the reconstructed householdsin a

one-hour visit. However, if you have

time, it is worth wandering beyond

the reconstructed areas and into

the necropolis and corrals.

While youre there

The village of Tilcara is the

archaeological capital of Quebrada

de Humahuaca. There is an

archaeological museum in the

village that is considered one

of the most important for the

region, in addition to a paintings

museum, sculpture museum, and

Carnival museum. (Carnival time

is one of the best times to visit!)

The adventurous can book four-

wheel drive excursions and go

hiking, horseback riding, and even

sandboarding in the surrounding

dunes. The village is also the

starting point for pilgrimages to

nearby mountain shrines. Ceruti

says that joining one of these

modern Andean processions can be

a life-changing experience.

MALIN GRUNBERG BANYASZ

on while they dried, and concluded

these two were from the same basket,and that the impressions could nothave been faked. The team then used

X-ray fluorescenceto characterize the

geochemical signatureof the clay and pig-ments of the figurineand mate. They were

able to match traceelements in bothfigurines and foundthat not only did theclay used for all thefigurines come fromthe same source, butthat the signatures ofthe unknown figurineand its mate weremore similar to each

other than they were to any other pair.

Finally, knowing that Morss had coat-ed the figurines in an organic lacquercalled Alvar in order to stabilize and

protect them, Brigham Young University geochemist Steve Nelsonsuggested that the team use a scanning electron microscope to check if the newlyreturned figurine was coated with thsubstance. It wasand that was all th

proof they needed.Now, after almost 40 years, visitorto the recently renamed Utah StatUniversity-Eastern Prehistoric Museumcan see the Pilling figurines displayetogether as envisioned by the Fremonpeople who made them almost a thousand years ago. With all the lines oevidence that we have, our researchteam is 100 percent sure he is the missingfigurine, says Pitblado. There is n

way that anyone could duplicate all th

elements we have found. For more images, visit archaeology.org/pilling

JARRETT A. LOBEL

The missing figurine (top row, second from left) has been

reunited with the collection for the first time in decades.

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Thousands of years before the first bagpipe wasever played in the Scottish highlands, a prehistoricmusician on the remote Isle of Skye played a type

of lyre. During excavations at High PastureCave, which contains evi-dence for 800 years ofhuman activity betweenthe Late Bronze andIron Ages, archaeolo-

gists discovered the wooden remains of what they believe isthe bridge of the earliest stringed instrument ever found in

Europe. According to archaeomusicolo-gist Graeme Lawson of the University

of Cambridge, the find pushesthe history of complex music[in western Europe] back morethan 1,000 years.

JARRETT A. LOBELL

A Little Scottish Ditty

Some paleoanthropologists believe that people have been eatingcooked food, and therefore makingfires, for millions of years.The evidence for this, so far, has been evolutionary changes

in hominin skeletons, such as decreasing tooth and jaw sizes. Butthere has been very little direct archaeological evidence offire useprior to 700,000years agountil now. Francesco Berna of BostonUniversity and a multinational team of researchers have uncoveredevidence thatHomo erectus was usingfire about one million years agoat Wonderwerk Cave in South Africa.

Using a technique that allows researchers to conduct microscopic

analysis of the chemical composition of a sample, Berna was able toidentify burned pieces of bone and plant material in the caves sedi-ments. The sediment came from an excavation unit that is roughly100 feet inside the cave, which makes it unlikely that the material wasburned by a lightning strike or wildfire. According to Berna, learn-ing to use fire was an important turning point for our speciesbothevolutionarily and culturally. Control offire is a tool for adaptingto different environments, he says. It provides warmth, it provideslightand it keeps away wild animals.

ZACH ZORICH

We Didnt Start the Fire...

Homo erectus Did

Roman ShipsSecret Cargo

Italian archaeologists haveuncovered evidence of smug-

gling between North Africaand Italy on a third-century A.D.shipwreck offthe west coast of Sicily. Themost complete Roman ship ever found,the 52-by-16-foot merchant vessel wascarrying amphorae filled with walnuts, figs,olives, wine, oil, and fish sauce from Tunisiato Rome when it sank.

Intriguingly, among the ships official cargo werehidden stashes of so-called tubifittili(fictile tubes).According to Sebastiano Tusa, Sicilys Superinten-dent of the Office of the Sea, Basically they aresmall terracotta cylinders open at one end andclosed at the other. Rows of these hollow tiles wereused in vaulting and other construction.

The tubes, which were used from the mid-Imperial era to the end of the Byzantine period,

worked byfitting the narrow end, or nozzle, ofone tile into the larger end of another. Becausethey were joined loosely, series of the lightweight

tiles could be arranged in curves, making it easierto form arches and vaults.In North Africa, especially Tunisia, the

valuable tubes were manufactured and cost aquarter of what builders paid for them in Rome.To augment their poor salaries, sailors boughtthese vaulting tubes cheaper in Africa, hid themeverywhere on the ship, and resold them inRome, Tusa explains.

ROSSELLA LORENZI


e remote s e o ye p aye a typevations at High Pastures evi-s ofeend

-

urope. cgist Grae

of Cth[i

archaeologists haveed evidence of smug-etween North African a third-century A.D.ffthe west coast of Sicily. Thelete Roman ship ever found,16-foot merchant vessel wasphorae filled with walnuts, figs,, oil, and fish sauce from Tunisia

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Next to the Acropolis southslope, archaeologists have dis-covered possible evidence of

one of ancient Athens murder courts.During several years of excavation,archaeologist Xristos Kontoxristosuncovered artifacts dating from theprehistoric through late Roman periods.He was particularly intrigued by a ped-estal formed of sculpted lions legs, upon

which sat two marble slabs forming avery large table or podium that he datedto the late Classical or early Hellenisticperiod (about 400300 B.C.). Near the

podium, Kontoxristos found a piece ofcopper of the type that citizens mayhave used to record legal verdicts.

Kontoxristos suggests that the podium may be part of a complex thaincludes a very large building founda

tion and portico dating to the samperiodfirst identified in the 1960as the Palladium. According to secondcenturyA.D. geographer Pausanias, thPalladium was the court in which caseof involuntary homicide and killing ononcitizens were tried. Kontoxristostresses that the identification of pedestal and building is not definitive, but hhopes to uncover additional evidence.

YANNIS STAVRAKAKI

Athens Murder Court

Its well known that ancient hunters all over the world took down big game. Recentfinds and analyses of remains of extincmegafaunaincluding a massive ground sloth and juvenile mammothhave stories to tell about how early humans securedand butchered these long-gone species. SAMIR S. PATEL

Butchering Big Game

FROM THE TRENCHES

AT THE SITE OF PRERESA, near Madrid,

Spain, archaeologists uncovered 82 bones

from an elephant or mammoth alongside

hundreds of stone tools. Dating to around

80,000 years ago, the bones show cut

marks and percussion fracturesthe first

evidence that humans, in this case Nean-

derthals, cracked open thick pachyderm

bones to get at the fat-rich marrow inside.

NEW ANALYSIS SHOWS that

the remains of a Jeffersons

ground slothwhich would

have weighed nearly 3,000

poundsfound in a wetland

near Cleveland, Ohio, arethe only known evidence of

humans eating ground sloths

outside of South America.

More than 40 incisions on one of the sloths femurs were caused by humans

filleting the overlying muscle. At more than 13,000 years old, the finds are

the oldest evidence of human occupation in the state.

PRESERVED IN

PERMAFROST

for at least

10,000 years,

the remains

of a juvenilemammoth,

called Yuka,

show signs that

humans in the

region may have

stolen the car-

cass from lions

before carefully

butchering it

and then stashing the rest of the remains for cold storage. The incredibly pre-

served remains show scratches and bite marks from lions, after which humans

had removed the organs, vertebrae, ribs, and portions of the upper legs.

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FROM THE TRENCHES


Its been more than 20 years sincetzi, the 5,300-year-old Neolithiciceman, was found in the ItalianAlps. Since then, researchers havefigured out what he likely ate as hislast meal (wild einkorn wheat bran)and how he died (an arrow to the backthat pierced an artery). They have alsosequenced his maternal DNA, deter-

mining that his lineage was geneticallyrare and has since gone extinct.Now researchers have investigated

the rest of tzis genome, thanks tothe Y-chromosome DNA found inbone from his left hip. tzis paternalancestors moved into Europe from theNear East more than 6,000 years ago.Further, he was lactose intolerant, hadtype O blood, had brown hair and eyes,and may have had Lyme diseasehisDNA carries sequences from the bac-

teria responsible for the illness, whichis tricky to identify even today.

We think that the iceman musthave had at least some early symptoms,such as fever and temporary weakness,

says Albert Zink, head of the Institutefor Mummies and the Iceman at theEuropean Academy of Bolzano inItaly. In a later stage, Lyme diseasecan affect the joints and the nervoussystem, but we dont have any proof ofthat for the iceman.

In other recent work, scientistsprobed thin tissue slices from the arrow

wound and a laceration on tzis hand.They used an atomic force microscopeto trace the surface of the tissue andcreate a3-D rendering. The resultingimages included doughnut shapes thatare the hallmark of red blood cells.Zink says finding blood cells and theclotting protein fibrinand no signof healingat the arrow wound siteindicates that tzi died within minutesof being shot.

NIKHIL SWAMINATHAN

What Ailed the Iceman?

Aseries of stones carved with images of snakes, war-riors, and headless prisoners has been found at thesacred Aztec site of Tenochtitlan in Mexico Cityshistoric center. The 25 images,

carved from gray and red volca-nic rock, were embedded in thefloor of the plaza in front of theTemplo Mayor complex, wherethe Aztecs performed thousandsof ritual killings before the Span-

ish conquistadoresarrived. The stonesdate to between 1440and 1469, during the

reign of MoctezumaI, and describe thebirth of Huitzilo-pochtli, the Aztec

god of war and thesun. Bas-relief imagesof serpents with gap-ing mouths, a warriorcarrying a shield anddart thrower, and a

weeping captive onhis knees with his

hands bound behindhis back, all tell thestory of a cosmic war between the sun, moon, and starsthat preceded the birth of the supreme Aztec deity and thebeginning of Aztec culture. Raul Rodrguez Barrera, who isleading the excavation for the Mexican National Institute ofAnthropology and History and the Mexican National Coun-cil for Culture and the Arts, says, It is a historic documentin stone, a narrative of war, sacrifice, and death.

JULIAN SMITH

Dawn of the Aztecs, Written in Stone

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FROM THE TRENCHES

18

Peter Astrups annual familybeach vacation led to a spec-tacular archaeological discovery,

and a new career. In the shallow water

at Horsens Fjord in Denmark, Astruphas been finding artifacts made offlintsince 1995. The artifacts turned out tobe from a now-submerged village ofthe Erteblle people, who lived 7,300to 5,900 years ago. In 2007, erosionbegan to expose surprising finds atthe underwater site: intact artifactsmade of wood and antler. That yearAstrup, who is now an archaeologydoctoral candidate at the University ofAarhus, teamed up with researchers at

the Moesgrd and Horsens museumsto conserve the fragile artifacts andexcavate the site using dive equipment.But erosion has done some excavatingof its own, exposing artifacts such asa painted wooden paddle that Astruponly had to lift off the seabed. It isreally amazing when you are diving andthen suddenly, at the bottom, you havea perfect, well-preserved artifact lyingtotally exposed, he says.

ZACH ZORICH

Beachcombingin theMesolithic

Ax head with shaft

Wooden paddle

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The Royal Navy dive team carefully excavated the muck fromaround the lowest section o

a V-2 rocketGerman terror of thBritish skies in World War IIin thmudflats of the River Stour. Oncthey determined that there was no

warhead attached, it was safe to lift thfour-foot segment and turn it over to local sailing club. Such finds are rare, athere was usually nothing left of a V-2

The ballistic missiles struck the groundat twice the speed of sound.

SAMIR S. PATE

FROM THE TRENCHES

V-2 Rocketfrom theMuck

Preacher-Swordsman-Turncoat

Archaeologists working at ChurCathedral in eastern Switzer-land are trying to confirm that

they have the remains of Jrg Jenatsch,a seventeenth-century preacher-turned-traitor. During the Thirty Years War,

Jenatsch was a Protestant political leaderand fighter who later switched to the

Catholic side, after which he was mur-dered during Carnival in 1639, suppos-edly by a man dressed as a bear. The

remains thought to be his were firstexhumed and examined in 1959. Atthe time, it was found that they borethe mark of the ax blow thought tohave killed Jenatsch, as well as clothingconsistent with a seventeenth-centurynobleman. Now the skull will be scannedfor facial reconstruction and DNA from

the teeth will be compared with that ofdescendants of Jenatschs cousin.

SAMIR S. PATEL

How Do You Say Comb in West Germanic?

Runes scratched onto adecorated comb are theoldest evidence of writ-

ten West Germanic, the lan-

guage that gave birth to English,German, Dutch, and a varietyof other modern tongues. Dis-covered near the eastern Ger-man town of Frienstedt duringa highway construction projectat least a decade ago, the deer-antler comb is more than 1,700

years old. It was found togetherwith animal skulls, gold rings,brooches, and Roman coins, and

was probably part of an offer-

ing or sacrifice. The runesan alphabet used before thLatin alphabet became widespread, were only noticed when

conservators finally piecedtogether the combs fragmentthis year. The letters spell ouKABA, which would havbeen pronounced kamba, thGermanic word for comb. Alab in Copenhagen is studyingthe antler to see if its possiblto determine where the deelived and where the anciencomb was made.

ANDREW CURRY

7/31/2019 Archaeology 20120708

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Excavations at sites in the NearEast indicate people first domes-ticated wild oxen roughly10,500

years ago. Now a team of European sci-entists has used DNA evidence to deter-mine whether that domestication was aregion-wide phenomenon or a special-ized pursuit practiced by a small numberof breeders. They found that all taurinecattle (the breeds commonly found inEurope, the Americas, and northern and

eastern Asia) are descended from a herdof about 80 animals.The researchers compared DNA

extracted from the bones of15 domes-

tic cattle found at sites in Iran datingto between 8,000 and 1,900 years agoto that of modern animals. Specifically,they homed in on a fragment of geneticmaterial where mutations tend to takeplace frequently over time. They thenran computer simulations that beganwith the genetic diversity seen in cattletoday and extrapolated backward tofindthe initial conditions that would havegiven rise to the modern animals.

Te Originsof DomesticCattle

The computer can vary param-eters, such as herd size. We kept onlythose simulations that led to the data

we observed in the ancient samples,says Ruth Bollongino, a postdoctoralresearcher at the University of Mainz

in Germany. They all showed 80 cowsat the beginning. The relatively small

herd size derived from the simulationsindicates that cattle domestication wasnot practiced widely in the NeolithicNear East. Rather, sustained breedingof wild oxen was likely a difficult taskcarried out in only a few villages during

that time period.NIKHIL SWAMINATHAN

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WORLD ROUNDUP


GREENLAND: The first migrants

to the western portion of the

massive, ice-covered island

arrived around 4,500 years ago.

Wood fragments excavated

from two of their early settle-

ments, Qeqertasussuk and Qajaa, have been identified as piec-

es of the rims from booming hoop drums, two to three feet in

diameter. The age of the finds pushes back the known origins

of Arctic drum and shaman culture, which traveled with them

across Alaska and Canada, by at least 2,000 years.

ICELAND: House mice are living artifacts of human expansion.

By comparing modern mouse DNA with ancient samples found

at Viking settlements, evolutionary biologists found that the

mice spread across the North Atlantic with the Vikingsfrom

the Faroe Islands to Iceland to Greenland. In Iceland, the mouse

population even mirrors the human one geneticallyboth show

low levels of genetic diversity, a result of small founding popu-

lations and little new inward migration.

WALES:

Recent

excavations

at Nevern

Castle,

an earthen and stone fortifica-

tion built and rebuilt throughout

the 12th century, have revealed a

series of slates buried under the

southern gateway. Incised with

symbols ranging from prehistoric

shapes to letters associated with

Christianity, the stonessome

older and some inscribed just

before burial (based on wear pat-

terns)were likely deposited to

protect the castle from the entry

of evil forces.

R

e

a

PERU: Some pre-

Columbian South

Americans lived in

groups called allya

and buried their

dead together in

monuments called

chullpas. At the site

of Tompullo 2, scientists gathered genetic mate-

rial from six chullpas to determine how the peo-

ple in each were related. Results show that the

ancient Andeans are closely related to modern

ones, and that chullpas were family graves based

around a male lineage, suggesting allya were

structured the same way. But not necessarily

one grave contained the remains of three relatedmen with different paternal lineages.

ST. HELENA: On this remote island in the South Atlantic, archaeolo-

gists have excavated a massive burial ground for slaves who died dur-

ing the brutal Middle Passage from Africa to the Americas. More than

300 of an estimated 5,000 graves were uncovered, containing mostly

children, teenagers, and young adults. Though they would have been

stripped of their possessions, some of those buried managed to save

beads, pieces of ribbon, and even bracelets. Also found were several

metal identification tags.

ETHIOPIA: Dat-

ing to around

3.4 million

years ago, footbones show that

Australopithe-

cus afarensisLucy and her kinhad

company. The new foot appears to be

substantially different from anA. afaren-

sis foot. Where Lucy had feet adapted

to more-or-less humanlike walking, this

new hominin would have been adept at

climbing trees. Until now,A. afarensis

was thought to be the only hominin in

the region at the time.

7/31/2019 Archaeology 20120708

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23

By Samir S. Patel

www.archaeology.org

ENGLAND: Sports scientists are examin-

ing the remains of sailors aboard Mary

Rose, a warship that sank in 1545 and

was raised in 1982. In particular, they

want to identify elite medieval archers,

trained from a very early age to use

longbows that required some 200

pounds of force to draw, by looking for

skeletal changes asso-

ciated with long-term

use. In one case, the

right elbow joint of a

soldier was 50 percent

larger than the left

one, demonstrating

not only that he was

an archer, but also that

he was left-handed.

IRAQ:Understanding the climate of

the past often helps with interpreta-

tion of archaeological discoveries. A

review of ancient documents written

between A.D. 816 and 1009 reveals

a pattern of unusual weather occur-

rences in Baghdad, particularly cold-

weather events such as hailstorms,

frozen rivers, and snow during a

certain period of the 10th century.

Although it

snowed in

Baghdad in

2008, such

cold snaps are

rarer today.

AUSTRALIA:Big insights often come from the humblest

placesin this case a fungus from the dung of now-extinct mar-

supial herbivores, such as the giant kangaroo and rhinoceros

wombat. Using sediment cores from a swamp, biologists

examined the timing of declines in the fungus with

changes in the environment to conclude that

neither climate change nor habitat change was

responsible for the extinction of many of these

large species around 40,000 years ago. Blame

appears to lie with the recently arrived

humans.

TAIWAN: Most people in Taiwan are of

Chinese ancestry, but the island also

has an indigenous population who are

more likely to share common ances-

try with those who migrated into the

Pacific and populated its islands, from

the Marianas to Rapa Nui. A recently

uncovered 8,000-year-old burial site on

tiny Liang Island could help researchers

understand the genetics and culture of

these early Austronesians before they

departed for distant islands.

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SUMMER2012, and the worlds greatest athletesare gathering in London for the Olympics. Inadvance of the Games, a square mile of semi-derelict land in East Londons Lower Lea Valleyhas been turned into a fully equipped OlympicPark. This has transformed a run-down industrial

district into a leafy urban park containing modern amenitiesincluding an athletes village, basketball arena, and the Olympicstadium. British law decrees that archaeological assessmentsmust be undertaken before such developments, so between2007 and 2009, the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA)

archaeologists set to work, digging into Londons past.They excavated no fewer than 121 trenches, recovered morethan 10,000 artifacts, and revealed evidence of at least 6,000

years of human activityfrom the areasfirst prehistoric huntersand farmers to World War II defense structures. In addition,they recorded all of the sites still-standing historic buildings.Alongside this work, thousands of boreholes were sunk deepinto the earth, revealing an environmental and geoarchaeologicalpicture of the area over the past 12,000 years.

Completing the task was herculean. Though lying only threemiles northeast of the glitz and glamor of central London, justfive years ago this was still a neglected and largely unoccupied


by Nadia Durrani

area. The archaeologists were faced with dilapidated buildings, general construction waste, and a deep accumulation oeighteenth- and nineteenth-century domestic garbage. Muchof this garbage had been imported from nearby areas by peopl

wishing to substantially raise the ground in order to settle owhat was then low-lying and marshy land. Added to this, an1844 act ruled that dangerous and so-called dirty noxiousindustries, such as printing works or chemical manufacturershad to be moved out of central London. Many relocated herean area already known for its industry. For the archaeologiststhis meant that the ground was often chemically contami

nated, waterlogged, or indeed both.Handheld trowels and shovels would not suffice. Simplto break through the layers of city detritus, heavy construction equipment operators removed several hundred tons osoil for each trench, often to a depth of around 15 feet, andin one location, almost 30 feet. Only after the operators gopast this recent debris could the team begin to explore theearlier archaeology. This was a mighty task. To avoid any riskof collapse under the weight of the surrounding land, thtrenches had to be stepped down, with large trenches at thtop narrowing to relatively small areas at the base. Wheretrenches were particularly deep, we often had to furthe

LONDON 2012Archaeology and the Olympics

The Olympic Park in East Londons

Lower Lea Valley

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were certainly no exception. However, theresults have been worth it. The archaeologycovered a huge swath of time and geography,says project director Nick Bateman of Museumof London Archaeology. We now have thefirst long-term, large-scale picture of life in

this part of East London, an areafirst settledin prehistory, and in more recent times, onethat became so significant to the developmentof the modern city. Had it not been for theOlympic Parks construction, this formerly

impoverished, waterlogged, outlying part of historic Londonsimply would not have been explored on this scale.

According to Simon Wright, head of venues and infra-structure at the ODA, Not only have we transformed theOlympic Park into the largest urban park to be created inthe United Kingdom for more than 100 years, but we haveuncovered its past in the process.

Some of the excavation trenches were so

deep that archaeologists ensured they didnt

collapse by creating a series of steps to

distribute the weight of the soil around them.

secure their sides using steel supports, explains Gary Brown,fieldwork project manager of Pre-Construct Archaeology.Once the sites were safe, the diggers were kitted up withprotective equipment, including disposable overalls, gloves,rubber boots, protective glasses, and even face masks.

Digging in London, with its long and complex history, isalways difficult and time-consuming, and these excavations


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10,000 B.C.

End of the Ice Age;

flood plain of the

Lower Lea valley

formed.

4000 to 3000B.C.

People begin large-

scale land clearance.

Neolithic ax ritually

deposited?

1400B.C.

Field system

established.

A.D. 50

Roman road from

London to

Colchester crossed

marshes; exact

route unknown.

1135

Cistercian Abbey

exploited Lea

waterpower.

Late 12th century

Knights Templar

water mills

established at

Temple Mills.

Olympic Park timeline

0 500m

186200538

500

Archaeological trenching Built heritage recording

Parking

Training

BroadcastCentre

Velodrome

Stratford

City

OlympicVillage

AquaticsCentre

MainStadium

AccreditationChecking

SpectatorTransport

and Fencing

Basketball

Area

Prehistoric lives

Great transformations took place in the Olympic Park dur-

ing the Middle Bronze Age, starting around 1400 B.C. It

seems that, over the course of only a few hundred years, people

divided up areas of potentially productive agricultural land into

rectangular fields, each surrounded by ditches, and possibly

lined with hedges. This transformation is vividly illustrated by

the largest trench, dug at the site of the Aquatics Centre, where

the archaeologists revealed a clear pattern of field-boundary

ditches. A bigger picture of prehistoric life emerged with the

further discovery of

eight roundhouses,one dated to the

Bronze Age, and

seven to the Iron

Age (700 B.C.A.D.

43). There were also several burials, including two Late Bronze

Age cremations, both radiocarbon dated to around 1000 B.C.,

an inhumation burial dated to between 110 B.C. and A.D. 60, and

three inhumations of uncertain dates, possibly spanning the

time from the Bronze Age to the early Roman era. For millen-

nia, it seems that the people in this area lived and died near

their land. Unfortunately, periodic flooding appears to have

made their waterside settlement too wet for habitation, leadingto its abandonment in the Late Iron Age.

The Romans: lost and found

The Olympic Park lies three miles northeast of

Londinium (London), the capital of the Roman

province of Britannia Superior. During the Roman

era (A.D. 43ca. 410), the area was crossed by a

major road connecting Londinium with the town

of Camulodunum (modern Colchester). The road,

together with the river, would have been a crucialroute into Londinium, not least to supply it with agricultural pro-

duce. The team dug numerous evaluation trenches, many in dense

overlapping arrangements, over the full likely range of the roads

course across the valley. But no trace of the road was found, and its

precise line across the valley remains an unsolved mystery.

Neolithic rituals

At the end of the last great Ice Age, some

12,000 years ago, glacial meltwaters surged

through an unspoiled wilderness, forming the flood plain

of the River Lea. However, the oldest evidence from the

Olympic Park comes from the Neolithic period (40002200

B.C.), when people began fairly extensive woodland-clearing for agri-

culture, aided by flint axes. The team discovered one such ax, datedto between 4000 and 3000 B.C., at the edge of a river channel, but

there was no evidence the ax had been used in antiquity. According

to Andrew Powell of Wessex Archaeology, the team working on the

post-excavation analysis of the Parks finds, its pristine condition and

riverside location hint at a possible ritual explanation. Had it been

deliberately placed in the water as an offering or votive deposit? If

this is the case, we think it highlights the deep significance of the

river, and its valley, to prehistoric people drawn by the rich resources

of this watery environment, says Powell.

t th

12,0

through an uns

of the River Lea. H

Olympic Park comes f

The story of archaeology of the Olympic Park, Renewing the Past: Unearthing the

History of the Olympic Park Site, will be available soon. For further details of the

excavations, visit learninglegacy.london2012.com

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17th to 18th century

UKs first porcelain

factory built here.

1858

Following an out-

break of cholera and

typhoid called the

Big Stink, Northern

Outfall Sewer built.

1860

Plastic invented in

the Lea Valley.

1892

UKs first petrol

factory built here.

1904

UKs famous William

Yardley cosmetics,

soap, and lavender

factory established

on the site.

2012

London Olympic

Games.

An early industrial estate

Part of the story of the areas rise to become Londons industrial heart is told by the

Olympic Parks deepest excavation, at Temple Mills, an area named after the Knights

Templar, who owned two water mills there in the twelfth century. The mills were still in

use at the end of the sixteenth century, when they were joined by a leather mill, a gun-

powder mill (until it blew up), and mills for grinding corn and rapeseed, plus calico print-

ers, flock-makers, and dye houses. From the mid-nineteenth century, industrialization in

the Lea Valley intensified. More and more industries developed farther down the valleyat Stratford, including paper, tar, and printing works, and chemical manufacturing, all of

which had been

forced out of cen-

tral London under

new cleaner-living

legislation. Digging

at Temple Mills was

hard goingthis

part of the site was

particularly water-

logged, contami-

nated by industrialwaste, and deeply buried under almost 30 feet of recent landfill. However, the finds were

plentiful, and included the frontage of an entire terrace of six workers cottages that

were occupied in the late eighteenth and through the nineteenth centuries. Just as in the

Bronze Age (see Box 2), it seems the locals, some of whom are named in extant census

records, still chose to live near where they worked.

Londons battlefield

During the Second World War,

the East End of London

was heavily defendedand indeedheavily bombed. This was often the

first part of London to be crossed

by enemy aircraft flying west from

Nazi Germany, and there is copi-

ous evidence of that difficult era at

the Olympic Park. Among the items

recorded and excavated is an antiaircraft battery near Temple Mills, with four gun

platforms, a room possibly used for storing cordite, a munitions magazine, and a

command center. These structures date back to 1938, a time when Britains military

watched and waited for war. Between 1941 and 1943, during the war years, a radar

station was built on the site, together with a number of other installations, includ-

ing a pillbox and tank blocks. Taken together, this evidence represents critical datafor those involved in modern conflict studies.

A 19th-century speed boat

With the discovery of a nineteenth-century

row boat, preserved at almost 15 feet in

length, archaeologists have found something that

might just appeal to an Olympic athlete. Uncov-

ered in the silty deposits beside a windmill near

the head of Pudding Mill River, the boat was builtto be light, slender, and swift, rather than strong.

It was probably designed as a kind of water taxi,

perhaps for ferrying crew and goods to a larger

ship. It is of clinker-built construction, a method

using overlapping planks that dates back to the

Saxon period (A.D. ca. 4101066). Only a few

other vessels using this building technique have

survived, making it a rare and important example.

The boat appears to have been converted into a

pleasure boat, and then possibly used for wild-

fowling (lead bird shot was found in a locker

added sometime later to the boat), only to beabandoned in the mid- to late nineteenth century,

taking its riverine stories with it.

However, archaeologists did find evidence

of the Romans exploiting the river landscape, in

the form of light timber structures at two loca-

tions along its channels, one of which may be a

small jetty. Their Roman date is now certain,

reveals post-excavation manager Pippa Bradley

of Wessex Archaeology. The wood from bothstructures has just been radiocarbon dated to

that era, she adds. Roman artifacts were also

found, including amphorae and ceramic building

material made between A.D. 50 and 160, plus a

worn coin of Constantine II (ruled A.D. 337340).

Nadia Durrani is an archaeological editor and writer based in London.

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ON JANUARY25, 2011, tens of thousands ofprotestors flooded Cairos Tahrir Square,demanding the end of President HosniMubaraks regime. As the day of revoltfilled the streets of Cairo and other cities

with tear gas and flying stones, a team ofarchaeologists led by Susanne Bickel of the University of Baselin Switzerland was about to make one of the most significant

discoveries in the Valley of the Kings in almost a century.The valley lies on the west bank of the Nile, opposite what wasonce Egypts spiritual centerthe city of Thebes, now known asLuxor. The valley was the final resting place of the pharaohs andaristocracy beginning in the New Kingdom period (15391069B.C.), when Egyptian wealth and power were at a high point. Dozensof tombs were cut into the valleys walls, but most of them wereeventually looted. It was in this place that the Basel team cameacross what they initially believed to be an unremarkablefind.

A wooden coffin holding

the remains of a temple

singer sat inside a tomb

undisturbed for nearly

3,000 years. It is the first

unlooted burial to be

found in the Valley of the

Kings since 1922.

At the southeastern end of the valley they discoveredthree sides of a man-made stone rim surrounding an areof about three-and-a-half byfive feet. The archaeologistsuspected that it was just the top of an abandoned shaftBut, because of the uncertainty created by Egypts politicarevolution, they covered the stone rim with an iron doo

while they informed the authorities and applied for anofficial permit to excavate.

A year later, just before the first anniversary of the revolution, Bickel returned with a team of two dozen people, includingfield director Elina Paulin-Grothe of the University oBasel, Egyptian inspector Ali Reda, and local workmen. Thestarted clearing the sand and gravel out of the shaft. Eight feedown, they came upon the upper edge of a door blocked bylarge stones. At the bottom of the shaft they found fragmentof pottery made from Nile silt, and pieces of plaster, a materiacommonly used to seal tomb entrances. Those plaster pieces

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A newly discovered burial chamber in the Valley of the Kings provides

a rare glimpse into the life of an ancient Egyptian singer

by Julian Smith

Tomb of the

Chantress

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of the original Eighteenth Dynasty burial, she adds, includingpottery, wood fragments, and parts of the unwrapped and dismembered mummy whofirst occupied the tomb. It also musbe noted that before the discovery of Nehemes-Bastets, thlast unlooted tomb found in the valley was the famous burial oTutankhamun, discovered in 1922 by Howard Carter.

People have been claiming there was nothing new left tofind in the Valley of the Kings for almost as long as they hav

been digging there. The Venetian antiquarian Giovanni Belzonbelieved he had emptied the last of the valleys tombs durinhis 1817 expedition. Theodore Davis, who excavated there century later, came to a similar conclusionright before Tutankhamuns burial was found. Of course, other discoveries havbeen made in the valley. In 1995, a team led by Donald Ryaof Pacific Lutheran University in Tacoma, Washington, wa

investigating a tomb used by the family of Pharaoh RameseII. They found previously unknown corridors, leading to thresting place of Rameses IIs sons, which extended to morethan 121 rooms. Unfortunately, the rooms had been looted inantiquity and damaged byflash floods. In 2005, a team leby Otto Schaden of the Amenmesse Project discovered anunlooted chamber, which held seven coffins and 28 jars containing mummification materials. The chamber, contained no

bodies, so it is unlikely that it was a tomb.

BEFORE BICKELSTEAMCOULDtake Nehemes-Bastets coffinout of the burial chamber for further study, they had to openit to make sure that nothing inside would be damaged when

it was moved. It took a professional restorer a day to remove thnails that held the lid closed. Inspector Ali Reda and Mohammedel-Bialy, chief inspector of antiquities of Upper Egypt, joined Bickeand Paulin-Grothe for the opening. Inside they found a carefully

wrapped female mummy, aboutfive feet tall. It was blackeneall overand stuck to the bottom of the coffinby a stickfruit-based syrup used in the mummification process.

together with the age of other nearby sites, were the first signthat the shaft might actually be a tomb dating to between 1539and 1292B.C., Egypts Eighteenth Dynasty. The large stonesappeared to have been added later.

Although stones blocked the entrance, there was a hole justlarge enough to admit a small digital camera. Bickel, Paulin-Grothe, and the chief of the Egyptian workmen each tookturns lying on the ground, head pressed against the shaft wall,

one arm through the hole, snapping pictures. The surprisingimages revealed a small rock-cut chamber measuring13 by8.5feet,filled to within three feet of the ceiling with debris, leavinglittle doubt they had found a tomb. On top of the debris resteda dusty black coffin carved from sycamore wood and decorated

with large yellow hieroglyphs on its sides and top. Ive neverfound a coffin in as good condition before, Bickel says.

The hieroglyphs describe the tombs occupant, namedNehemes-Bastet, as a lady of the upper class and chantress

[shemayet] of Amun, whose father was a priest in the templecomplex of Karnak in Thebes. The coffins color and hieroglyphsmatch a style that dates to between 945 and 715B.C., at least350 years after the tomb was built. The coffin shows that theburial chamber had been reused, a common practice at the time.

The only other artifact dating to the same period as the coffinwas a wooden stele, slightly smaller than an iPad, painted witha prayer to provide for her in the afterlife, and an image thatis believed to be of Nehemes-Bastet in front of the seated sun

god Amun. The white, green, yellow, and red paints hadnt fadeda bit. Bickel says, It could have been taken from a storeroom

yesterday. The rubble thatfilled the chamber held the remnants

The University of Basel team discovered the entrance to the

singers tomb while they were clearing debris from another

unexplored site in the valleys southeasternmost branch (left).

About eight feet below the surface (right) the team found the

top of the tombs doorway.

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nonetheless, it lacked the elaborate innercoffins found in similar burials.

More details on Nehemes-Bastets dailylife can be drawn from a wealth of paintings,texts, and reliefs carved on statues and stelaeof the time, says Teeter. As a chantress, orsinger, in the temple of Amun, she probablylived in the 250-acre Karnak temple complex

located in Thebes. Her name, translated asmay Bastet save her, indicates that she wasunder the protection of the feline goddessand divine mother Bastet, the protector ofLower Egypt. Nehemes-Bastets occupation,however, was to worship Amun, the king ofancient Egyptian gods.

Music was a key ingredient in Egyptian religion. Teeterexplains that it was believed to soothe the gods and encouragethem to provide for their worshippers. Nehemes-Bastet was oneof many priestess-musicians who performed inside the sanctuariesand in the courts of the temples. The hypothesis is that these

women would sing, act, and take part in festivities and big ritualprocessions that were held several times a year, Bickel says. Themusical instruments that chantresses typically used were the

menat, a multi-strand beaded necklace they would shake, and thesistrum, a handheld rattle whose sound was said to evoke wind rus-tling through papyrus reeds. Other musicians would have playeddrums, harps, and lutes during religious processions.

For years people have debated what kind of music itwas, says Teeter. But theres no musical notation left, andwere not sure how they tuned the instruments or whetherthey sang or chanted. Some scholars have suggested it mayhave sounded like an ancient ancestor of rap, she adds. Theemphasis was definitely on percussion. Images often showpeople stamping their feet and clapping. Examples of songlyrics are recorded on temple walls. This one from Luxor

Even in the short time since its discovery, the tomb isalready providing intriguing insights into the life of thewoman who was buried there. The time of Nehemes-Bastetsburial (sometime between 945 and 715B.C.) was long afterEgypt had reached the peak of its power and influence.The Great Pyramid was more than 1,500 years old, and theprosperous days of the New Kingdom were gone. Nehemes-Bastet lived during the Third Intermediate Period, a time

when Egypt was split by intermittent wars between the pha-raohs in Tanis and the high priests of Amun in Thebes, whorivaled the traditional rulers in wealth and power. It musthave been a pretty unsettling period, says Emily Teeter, anEgyptologist and research assistant at the Oriental Instituteof the University of Chicago. There was fighting, explainsTeeter, among these factions around her time.

Bickel says, Its interesting that in this period even awealthy girl was buried with quite simple things, compar-ing Nehemes-Bastets coffin and stele with the elaboratepottery, furniture, and food found in earlier tombs. Herwooden coffin was certainly quite expensive, she says, but

The coffin (left) was carved from sycamore

wood and decorated with hieroglyphs. An

inscription (below) states the name and title

of the coffins occupantNehemes-Bastet,

Chantress of Amun.

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to move the mummy to their lab. After reinforcing the coffinand securing the mummy, Bickels team carefully removethem from the burial chamber and transported them across thNile to Luxor, where they are being fully restored. The teamhas emptied and sealed the tomb, but plans to return to complete an architectural analysis so they can learn more about itconstruction. The bodies from both of the tombs burials wibe examined in detail. Bickel hopes tofind the name or at leas

the title of the tombs original Eighteenth Dynasty occupantIn addition, a CT scan of Nehemes-Bastet is planned for latethis year or early2013. Preliminary reports will be publisheby the end of2012, she says, butfinal analyses of the tomb anits artifacts will probably take four to five years.

As surprising as finding Nehemes-Bastets tomb was, archaeologists believe it probably isnt the last major discovery that wibe made in the Valley of the Kings. The valley has many nookand crannies, says Otto Schaden, so it is still premature to seany limits on the possibility offinding more tombs.

Julian Smith is a contributing editor atArchaeology.

refers to the Festival of Opet, when the cult images of the

gods Amun, Mut, and Khonsu were brought by boat downthe Nile to renew the pharoahs divine essence.

Hail Amun-Re, the primeval one of the two lands, foremostone of Karnak, in your glorious appearance amidst your[river] fleet, in your beautiful Festival of Opet, may you bepleased with it.

The title Chantress of Amun belonged to women of theupper c

archaeology 20120708

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