archaeology in anatolia

Archaeology in AnatoliaAuthor(s): Machteld J. MellinkReviewed work(s):Source: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 92, No. 1 (Jan., 1988), pp. 101-131Published by: Archaeological Institute of AmericaStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/505873 .

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Archaeology in Anatolia MACHTELD J. MELLINK

Excavations in 1986 ranged widely in the territory of modern Turkey, from the Thracian shores in Eu- rope to the east shore of Lake Van, from the Black Sea coast to the Aegean and Mediterranean, on land and under water, in some of the old historical mounds on the plateau and in a string of sites along the Euphrates where the threat of inundation has been postponed temporarily south of the Taurus mountain barrier.

At the annual archaeological symposium in Ankara over 60 excavation reports were presented, and nearly as many summaries of surveys and work in archaeometry. It is impossible to give a complete listing of all the activities, for which the impressive annual symposium reports of the Directorate General of Antiqui- ties and Museums must be consulted (see the bibliography, below).

Basic progress in Palaeolithic research is promised at the site of the Yarimburgaz cave west of Istanbul, of equal interest to European, Aegean, and Anatolian prehistorians. In the southwest, work continues in the Karain cave near Antalya, and systematic exploration began in the Gaziantep area where various finds had been reported before.

The transition from Epipalaeolithic to the stage of aceramic Neolithic settlements remains to be investigated. The advanced architecture of Qay6nti and Nevalla Qori is being studied stratigraphically and structurally.

Degirmentepe, ca. 24 km. northeast of Malatya, has yielded the best evidence for the Ubaid period with its articulate house plans, workshops, and commercial activities attested by seal impressions. The Late Uruk colony phase now has a respectable representative in Hassek across the Euphrates, a well-planned com- pound with several buildings, containing Late Uruk glyptic material, mosaic wall decoration, and even a figural wall relief in terracotta. Arslantepe-Malatya continues to add details to its regional palatial building of this period (VI A), some storerooms of which have representational wall painting. The tradition of wall painting dates back at least to the Ubaid period in this area, as attested at Degirmentepe.

For the Early Bronze Age, the most rewarding ex- pansion of our horizon is offered by Ikiztepe, where the excavation of the large EB III cemetery on mound

I is now being completed, yielding major evidence for Pontic burial customs, physical substance of the population, and metallurgy. The tombs are well equipped with artifacts of copper or arsenical copper. The connections of this site with Europe and with central Anatolia are coming to light as well as a strong Pontic cultural autonomy.

The second millennium takes us increasingly into historical or near-historical context. The well-built town on Lidar's mound, across the Euphrates a bit upstream from Samsat, went under in level 8, burnt down presumably during the campaigns of Hattushili I or Murshili I; the preceding level 9 is beginning to yield some cuneiform tablets.

Contact with the plateau in the Old Hittite period continued to be evident at Imikugagi in levels 10-11, both in pottery and in seal types. This site across the Euphrates seems to suffer Old Hittite interference at the end of level 12.

The exploits of the Hittites of the Empire period are spelled out in the records of the capital. The most impressive new document is the large bronze tablet found near the Sphinx Gate, containing one version of the treaty of Tuthaliya IV with Kurunta of Tarhun- ta''a, the lower country. This detailed record of diplo- macy and geography throws new light on the status and extent of Hittite and allied authority in lands later known as Rough Cilicia and Pamphylia, and suggests that strongholds of the Hittite Empire period existed in sites hitherto not explored in depth (e.g., the acropolis of Perge, or that of Aspendos).

Written documents and inscriptions will continue to guide the archaeologist as well as the historian. In the underwater excavation of the shipwreck at Ulu Burun near Kay, a wooden folding tablet was found of the kind Bellerophon must have carried to Lycia; wax and signs are lost, but the challenging questions of script and language remain. A gold scarab of Nefertiti is a historical link added to the network of cosmopoli- tan connections of the merchant ship, the home port of which remains debatable. The ship and its cargo (copper, tin, glass ingots) were heading west along the Ly- cian coast with its harbors, en route to the Aegean.

The Mycenaean connections of West Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age are being further explored in Pa-

101 American Journal of Archaeology 92 (1988)



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naztepe south of Phocaea, the site of a cemetery of mixed Anatolian-Aegean affinities, and also of a settlement to be probed in future campaigns. It is clear that many West Anatolian sites of the Ahhiyawa period are not readily identifiable by general prospecting; intensive survey and patience will yield results, as will the consultation with villagers and land owners. Geo- morphologists must come to the aid of the archaeologists to reconstruct the changes in land and sea forma- tion. Inland sites like Gavurtepe near Alagehir-Phila- delphia may contain an accessible record of LB West Anatolian habitation in contact with Aegean as well as Hittite neighbors.

Iron Age sites of note are Sardis in the west, as its Lydian monumental architecture and stratification are emerging; Tille in the east, a fortress on the Eu- phrates with some elegance (a large court with a checkerboard pebble mosaic) in the eighth century B.C., perhaps destroyed by Sargon but rebuilt subse- quently. In the lower country of the Hittites, Meydan- cik near Giilnar was selected for excavation for its promise of Hittite connections. An Aramaic inscription identifies the site as Kirshu and thus reveals its importance in Iron Age history also.

In the many Classical sites, endeavors of conserva- tion and restoration of major buildings are in progress in the Troas, Aeolis, Ionia, Lydia, Caria, Lycia, Pam- phylia, and Phrygia. The Hellenistic palace on the mound at Samsat on the Euphrates would have made a great open-air museum; it will instead be salvaged in samples of painting, mosaic, architecture, and sculpture as the enormous site itself will be engulfed in the lake behind the Atatirk Dam. There is still some res- pite for the venerable history and prehistory of Sam- sat-Samosata.

Bibliography. The reports of the 1986 symposium organized by the Directorate General of Antiquities and Museums in Ankara now have appeared in four substantial volumes: VIII. Kazz Sonuqlarz Toplantizs 1 and 2, referred to below as Symposium 8:1 and 2 (1986); IV. Araltzrma Sonuqlarz Toplantisz, referred to as Research Symposium 4 (1986); and II. Arkeome- tri Sonuqlarz Toplantizs, here Archaeometry Symposi- um 2 (1986).

Other current reports have appeared in AnatSt 36 (1986) 173-218, and helpful articles in Eski Eserler ve Miizeler Biilteni 4-8 (1985 and 1986). The Newslet- ter for Anatolian Studies appears regularly and is now in its third year (1987, Yale University). A general volume is the revised edition of J.G. Macqueen, The Hittites and Their Contemporaries in Asia Minor (London 1986). Maurits N. Van Loon, Anatolia in the Second Millennium B.C. (Iconography of Religions XV. 12, Leiden 1985) is an iconographical study.

Progress of Anatolian research is documented in several festschriften and memorial volumes. KaniSlu- war. A Tribute to Hans G. Giiterbock, edited by H.A. Hoffner, Jr., and G.M. Beckman (Chicago 1986) contains a series of Hittite studies; Studi di paletnolo- gia in onore di Salvatore M. Puglisi, edited by M. Li- verani, Alba Palmieri, and R. Peroni (Rome 1985), abbreviated Studi Puglisi in the text below, has meth- odological and Near Eastern studies with a strong bearing on Anatolia. Ancient Anatolia. Aspects of Change and Cultural Development. Essays in Honor of Machteld J. Mellink, edited by J.V Canby, E. Po- rada, B.S. Ridgway, and T. Stech (Madison 1986) ranges from Qay6nii to Hartapus of Kizildag; abbre- viation below: Ancient Anatolia. Several Anatolian contributions can also be found in Insight through



1988] ARCHAEOLOGY IN ANATOLIA 103

Images. Studies in Honor of Edith Porada, edited by M. Kelly-Buccellati, P. Matthiae, and M. Van Loon (Malibu 1986; hereafter Studies Porada); and in Monsters and Demons in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds. Papers Presented in Honor of Edith Porada, edited by A.E. Farkas, P.O. Harper, and E.B. Harri- son (Mainz 1987; hereafter Papers Porada).

The present installment of news is again the result of the generosity with which excavators and authori- ties have made their information and illustrations available. The symposium in Ankara is by now a tra- ditional source of enlightenment and discussion. For all the help and advice I am most grateful to my col- leagues in the expanding world of Anatolian studies and especially to the directors and members of the De- partment of Antiquities and Museums in Turkey.

PALAEOLITHIC, NEOLITHIC, CHALCOLITHIC

Karain. Dr. Igln Yalginkaya in 1986 conducted work in cave area E. Square Al yielded nine archaeological strata, the upper five disturbed by a pit with Chalcolithic pottery. Otherwise all three excavated squares yielded Middle Palaeolithic tools in every stratum. Two pierced limestone pendants from stratum 8 are potentially important but may still be intru- sive. Human teeth and animal bones are being studied. A new topographical plan has been made of the site. Symposium 8:1 (1986) 21-37; AnatSt 36 (1986) 201-202.

The Chalcolithic pottery found in area B in 1985 was studied by Juiirgen Seeher, who differentiated three phases, the lowest (1) characterized by polished reddish wares and very few painted sherds; phase 2 by gray and coarse wares, represented, for example, in large bowls with flattened rims; phase 3 by buff coarse wares. This material can be correlated with the West Anatolian and Aegean sequence.

Kocapinar. Elmali Plain. Angela Minzoni-D&- roche reports on the discovery of an open-air site with flint tools of Mousterian type at Kocapinar east of El- mall. Research Symposium 4 (1986) 359-68.

Yarimburgaz. The cave of Yarimburgaz is near the north edge of the Kil~ik Qekmece lagoon, ca. 20 km. west of Istanbul. Earlier probes were made in this cave in 1964-1965 (Kansu, VII. Tirk Tarih Kongresi 1 [1972] 22-32).

In 1986, Dr. Mehmet Ozdogan undertook soundings in the cave with a team of students from Istanbul University. There are two chambers, a large upper one (some 50 x 15 m., with a ceiling height of 10 m.) and a narrower lower one. The upper cave was extensively remodeled in the Byzantine era, the remains of which

overlie the long prehistoric sequence down to Lower Palaeolithic. Layers 2-3 have Chalcolithic pottery resembling Balkan wares (Karanovo III-early Vinpa, Paradimi); level 4 has a different class of incised ware; level 5 is Neolithic with impressed wares resembling Fikirtepe and Vorsesklo; level 6 is aceramic, with some flint nodules and flakes (end of Palaeolithic?); level 7 also has Upper Palaeolithic flint tools; 8-10 are well- defined geological strata; 11 has a 2 m. thick waterlaid sand deposit overlying breccia formations of 12-13, corresponding to layer 3 of the lower cave, which yielded numerous flint tools in Clactonian technique, some pebble tools, and bones. Coarse flakes, pebble tools, and animal bones were characteristic of upper cave 14 and lower cave 4-5. The lower cave was explored down to layer 12 which still had a heap of animal bones, and pebbles that may have been used as tools. These levels seem to belong to Early Palaeolithic.

For a preliminary report see Mehmet Ozdogan and Alpaslan Koyunlu in Arkeoloji ve Sanat 32-33 (1986) 4-17. In Studi Puglisi (1985) 177-89, Ozdogan discusses some of the Chalcolithic pottery from earlier soundings.

Gaziantep Region. A team of archaeologists and geomorphologists undertook a prehistoric exploration of two areas to the northwest and southeast of Gazian- tep in the fall of 1986. The preliminary results are published in a monograph edited by A. Minzoni-D&- roche, Le Paldolithique du basin de Nizip (Gazian- tep) (Istanbul 1987). The stratified artifacts are from a late Acheulean context. No Upper Palaeolithic tools were found.

Aceramic Neolithic: Cay6nii. In the 11th season of excavation, Dr. Mehmet Ozdogan reports, soundings were made over a 40 m.2 area down to virgin soil. Below the grill buildings, oval structures had been built on virgin soil; these are simple wattle-and-daub huts without stone foundations. There are at least four subphases of this earliest period. On the west side of the site, excavation went down to the upper grill plan level. In the level transitional to the cell buildings, a workshop was found where native copper and malachite were worked.

The large building in which some 70 skulls had been discovered in previous seasons turned out to have had three phases. The second level had a slightly smaller version of the building, and contained fragments of human bones under the skull compartment, but no skulls. The third level down had a pavement made of large stones, with some upright stones set in it. Below the pavement lay compartments made of large slabs, one of which contained many human




Fig. 1. Nevalla Qori. Houses 2 and 4, level 2.

bones. An earlier level below this rests on virgin soil; here too human bones were found along with large animal horns. Reports appeared in Symposium 8:1 (1986) 51-66; AnatSt 36 (1986) 187-88. Metin Oz- bek in Archaeometry Symposium 2 (1986) 19-39 presents an analysis of burnt skulls from the skull building. Most of these skulls belonged to male and female adults, 10 examples to young children (age 3-5, one 10). Detective work is in progress to distinguish traces of human, bovine, and ovine blood on floors and stone slabs of Qay6nii buildings through hemoglobin crys- tallization analysis. Archaeometry Symposium 2

(1986) 129-30. Nevalla Clori. This aceramic Neolithic site east of

the Euphrates near the Kantara river was further investigated by Director Adnan Misir of the Urfa Mu- seum and Prof. Harald Hauptmann, who reports that the last occupation of the site is of the EB I period. The Halaf period is represented, as at Qavi Tarlasi and at Kurban Hiiytik, by remains of tholos architecture. The stone foundations of the round part at Ne- valla Qori were preserved to 0.60 m. height in six courses. The pottery in the tholos was monochrome with an admixture of painted Halaf ware. Pits contained dark-faced burnished ware of Amuq A type.

"The aceramic settlement has at least three building levels. The upper layer has parts of a house of 10 x 6 m.; four rooms of equal size on a grid plan with one room at right angles to the west. Of level 2, two

houses have been completely and one partially exposed (fig. 1). House 2, partly dug before, measures 16 x 6 m., larger than comparable houses at Qay6nui. At a distance of 0.70 m. stands house 4, 8 m. wide and with a preserved length of 12 m. These houses have 10 and seven rooms, respectively, separated by cross- walls. Interior doors are attested, but no entrances from the outside. Floors are of clay on a bedding of limestone chips. House 2 has seven cross-channels; house 3 has channels with flat stone covers.

"Of level 3, two houses have been partially excavated (fig. 2); as those of 2, they resemble the cell plans of Qay6inu. House 2 has skull burials, another point of comparison with Qay6ani.

"The chipped-stone industry uses flint exclusively, in contrast to Gritille on the west bank of the Euphra- tes. Comparisons for the flint tools and weapons are in the PPNB of Mureybet IV and Byblos. Stone beads, bracelets, figurines of limestone, and unfired clay belong to the inventory. A limestone bowl fragment has a relief decoration of two dancing human figures in frontal pose with arms raised, flanking what looks like a turtle."

Cafer Hiiyiik. In 1986, the east trench of this aceramic site was taken down to virgin soil in a small sounding and connected with the larger west trench by a narrow cutting. The material immediately overlying virgin soil was somewhat different in tool assemblage, with flint predominant rather than obsidian. Interim




reports appeared in Symposium 8:1 (1986) 39-49 and AnatSt 36 (1986) 182-85. Extensive reports for the years 1979-1983 were published in Cahiers de 1'Eu- phrate 4 (1985) 1-173.

Ceramic Neolithic: KO6k Huiyk-Nigde. Dr. Ugur Silistreli reports on his 1985 campaign with some illustrations of the pottery from this remarkable site in Symposium 8:1 (1986) 173-79; briefly also in AnatSt 36 (1986) 203-204. There was no campaign in 1986.

Kurugay. In 1986, Prof. Refik Duru investigated levels 8-11. The oldest structure found at the site is the Late Neolithic enclosure wall with semicircular towers. The settlement of this period was largely carried off by torrents widening the adjoining streambed, but there is some typical pottery in reddish ware with occasional relief decoration (bucrania). Painted sherds are very rare.

The Early Chalcolithic levels yield monochrome reddish ware and painted pottery with imaginative patterns not always paralleled at nearby Hacilar. In Late Chalcolithic level 6A, an outer row of rectangular houses forms the edge of the site.

Soundings to the east and south of the settlement failed to locate the cemetery. For interim reports see Symposium 8:1 (1986) 75-80; AnatSt 36 (1986) 204- 205 and Belleten 196 (1986) 247-59.

Chalcolithic: Hacilar. Prof. Refik Duru made soundings around the excavated area of the settlement of Hacilar in 1985 and 1986 without encountering any traces of the cemetery allegedly located by looters in the 1960s. Research Symposium 4 (1986) 335-38.

Can Hasan. Kathryn A. Ataman reports on a study of obsidian projectile points with scratched markings from Can Hasan III. Research Symposium 4 (1986) 339-46.

BRONZE AGE SITES

Kiiltepe. Prof. Tahsin Ozgui? reports that in the Karum, the area northeast of the city mound was extended along the east-west street partly dug in 1985 (continuing in STU/14-16). Buildings and tombs of the Ib period were investigated. One Ib tomb contained a bronze cauldron and a swivel-handled dip- per. In the cauldron lay a drinking-tube as well as weapons. Level II yielded further archives. One of the envelopes had another impression of the seal once belonging to Ibbi-Sin. An Old Syrian impression shows a scene of worship with music. The level II houses had suffered damage from the tomb digging during the Ib period, but some of the regular architectural details

(horseshoe-shaped hearths, one with a portable and- iron nearby) were well preserved.

Work was also resumed on the city mound. In the area southwest of the palaces, houses of the later part of the Early Bronze Age were excavated. Alipar III ware was typical of post-Akkadian houses.

An interim report appeared in Symposium 8:1 (1986) 231. In Ancient Anatolia 31-47, Tahsin Ozgiia analyzes the North Syrian relationships of Kiiltepe- Kanesh in the levels belonging to the EB II and III periods. Nimet Ozgaii, in the same volume, 48-53, points out that impressions of an identical cylinder seal occur on bullae from Acemh6yik and on an en-

velope from Kiltepe. She also notes instances of ex- tant cylinder seals (now in the Moore collection) hav-

ing been used anciently for impressions on envelopes found at Kiiltepe. In Studies Porada 197-98, Nimet

Ozgtii gives two rare examples of cylinder seal impressions on tablets rather than envelopes from Ka- rum level II; Tahsin Ozguig, in the same volume, 201- 208, presents a remarkable series of faience objects from Karum levels Ib and Ia. In Kanisluwar (Chicago 1986) 173-78 he discusses several unusual items from

Ktiltepe, especially a small bronze pronged object with the relief of a nude goddess from level Ib.

Bo'azk6y. Dr. Peter Neve continues the report on his epoch-making excavations in the upper city.

"In 1986, investigations in the southern temple area

(grid K-N/6-8) were completed. Temples 27 and 28 were discovered, both rather suffering from erosion and later construction.

"The later building period, contemporary with upper city 2, had up to five phases of activities. Work- shops for the production of pottery and metal were represented by kilns, smelting furnaces, charcoal kilns, misfired pottery, casting molds, and casting resi- due. A large water basin of at least 20 x 25 x 2 m. existed at the southernmost highest point, surely pro- Fig. 2. Nevalla Qori. Cell plan house 7, level 3.




Fig. 3. Bogazk6y. Sphinx from temple III. Height 30 cm.

viding the water supply for the temples and the indus- trial area.

"The numerous small finds are principally of metal

(bronze arrowheads, spearheads, daggers), terracotta, and stone. Seals and seal impressions give Hittite hi-

eroglyphic names of persons once employed in this area.

"Temple III in the upper city, partially cleared by Puchstein in 1907, was newly investigated. This tem-

ple had two building periods, each ending in confla-

gration. In the upper level, more fragments were found of two over-lifesize gate lions discovered by Puchstein, and from the inner court came the heads of two over-lifesize sphinxes wearing pointed helmets of divine rank (fig. 3). From the northeast room 8 came

large bullae with impressions of two Great Kings. One, in the shape of a Maltese cross, has the names of

Shuppiluliuma II and eight of his ancestors as far back as Tuthaliya I or II. The other, a single stamp, probably carries the name of Kurunta as Great King.

"A large bronze tablet was found behind the fortification wall near the Sphinx Gate (fig. 4). This tablet, written in two columns on front and back, contains a

copy of the treaty between Tuthaliya IV and Kurunta of Tarhunta''a, fixing the borders of the Hittite Em-

pire and the allied lower country. Kurunta was apparently a son of Muwatalli II, the king who once moved the capital from Hattula to TarhuntaSSa.

"Restoration of the line of the fortification wall east and west of the Sphinx Gate took place over 70 m. in either direction. The paved road along the interior of

the west fortification wall was also restored. Consoli- dation was undertaken of several structures in the

temple area, with clear demarcation of old and new

masonry, and in temple III." Reports on the 1985 campaign appeared in AA

1986, 365-406 and in Symposium 8:1 (1986) 233-51. Prof. H. Otten reported on the bronze tablet at the

symposium in April 1987. A publication will appear early in 1988.

The population of the Byzantine period in the upper city is studied by U. Wittwer-Backofen and oth- ers. Research Symposium 4 (1986) 381-99; for pa- laeopathology, see 401-409.

Hittites and Egypt. In Kanisuwar (Chicago 1986) 39-48, K. Bittel discusses Egyptian renderings of Hattushili III.

Fig. 4. Bogazk6y. Bronze tablet with treaty of Tarhuntalsa.




Ferzant. Pottery from the plundered Hittite cemeteries at Ferzant-Biiget, 35 km. northeast of Qorum, is published by Tahsin Ozgti? in Belleten 197 (1986) 383-402. The cemeteries are of the Karum Ia-Old Hittite period.

Ikiztepe. Dr. Onder Bilgi excavated 22 additional EB III tombs in the cemetery levels of Ikiztepe mound I and continued the analysis of the burials in general. These are mostly dorsal inhumations. Some of the tombs had double burials; a triple female burial also occurs. So far, 566 skeletons have been examined anthropologically. Among the pottery are bowls with knobbed handles; children were given rattles. Terra- cotta female figurines also were found with child burials. Stone and frit beads and some carnelian are included in the jewelry for women and children. Metal tomb gifts are the most prominent, principally of copper and arsenical copper; there are some items of lead, silver, and gold. Weapons appear with men and women.

The EB II habitation level below the cemetery had rectangular wooden houses which can be identified from burnt remains and soil impressions. In a large house two ovens were also preserved. The inventory consists of pottery, brush handles, flint blades, flat copper axes, a stone macehead, grinding stones, spin- dle whorls, loomweights, and bone and metal tools. An interim report appeared in Symposium 8:1 (1986) 149-56. In IX. TUrk Tarih Kongresi 1 (Ankara 1986) 133-34, Dr. Bilgi discusses terracotta figurines from Ikiztepe; a special figurine is noted in Studi Puglisi, 273-75. In Beitriige zur allgemeinen und vergleichenden Archdologie 6 (1984), Dr. Bilgi presents the first installment of a corpus of metal objects from Ikiz- tepe 1974-1982, in the form of a typological catalogue. This is an important source of comparative study in the context of Anatolian metallurgy. A progress report on analyses of metal artifacts by ?eref Kun? appeared in AnatSt 36 (1986) 99-101. Half the items tested were of arsenical "bronze."

The volume on the 1981 congress, IX. Tirk Tarih Kongresi (Ankara 1986), also has studies of the strati- graphy and metal artifacts by the late Handan Alkim (119-32) and of timber architecture in the Samsun region by H.H. Guinhan Danmeman (135-44).

Acemh6yik. At the Tenth Turkish History Con- gress in 1986, Dr. Aliye Ozten presented the evidence for workshops producing obsidian and rock crystal vessels in the palaces of Acemh6yik. The vessels display local shapes and traits; one fragment belongs to a stylized bull's-head cup in obsidian. Rock crystal is also carved to make small figurines and scepter heads.

Dr. Ozten made comparisons with Egyptian and Mi- noan workshops.

In AJA 90 (1986) 395-98, M.A. Littauer and J.H. Crouwel published the bronze trolley with four spoked wheels from the Sarikaya palace at Acemhyuiik.

Kaman-Kaleh6yik. A Japanese team under the direction of Prof. Tsugio Mikami started excavations at this mound 3 km. east of Kaman, just east of the Halys along the road to Kirgehir. Six trenches were opened in the north part of the mound. The second level yielded late Phrygian material. Noteworthy is an ivory stamp seal of a type known from Bogazk6y and Gordion. It has a lion handle and cylindrical body profiled with two discs and scotia; the design is a winged lion eating its prey. The first report appeared in Research Symposium 4 (1986) 227-37.

Domuztepe. The twin neo-Hittite citadels of Karatepe and Domuztepe will remain above the lake of the Arslantag dam built in the Ceyhan (Pyramos) river. Domuztepe had a long prehistory as a settlement from the Neolithic period to the Iron Age and was fortified in the third and second millennia B.C. A newly found fragment of the hand of a basalt statue may belong to the statue originally set on the double- bull base near which it was discovered. Prof. Halet Qambel is continuing her work to conserve the sites as open-air museums. Symposium 8:1 (1986) 329-43.

Demircihiiyk. The final publication is making progress with the appearance of JUrgen Seeher, De- mircihiiyiik III, 1: Die Keramik 1, A. Die neolithische und chalkolithische Keramik, B. Die friihbronzezeit- liche Keramik der iilteren Phasen (bis Phase g) (Mainz 1987).

Brigitte Kull in Germania 64 (1986) 363-90 discusses flint blade tools from MB contexts in Demirci- huiyiik. They were used as sickles and have parallels in West Anatolia and the Aegean.

Beycesultan. Ann Murray studied the small finds from second-millennium levels at Beycesultan: bone ornaments and mounts, stone pommels, whetstones, and seals (an ivory hammerhead seal from level Ib). Research Symposium 4 (1986) 347-57.

West Anatolian Pottery. Turan Efe in Anatolica 13 (1986) 1-17 studies the chronology and distribu- tion of patterned reserve slip decoration in EB pottery of western Anatolia.

KarataS-Semayuik. In Ancient Anatolia 12-30, J. Lawrence Angel and Sara C. Bisel discuss health and stress in the EB population known from the KarataS cemetery. This is the one of the last published studies by Angel, whose death on 3 November 1986 deprived Anatolian and Aegean archaeology of a great scholar and a great friend. Angel worked on many problems




of Anatolian prehistory from Troy to Byzantium, Gordion, and Qatalhiiytik, and brought immense learning and constructive imagination to these assign- ments. The publication of the anthropological evidence from Karata? will be completed by Bisel.

Aphrodisias. The results of the 1966-1974 excavations in the prehistoric mounds of Aphrodisias have been analyzed and presented in a major publication by Martha Sharp Joukowsky, Prehistoric Aphrodisias I-II (Archaeologica Transatlantica 3, Louvain 1986). These two volumes, amply illustrated and provided with tabulations and analyses, present the record of the first excavations of a major prehistoric mound in inner Caria, with habitation levels attested from the Late Neolithic, Late Chalcolithic, Early Bronze, Middle Bronze, and Late Bronze Ages. The material is invaluable in Anatolian and Aegean prehistoric context; it also provides clear evidence that Aphrodisi- as with further excavation will become a key site in West Anatolian prehistory.

Karahisar-Tavaz. A mound at Karahisar, ca. 25 km. southeast of Aphrodisias, was investigated by the staff of the Aphrodisias Museum, Eski Eserler ve Mii- zeler Biilteni 8 (1986) 27-28. The upper part of the mound had been ploughed away in the last two dec- ades, but the site was occupied in Late Neolithic, Late Chalcolithic, EB, and MB, as attested by Dr. Joukow- sky. Pithos tombs have pottery and bronze bracelets. Stone idols are of the Kusura and Karata? type.

West Anatolian EB. In a volume dedicated to the memory of J.L. Caskey, The End of the Early Bronze

Age in the Aegean, edited by G. Cadogan (Leiden 1986) 139-52, M.J. Mellink discusses the West Ana- tolian relationship to the Aegean in EB II-III.

Izmir. Dr. Recep Meri? draws attention to prehistoric surface material from KUiUk Yamanlar in Kar-

liyaka which ranges from Chalcolithic (Kumtepe Ib) to EB and MB-LB; earlier observations were made in 1971 (AJA 77 [1973] 174). Other prehistoric sites are the hill of the Anadolu Lisesi in Bornova, which had habitation from EB to the Hellenistic period, and Pi-

narba~l Htiyiik with Late Chalcolithic to Late Roman material. In his survey of 1985, Dr. Meri? also noted prehistoric mounds near Bulgurca and Develi; a building site in Torball yielded second millennium sherds. Research Symposium 4 (1986) 301-10.

Akbtik Bay. Dr. W. Voigtlinder's discoveries of the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age remains on Ko- miradasl and Saplladasl in the bay east of Didyma are published in AA 1986, 614-67.

Begiktepe. Prof. Manfred Korfmann reports: "On

Yassitepe, the Troy I habitation was investigated through seven phases. The earliest houses were built in wattle-and-daub technique; from phase 4 to 7, solid stone foundations supported the walls. The plan consists of two rows of long houses each 5-6 m. wide and at least 14 m. long (AA 1986, 307, fig. 3). The northern row faces a road of 3 m. width, south of which stands the second row, probably mostly serving storage purposes. The houses have stone and mudbrick benches; in one house a series of round hearths could be traced. The sequence belongs to the early stages of Troy I.

"Below the three stages of the Hellenistic fortifica- tions, Archaic pottery came to light in a level associated with the lower course of a fortification wall. Lit- tle was preserved of the structures behind this. These Archaic remains may belong to the site of Achilleion which was founded in the sixth century by Lesbos (J.M. Cook, The Troad [Oxford 1973] 178).

"Geomorphological studies of the bay were continued by Drs. Ilhan Kayan and Oguz Erol."

A detailed report on the 1984 campaign appeared in AA 1986, 303-63; for 1985, see Symposium 8:1 (1986) 263-71, and AnatSt 36 (1986) 181-82.

Iznik Area. In 1985-1986 Drs. J.J. Roodenberg and Ilhan Kayan surveyed prehistoric sites south of the Propontis and in the regions of Iznik-Yenigehir with special regard to Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlements. The geomorphology of the early sites was studied in correlation with the levels of the Iznik Lake. Excavation is planned for 1987.

Arslantepe-Malatya. Dr. Alba Palmieri and her team report that work in the palatial buildings of level VIA (Late Uruk) was extended to three parallel rooms east of the main entrance corridor. Only the central one has an entrance from the corridor; the flanking rooms are entered by side doors from the central one. The rear wall of the central room has a niche which had wall paintings in red and black on white plaster. They were covered over with several additional layers of white plaster and have now been partially cleaned. Black branch-like elements descend with red fringes, some ending in spirals. Below a central set of chevrons is a stylized triangular face with eyes; the body of this figure remains to be cleaned.

The adjoining south storeroom had three pithoi, some jars and cooking pots, over 50 wheelmade plain bowls and a series of clay bullae with stamp- and cylinder-seal impressions. The north storeroom had three pithoi, many jars including five with reserve slip finish, fruitstands with slit pedestals, and spouted bot-



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Fig. 5. Lidar. MB II buildings.

tles. The next room to the north has a special ground plan with elaborate niching; the walls are white plastered. This room has been only partially excavated.

After the destruction of level VIA, a change to wattle-and-daub houses with wooden posts is evident in VIB1, which is characterized by black pottery of Transcaucasian type. The next level, VIB2, contains a well-planned village of mudbrick houses and an inventory of wheelmade and reserve slip pottery. The vicissitudes of the site on the frontier between the middle Euphrates region and East Anatolia are particu- larly vivid.

In Studi Puglisi, Alba Palmieri (191-228) discusses the changing relations between East Anatolia and its Mesopotamian neighbors; D. Siirenhagen (229-36) comments on ceramic, glyptic, and architectural parallels in the Late Uruk, VIA period; a study by Mario Chighine, Piera Ferioli, and Enrica Fiandra (237-48) brings ethnoarchaeological evidence to bear on the interpretation of door-sealings from Arslantepe.

Girnavaz. The mound of Girnavaz, in the Qaggag valley south of Nusaybin, is being excavated by a team from Ankara University under the direction of Dr. Hayat Erkanal. The ancient name of the site is Nabu- la, located on important roads in the Assyrian and Ro- man periods. Three Neo-Assyrian buildings have been distinguished in the main trench on the mound. There are large halls with paved floors and tile-paved

doorways; traces of paint remain on the walls. The local ceramic tradition is being studied. There is an

ample inventory of kitchen wares and finer buff wares, including button-based "palace ware." One vase is shaped with its pedestal in the form of a female

figure with modeled details for the face, breasts, and belt. Other large bowls stand on open-work pedestals with bucrania, faces, or architectural ornament. Among the small finds are terracotta quadrupeds, iron sickles and spearheads, bronze togglepins and fibulae, Neo-Assyrian cylinder seals with hunting scenes of archers and animals, and bullae. A Neo-Assyrian tablet was a stray find from the upper level. A metal

workshop awaits special study. For an interim report, see Symposium 7 (1985) 201-10.

Cudi Dag. Neo-Assyrian rock reliefs have recently been reexamined and new discoveries have been made at this site 25 km. east-northeast of Cizre on the Tigris in eastern Turkey. One report is by Marc Nogaret, RAssyr 79 (1985) 64-66.

Harran. In 1986 the excavations of the habitation areas on the mound continued in two trenches, adding architectural evidence and inventory of the 12th and 13th century of our era, Dr. Nurettin Yardimci re-

ports. The study, measuring, and excavation of the Great Mosque also progressed. A new topographical plan of the walled site of Harran was completed to a scale of 1:1000. For reports, see Symposium 8:1




(1986) 273-96, AnatSt 36 (1986) 194-95 and Eski Eserler ve Miizeler Bilteni 7 (1986) 13-19.

EUPHRATES AREA, SALVAGE EXCAVATIONS

Samsat. Prof. Nimet OzgtiC reports that a new southwest trench allowed further exploration of the palace of Mithradates. Panels of wall painting, both representational and architectural, are being lifted and conserved. The southwest trench provided a good sequence down to level 18 of the Early Bronze Age. Levels 7-10 belong to the Iron Age; they yielded stamp seals of Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian type and a fine cylinder seal with a scene of worship of the moon god in a boat. Levels 11-15 date to the second millennium B.C., with a large building in level 14. Goblets of Amuq J type characterize level 16, me- tallic gray goblets, level 17. The deeper EB levels have been reached in the east trench down to the Late Uruk period, levels 21-24. Here were found reserve slip jars, large numbers of upside-down beveled-rim bowls, a stone goblet, a red polished lugged jar, and a terracotta cylinder seal of squat type. Ubaid and Ha- laf strata have been probed on the east side, where further work is planned in 1987.

An interim report appeared in Symposium 8:1

(1986) 297-304; the walls of the lower city at Samsat are studied by Ahmet Tirpan, Research Symposium 4 (1986) 183-201.

Gritille. G. Stein discusses hunting and herding habits at Neolithic Gritille in Expedition 28:2 (1986) 35-42. The Mediaeval period is reported on by Scott Redford in AnatSt 36 (1986) 103-36.

Lidar. Prof. Harald Hauptmann investigated the MB occupation of the mound in 1986 and reports: "Level 8, MB II, was excavated over 1,600 m.2 with seven building units. In the south area (Q-S/44-45) three rows were separated by two streets (fig. 5). The buildings rise in terraces from the southeast to center. Complex 1, measuring ca. 20 x 11.50 m., has two units with a total of 11 rooms. Each unit has a large central room with two ovens on a platform, surround- ed by smaller residential or storage rooms. Complexes 4 and 6 have their representational quarters clearly separated from living and work rooms. This basic house type, with a central room of max. 13 x 6.70 m. and two anterooms set side by side or in an L-shaped arrangement, is known also from Ebla IIIB.

"The pottery of level 8, including some Habur ware, is paralleled at Hamman et-Turkman, Hama H and Ebla IIIB (fig. 6). Cylinder seals and impres-

Fig. 6. Lidar. MB II pottery, room 309.




Fig. 7. Lidar. MB II carved bone strips.

sions are of the local Mitannian style (Alalah IV, Ugarit r&cent 1 and early 2) or still Old Babylonian. Carved bone strips are again represented (fig. 7), as at Megiddo XII.

"The final MB level was violently destroyed and burnt down. Skeletons of victims were found in dis- torted positions. Arrowheads of Syro-Palestinian and central Anatolian type also give evidence of the vio- lence, which may be attributed (as in Ebla IIIB) to the Hittite campaigns in North Syria of Hattushili I or Murshili I.

"Level 9 has been investigated in the east area (fig. 8) and partially in the south. The rooms seem to have been cleared and carefully packed with broken mudbrick and layers of potsherds to make a solid foundation for the next level. The orientation is uni- form and similar in separation of business and representational quarters. A southwest entrance with a stone staircase gave access to the site. Here a fragment of a cuneiform letter was found.

"Level 10 was reached only in the south trench. A mudbrick fortification wall of 3 m. thickness was traced over 20 m. (fig. 9), with bastions of 2 m. width along the exterior. This same wall was identified along the north slope in 1984-1985."

Hassek. Dr. M.R. Behm-Blancke completed the last season in 1986. The Late Uruk complex was reported in Symposium 8:1 (1986) 139-49. The EB I occupation of the site was larger than that of the Late Uruk enclosure, and had its own fortification system parallel to the earlier walls. The entrance was on the northwest side. The pottery of the EB I early phase includes some painted ware with red-on-buff cross- hatched triangles. Footed vessels of EB I painted ware, comparable to examples from Ninevite V, occur in the cemetery at Hassek.

1avi Tarlasi. Director Adnan Misir of the Urfa Museum published an illustrated report on the 1984

excavations of this Halaf period site in Eski Eserler ve Miizeler Biilteni 2 (1985) 19-22. The terracotta figurines from this site are numerous and of seated and standing types.

Tille. Dr. David French reports that in 1986 two phases of Iron Age buildings were excavated in this fortress west of a Euphrates crossing. The lower

phase is more substantial and suffered destruction by conflagration, perhaps by Sargon in 706 B.C. The buildings of this phase, set on a terrace, had a regular layout with rooms grouped around a court with the geometric pebble mosaic pavement exposed in 1985. Part of the mosaic was lifted for later museum display. Pottery, iron tools and weapons, bone tools, and a

stamp seal with a worship scene of a seated deity are

among the inventory. A Late Bronze Age burnt level is

awaiting excavation in the next campaign. Interim re-

ports appeared in AnatSt 36 (1986) 5-6; Symposium 8:2 (1986) 205-12.

Imamoglu. In the 1986 season, Director Edibe

Uzunoglu expanded the excavation of the large EB III

building with the mudbrick staircase and flanking wall painting (fig. 10). This building had been de-

Fig. 8. Lidar. MB II, level 9, east side of mound.




Fig. 9. Lidar. MB II, level 10. Fortification on south side.

stroyed by conflagration; to the south side, round structures were built over and into it. These resemble similar units at Arslantepe-Malatya. At Imamoglu they occur in several phases and continue apparently into the early Middle Bronze Age. One was completely excavated. It had a door on the south side and a niche in the opposite wall. A mud-plastered bench ran

along the walls; in the center was a cylindrical base. The mound is not yet flooded and the stratification

will be investigated further. Habitation started in EB I and lasted into the Roman period. A report appeared in Symposium 8:2 (1986) 213-29.

Degirmentepe. Prof. Ufuk Esin extended the excavation of the Ubaid period settlement of levels 6-8 and earlier Chalcolithic levels 9-11 to the south and west. A mudbrick fortification wall with bastions and recesses came to light here. Rectangular beamholes in the wall belong to the superstructure. The houses have a large central room with a hearthplate in the center, one end of which is squared off, the other rounded. The short sides of these large rooms have wall paintings with radiating sun and dot patterns in red on white. Among the small finds are schematic figurines, ground and chipped stone and bone tools, and stone stamp seals with impressions on clay. The seal

designs are symmetrical, stylized plants, eagles, and human figures. Metallurgy is in evidence in the work-

shops. The site is an active center of agriculture, in-

dustry and trade. A long interim report appeared in Symposium 8:1

(1986) 95-137; small finds, especially seals, are discussed by Prof. Esin in Studi Puglisi 253-63. Metin Ozbek in Archaeometry Symposium 1 (1985) 107-30

reports on the human skeletal material from Degir- mentepe. Skull deformation of the type attested at Khirokitia and Byblos is noted on children's skulls of the Chalcolithic period at Degirmentepe. Slag anal-

yses are presented in Archaeometry Symposium 2

(1986) 61-67.

Imikupagi. This mound on the east bank of the Eu-

phrates, heavily eroded by the river, continues to yield good evidence for connections with the Anatolian cen- ters of the plateau. In 1986, Dr. Veli Sevim reports, the levels of the LB I and MB II periods (strata 10-13) were investigated. A fortification wall 2.35 m. wide of mudbrick on stone foundations was used in levels 12-10. Levels 11-10 are transitional from MB II to LB I. The pottery is of Karum Ib to Old Hittite

type, e.g., a red polished jar with red painted zigzags and bands on the neck (fig. 11, level 10, height 0.67 m.), vase with signe-royal impressions, fragments of bathtubs, and a painted fruitstand. A stamp seal of hammerhead type is also from level 10 (fig. 12). Fragments of vessels with relief decoration differ in

style from those found at Old Hittite sites. Level 12, MB II, has a large tower with two com-

partments at the south gate. This was abandoned after a conflagration and heavy destruction. The pottery of level 12 is more strongly affiliated with Habur ware

(e.g., fig. 13, a banded jar), but also has indications of Karum Ib contacts. After the destruction of level 12

Fig. 10. Imamoglu. EB III room with staircase.




Fig. 11. Imikugagl. Old Hittite jar of level 10.

the central Anatolian influence becomes strong. Level 13 had a large building on high stone foundations. This level still had banded Habur jars and large numbers of terracotta female figures of North Mesopota- mian type. Reports appeared in Symposium 8:1 (1986) and AnatSt 36 (1986) 197-98.

Sempiyetepe. Prof. Muhibbe Darga reports that this mound in the Karakaya flood zone on the left bank of the Euphrates again produced evidence of habitation in EB II and III. Rectangular houses with large elaborate hearths and ovens are characteristic of this area. The painted EB III ware has occasional local variants in its linear designs. A report appeared in Symposium 8:1 (1986) 157-71.

METALLURGY

During the archaeometry sessions of the annual symposium in Ankara several reports of analyses were presented. Preliminary results are available for Ikiz- tepe, reported by Prof. $eref Kung in AnatSt 36 (1986) 99-101. The samples from Chalcolithic levels of Ikiztepe II are mostly copper; those from the EB cemetery of Ikiztepe are increasingly made of arsenical copper.

In Archaeometry Symposium 2 (1986), brief reports appear on metal and slag analyses from Degir-

Fig. 12. Imikugagi. Stone stamp seal, level 10.

mentepe (61-68) and Tepecik and Ttilintepe in the Keban area (69-79).

A general study of the metals trade in southwest Asia, with detailed references to Anatolia, was published by Tamara Stech and Vincent C. Pigott in Iraq 48 (1986) 39-64.

Kayseri. Director Hamdi Kodan of the Kayseri Museum will publish an EB metal hoard found without context in a sand pit near Qukurbugagi. It consists of 29 objects: many halberds like those from Mahmat- lar, three shaft-hole axes, 13 castanets, and a lobed

scepter head, as communicated to the Tenth Turkish History Congress, 1986 (Bildiri Ozetleri 19-20).

Hiuseyin Kocaba? Collection. This collection is now on display in the V.K.V. Sadberk Hanim Muse- um in Istanbul, whose director Qetin Anlagan draws attention to the remarkable variety of metal weapons, tools, castanets, seals, and vessels in the collection. Tenth Turkish History Congress, 1986 (Bildiri Ozet-

leri 2-3).

Fig. 13. Imikuagli. Habur ware jar, level 11.




Fig. 14. Xanthos. Letoon. Propylon area.

MINOAN AND MYCENAEAN SITES AND FINDS

Lycia. Ka?-Ulu Burun. The 1986 campaign, Prof.

George Bass and Cemal Pulak report, exposed more of the cargo of copper ingots "stacked 11 deep in places, resting directly on large, unidentified ship tim- bers." Among the pottery was a group of Cypriot wares, perhaps from the pithos KW 251 lifted in 1984, including "a white shaved juglet, a base-ring II bowl, a fragmentary white-slip bowl, a saucer-shaped lamp and a pitcher with trefoil mouth. From the same general area came pilgrim flasks in at least three sizes, wall brackets, and a stirrup jar"; elsewhere coarse ware stirrup jars and a beaked jug of LH IIIA:2 type were recovered.

Among the Syrian finds were a gold pendant of Ugarit type with a nude frontal woman holding ga- zelles and a gold roundel with rayed solar emblem. A hematite cylinder seal is Old Babylonian, recut; a rock crystal cylinder seal has a procession of angular bearded figures facing a standing male figure. The most spectacular seal is a solid gold scarab of Nefertiti 1.4 cm. long, and the most tantalizing find is a wooden folding tablet recovered from pithos KW 252. The sunken panels had crosshatching to retain the (lost) wax, like the ivory writing boards from Nimrud. Bass refers to the orpiment identified as an admixture to the beeswax of the Nimrud tablets. If the orpiment from amphora KW 48 (AJA 90 [1986] 278) was at least partly for the preparation of wax for tablets, we

have a potential indicator of literacy in the realm of these seagoing merchants.

A preliminary notice appeared in AJA 91 (1987) 321.

Menemen-Panaztepe. Work at this site 13 km. to the southwest of Menemen, near Kesik K6yti, continued under the direction of Dr. Armagan Erkanal. Sev- eral periods of habitation and burial were identified. A kiln and remnants of workshops belong to the second quarter of the second millennium B.C. Partly overlying this material is the cemetery of the 14th century B.C. with six tholoi, several cist-graves, and numerous pithos-burials. This cemetery is on the south slope of Panaztepe. The tombs are oriented with their rims (pithoi) or dromoi (tholoi) to the southwest. Some of the pithoi have a rectangular stone setting. Small cremation jars were found near one of the pithoi. From the inventory recovered in 1985, 52 vessels could be restored, eight of which date to Myce- naean IIIA-B.

A LB pithos grave had a bronze bracelet with a con- vex seal attached to it; the incised decoration in the outer frieze consists of braids and simple floral patterns, the central boss is undecorated. This type of seal is known in the Hittite world, but the Panaztepe seal is a local variant. Among the precious inventory of tombs dug in 1985 was some gold jewelry and two small tubular attachments also known from Magat and Cyprus (Kalavasos-Ayios Dimitrios).



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In 1986, a road leading from the south area near the

cemetery to the settlement on the hill of Panaztepe was identified. This road was flanked by cemeteries. The site was occupied from the Archaic through Ro- man periods. Tombs of the Islamic and Roman periods were recorded.

For reports see Symposium 8:1 (1986) 253-61; AnatSt 36 (1986) 207.

Akbiik-Miletus. Minoan and Mycenaean contacts of the material from Kimtiradasi and Saphadasi are now documented by W. Voigtlainder in AA 1986, 642-51.

Iasos. In Studi su lasos di Caria. Venticinque anni di scavi della Missione Archeologica Italiana (BdA Suppl. to 31-32, 1987) 29-34, Mario Benzi reviews the Minoan and Mycenaean evidence from lasos, with reference to the pottery groups still in the lasos storerooms. He assumes a fairly large Mycenaean settlement at the site, the necropolis of which remains to be identified. In 1985, work in the Agora brought

Fig. 16. Xanthos. Letoon. Late Archaic pavement near temple of Leto.

more Bronze Age material to light north of structure

F, where a similar building with schist flooring and

heavy walls was noted.

Gavurtepe-Alagehir (Philadelphia). Dr. Recep Meri?, who is excavating in the theater of Alagehir, has also made a map of the prehistoric mound of Ga-

vurtepe, 800 m. to the southeast of the theater. This is a mound with third- and second-millennium occupation, abandoned ca. 1200 B.C. On the surface of the southeast part, overlooking the Sarkiz streambed, are the remnants of a large megaroid(?) building measur-

ing ca. 10 x 30 m. with a wall thickness of 2.60 m. Other substantial walls may belong to an enclosure

system. The latest datable pottery from the mound is of the LB era, with a few Mycenaean sherds. Dr. Me-

ri? emphasizes that the site is endangered by erosion and encroachment. Symposium 8:2 (1986) 261-65. For other prehistoric sites in the area, see Research

Symposium 4 (1986) 303-304.

Ahhiyawa. P.H.J. Houwink ten Cate made a

study of Hittite correspondence indirectly relevant to the Ahhiyawa question, Ex Oriente Lux 28 (1983- 1984) 33-79. F. Schachermeyr adds a new volume to his series of studies of the problem in historical perspective, Mykene und das Hethiterreich (SBWien 1986, 472).

Black Sea Navigation. Pierre Leveque in RA

1986, 399-400 confidently lists some indications of

Aegean-Pontic contacts. One is the silver "Vaphio Fig. 15. Xanthos. Letoon. Late Hellenistic portrait head.




cup" from Kirovakan in Soviet Armenia, excavated by B.B. Piotrowskii in 1948. It dates to the 15th or 16th century B.C. and is a large two-handled vessel; but the Vaphio-type spool handles are small and serve for the attachment of a basket handle. The other reference is to the ingot found near Cape Kaliakra, and several anchors of East Mediterranean type. This site is on the Bulgarian coast northeast of Varna. H.G. Buch- holz, in A.G. Poulter ed., Ancient Bulgaria (Notting- ham 1983) 54 and 128, also bases his reconstruction of early Black Sea trade on these and other finds.

URARTU

Van-Dilkaya Hiiytik. Dr. Altan Qilingiroglu excavated on the mound and in the necropolis to the north. Part of an EB mudbrick fortification wall came to light. Round houses with hearths of Transcauca- sian type were found in an EB level preceding rectangular structures. In all trenches there is a gap between the Early Bronze and the Iron Age. Tombs of the Urartian period were excavated in a partly plundered area. Both inhumations and cremations occur. Sym- posium 8:1 (1986) 81-94.

Urartian Seals. Dr. Cengiz Iplk in JdI 101 (1986) 1-22 studies cult scenes on Urartian cylinder stamp- seals, especially open-air scenes in front of cult symbols and stelae.

Rockcut tunnels. Nezih Ba~gelen publishes several tunnels belonging to Urartian fortresses and two Urartian inscriptions in Arkeoloji ve Sanat 28-31 (1985) 15-18.

Furniture. Cengiz Iplk discusses excavated and un- provenanced Urartian tables and illustrations of tables. Genuine furniture comes from chamber tombs in Adilcevaz and Altintepe, the former discussed and illustrated in detail. Belleten 197 (1986) 383-445.

Cavuqtepe. Prof. Afif Erzen in 1986 cleared more of the north fortification wall and the temple of the upper citadel. In the lower citadel work continued on the second southern circuit wall with its mudbrick superstructure. Symposium 8:1 (1986) 305-27; AnatSt 36 (1986) 185-87.

NEO-HITTITE AND PHRYGIAN SITES

Carchemish-Yunus Cemetery. The Hittite affinities of a group of haematite scarabs and scaraboids of a type represented in Yunus grave YC 58 are stressed in a study by J. Boardman and R. Moorey, Studies Pora- da 35-48.

Kzildag. The topography of the site and the monuments of Hartapus are reexamined by K. Bittel in Ancient Anatolia 103-11.

Tyana. Dr. Aykut Qinaroglu continues his exploration of the mound of Tyana-Tuwana, which extends over a 1050 x 1100 m. area as old air photographs demonstrate. The site is completely built over by Ke- merhisar. The separate, smaller hill of Ambartepe, clear of modern building, has been explored in soundings. The upper levels are Byzantine and Roman.

The recently discovered Old Phrygian inscription of Tyana (Corpus T-03) is examined by A. Heubeck in Kadmos 25 (1986) 75-78. The text yields some fa- miliar forms but little sense can be extracted at this stage.

Phrygian Language. A book by I.M. Diakonoff

Fig. 17. Xanthos. Letoon. Votive deposit, boy with kausia.




Fig. 18. Limyra. Podium of Ptolemaion.

and V.P. Neroznak, Phrygian (New York 1985) was basically written in 1977-1981 and antedated the publication of the Corpus des inscriptions paliophry- giennes (1984) by C. Brixhe and M. Lejeune. It is refreshingly challenging in its approach to history and language, and deals with Neo-Phrygian texts also. Brixhe and Giinter Neumann discuss Neo-Phrygian inscriptions in Kadmos 24 (1985) 161-84 and 25 (1986) 79-84.

Scythians? Imirler-Amasya. Objects from two plundered tombs of Iron Age horsemen, found in 1971 and 1978, are in the Amasya Museum. Vuslat Ulnal presents such evidence as could be rescued in Beitriige zur allgemeinen und vergleichenden Archiiologie 4

(1982) 65-81. From the stone-lined round pit of the first tomb the surviving objects are an iron sword, an

iron-bronze halberd, a bronze snaffle-bit and arrowheads; from the second, 250 bronze arrowheads.

CLASSICAL, HELLENISTIC, AND ROMAN SITES

PAMPHYLIA, PISIDIA

Perge. The main effort in 1986 was in the theater, where the 14 m.-high pile of earthquake debris still overlay the center of the stage building. This is being systematically cleared in steps as large architectural blocks are lowered mechanically and taken to the study area in the stadium. The level reached is still about 7 m. above the stage. The drawing of the architectural members and profiles continues. The most important sculptural discovery of 1985 was that of a 4 m.-long sacrificial frieze from the clearing of the orchestra. In the center Tyche appears enthroned holding the ar-




Fig. 19. Limyra. Frieze of tholos: charioteer.

chaic symbol of Artemis Pergaia; from the sides pro- cessions with bulls approach her. The date is late second century A.C. Of the frieze of the stage building, the left (north) side has the sequence: Kestros river and nymph, birth of Dionysos, Hermes taking the infant Dionysos to the nymphs, bath of Dionysos, Kouretes and Dionysos, Dionysos and nymph(?), Ariadne, Sa- tyr, Pan(?), Pentheus(?) and Maenads, triumph of Dionysos. There are also fragments of friezes of a centauromachy, gigantomachy, and lion hunt.

Excavation started in basilica G on the south side of the agora which is preserved to considerable height.

For an illustrated report of the 1985 season, see Symposium 8:2 (1986) 137-75. The restoration of a statue of a dancing woman (found in 1981) out of 117 fragments of white and black marble is described by Htiseyin Akilli in Arkeoloji ve Sanat 28-31 (1985) 19-21.

Side. The study and restoration of the theater is progressing under the direction of Dr. U1lkii Izmirli-

Fig. 21. Aphrodisias. Bust of man carrying statuette of Aphrodite.

gil, Symposium 8:1 (1986) 127-35. The elements of the stage building, which had three stories, are being assembled for restoration.

Cremna, Sagalassos. Dr. Stephen Mitchell began a new survey of Cremna in 1985-1986. An overall plan is being drawn at 1:1000; individual buildings are being studied and recorded. In 1986 considerable historical evidence emerged from the discovery of for- tifications and a siege mound built in A.D. 278 during the reign of the Emperor Probus.

Sagalassos will also be newly recorded on a general plan. A beginning was made with the study of the Hellenistic buildings. AnatSt 36 (1986) 8-10; Re- search Symposium 4 (1986) 167-70.

Fig. 20. Limyra. Cornice block of tholos. Fig. 22. Miletus. Kalabaktepe: black-figure fragment.




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Fig. 23. Didyma. Plan of temenos along sacred road.

LYCIA

Xanthos-Letoon. At Xanthos, Prof. Christian Le- Roy reports, restoration of the mosaics in the Byzan- tine basilica led to the discovery of guidelines for the installation of an earlier mosaic. The baptisterium proved to be built over a Roman cistern, filled with pottery; this is being excavated.

In the Letoon, excavation in the entrance area revealed the pre-Hellenistic foundation of a simple wall with a propylon (fig. 14). "In the Hellenistic period, the peribolos wall was moved some meters out to the west, and a Doric portico was installed along the interior. The "sacred law" of the Letoon, inscribed very early in the second century B.C., refers to this portico, which must have been built in the period of Ptolemaic rule over Lycia. A conflagration in the first half of the first century A.C. destroyed the lower part of the sanc-

tuary, after which the peribolos wall was rebuilt. Niches on either side of the propylaeum preserve the names of the euergetai on this occasion: L. Domitius Apollinaris, governor of Lycia-Pamphylia A.D. 93- 96, and members of his family (known also from inscribed bases published in Xanthos 7, 103-20). In the first or second century A.C., a portico with four columns was added along the outside of the propylon. From this area came a fragmentary portrait head (fig. 15) and a heading of a decree of Ptolemy Euerge- tes, year 8 (239 B.C.).

"In front of the Hellenistic temple of Leto, directly to the south, at a level 4 m. below that of the stylobate of the temple, a pavement of large slabs came to light (fig. 16), with an offset border to the south. This pavement underlies the foundation of the entrance ramp of the temple. On the east it has a rock-cut edge, in front




Fig. 24. Sardis. Archaic terrace wall, top courses only, east side of ByzFort spur.

of which lay terracotta figurines of various dates and types: sixth century B.C. (Milesian kore) to the first century B.C., draped women, youth wearing kausia (fig. 17), boy on horseback, kourotrophos. All this suggests a votive deposit for the cult of Leto and the

Nymphs of the spring. "The foundation of a staircase shows the connection

with the terrace of the first temples. During the construction of the Hellenistic Leto temple, ca. 150 B.C., the paving was curtailed by the enlargement of the temple terrace and the building of its ramp. In the course of the first century A.C. the area was filled in to

euthynteria level of the Leto temple. A large base hon- oring Trajan erected A.D. 98-102 gives an ante quem date for the remodeling of this area."

Studies of the Letoon and its history are published by H. Metzger in IX. Tiirk Tarih Kongresi (1986) 353-64; also J. Bousquet, REG 99 (1986) 22-32; Chr. LeRoy, RA 1986, 279-300 and Actes du Col- loque de Strasbourg 1985, 41-47; Symposium 8:2

(1986) 187-91; a new trilingual RA 1986, 101-106.

Limyra. Prof. Jiurgen Borchhardt reports that the "Ptolemaion" is now known in better structural detail. "The square podium, with a length of 14.66 m. on the sides, must have had a height of ca. 9 m., including the

three-stepped base and the metope-triglyph frieze and cornice. The podium (fig. 18) supported a peripteral tholos on a three-stepped base of ca. 12 m. diameter. Of the colonnade, an Attic base, several column drums, and a second Ionic capital came to light. A frieze with a chariot race was set between the archi- trave and the dentils (figs. 19 and 20). Three frieze blocks have been retrieved. The baroque style corre-

sponds to that of the centauromachy of the north met-

opes of the podium, AJA 89 (1985) pl. 65.21. The roof was conical and imbricated.

"The interpretation of this monument as serving a Hellenistic ruler cult is maintained, although no further fragments of the two colossal marble statues have come to light.

"Work on the 4 x 16 m. frieze decorating the socle of the cenotaph of Gaius Caesar continued. Eighty- two fragments have been catalogued; part of a horse's head was added in 1986. New excavation was undertaken in the Byzantine monastery northeast of the heroon on the acropolis." Reports appeared in Sympo- sium 8:2 (1986) 101-25 and AnatSt 36 (1986) 205-

MODERN GROUND LEVEL MODERN GROUND LEVEL

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206. In OJhBeibl 56 (1986) 49-106, the rock-cut tomb commissioned by Xuwata in the necropolis of Limyra is studied in detail.

Bayindir Tumulus. In 1986, one of the tumuli belonging to the necropolis of the Bayindir area northeast of Elmall was excavated by a team from the An- talya Museum led by Harun Tagkiran and Edip Oz- giir. These tumuli are built as rockpiles over the burial pits and never had a soil cover. The tumulus selected is about 40 m. in diameter and 4-5 m. in preserved height. It contained the remnants of a cremation in a pit cut in bedrock. In the burnt fill were iron tripods, cauldrons, omphalos bowls, weapons, and some jewelry.

Arycanda. Prof. Cevdet Bayburtluoglu continues

the systematic clearance and partial reconstruction of monumental tomb structures with their architectural decoration and sarcophagi. Houses in the southwest part of the town provide evidence for wine and olive

industry. A stone athlete's weight has two Lycian letters on it, the first time this script has come to light at

Arycanda. The city name occurred in a Greek inscription the letters of which are colored red and black in alternating lines. Symposium 8:2 (1986) 93-99.

Sarcophagi. A typological study and catalogue of Lycian sarcophagi has been published by Vedat Idil, Likya Lahitleri (Ankara 1985).

Balboura. In 1985-1986, Dr. J.J. Coulton began a

survey of this north Lycian city in preparation for making a complete plan and historical analysis of the




Fig. 27. Sardis. Duck vase from Lydian domestic area.

development of the city. A Hellenistic fortification wall was discovered. AnatSt 36 (1986) 7-8; Research

Symposium 4 (1986) 171-78. Oinoanda. J.J. Coulton and E.C. Stenton in

AnatSt 36 (1986) 15-90 publish results of their topographical and architectural studies at Oinoanda in es-

says on the water supply, aqueduct, and the agora. Termessos. Prof. Haluk Abbasoglu has started

new topographical studies of the site. He examined the gymnasium (building H) in particular and took old and new inscriptions under protection.

CARIA

lasos. Dr. Fede Berti continued her investigation of the basilica in the agora, where Hellenistic and Bronze Age levels were reached in soundings. The

sanctuary discovered in 1985 outside the south aisle of the basilica is in a nearly square area bordered by schist and limestone blocks. In 1986 more lead votive models of double axes and roundels were found here. The cult would seem to be of Zeus Labrandeus. The handsome supplement to BdA 31-32 (1987), Studi su lasos di Caria, is a series of studies of material excavated until 1984, with illustrations also in color and a full bibliography. A practical guide to lasos is Doro

Levi, Jasos Kazzlari (Ankara 1986). Stratonikeia. Prof. Yusuf Boysal continues his

clearance of the city gate, theater, bouleuterion and

gymnasium, and podium temple. The necropolis is along the road to the city gate. The oldest tombs are of the seventh century B.C. as attested by a Late Geo- metric oinochoe and paneled skyphoi.

Ramazan Ozgen and D. Stutzinger publish two late Roman portraits from Stratonikeia in IstMitt 35

(1985) 237-74. Halikarnassos. Publication continued with Kris-

tian Jeppesen and Anthony Luttrell, The Maussol- leion at Halikarnassos 2: The Written Sources and Their Archaeological Background 1-2 (Aarhus 1986).

Aphrodisias. Prof. Kenan Erim reports on the main areas of excavation:

"Tetrapylon. Excavations were made southward to reveal more of the north-south road. Close to 25 m. of this street came to light, along with portions of porti- coes and sidewalks. At least two drainage channels ran under the paving blocks. Fragments of figural Co- rinthian marble revetment capitals, featuring Erotes, were recorded along the east colonnade. Two large non-figural capitals may be connected with the upper story. Fresco and mosaic fragments should also be associated with an upper floor or the back wall of the

portico. Major repairs were made in the fifth century, probably after the disastrous earthquake of the late fourth century. This major street in its southward course passed in front of the propylon of the Sebas- teion. A sounding beyond the Sebasteion, east of the

Agora Gate complex, revealed that the street was ris-

ing gently in the direction of the theater. Ionic capitals of the east portico here were of fifth- or early sixth-

century date. "Sebasteion Area. In search of a storage area for

large blocks, a field near the north portico of the Se- basteion was cleared. It revealed column drums in situ

placed at diagonal corners of an atrium of the first

century, transformed into a fountain complex after the late fourth-century earthquake. The east portico of the atrium was joined to a hall, the entrance on that side with two spirally fluted blue marble Corinthian columns. The atrium had well-preserved mosaic

pavements and rooms on all sides. The complex was

part of an opulent residence with upper storys with a

Fig. 28. Sardis. Boat-shaped vase from rockpile in domestic area.




long history. One of the rooms to the northwest had a pair of dark blue marble small altars, garland-deco- rated. A headless over-lifesize draped male bust holding an (equally headless) statuette of the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias in his left hand (fig. 21) shows a person- age in the guise of a priest of the city goddess. Figures holding out cult images are frequent among Imperial coin types. A headless full statue at Iasos of this type is being prepared for publication by Prof. Sebastiana Lagona." (A splendid instance on the highest level is Tyche of Perge holding the Archaic image of Artemis Pergaia on a relief from the theater there, Symposium 8:2 [1986] 159, fig. 22.)

"Agora. Large-scale operations removed earth and debris fallen from the acropolis on the south flank of the Portico of Tiberius. Close to 35 m. of the south colonnade were cleared and more than 18 columns were reerected partially. Much of the destruction must be blamed on earthquakes, especially the cata- strophic one dating to the reign of Heraclius (610- 641). Large chunks of mortared walls belong to the upper sections of the back wall of the portico; barrel- vaulted chambers are visible along the north flank of the acropolis. The vomitorium stairs of the theater remained accessible until the acropolis was transformed into a citadel following the earthquake of the seventh century.

"North Byzantine House. This house near the northeastern city wall had an intricate system of water channels, pipes, and underground vaulted drains to the west. In front of two arcaded niches lay many lamps, small pitchers, and fragments of highly polished marble statuettes. The upper torso of a seated female figure has traces of gold paint on her diadem and veil. This and a male figure are of fifth-century date and show the survival of pagan cults at Aphrodi- sias. The statuettes stood on an oval marble base incised with sun, moon and other symbols."

For reports, see Symposium 8:1 (1986) 349-79; AnatSt 36 (1986) 176-81. A review of 25 years of excavation is Kenan Erim's Aphrodisias. City of Venus- Aphrodite (London and New York 1986). Joyce M. Reynolds and R. Tannenbaum (Jews and Godfearers at Aphrodisias [Cambridge Philological Society, Suppl. 12, 1987]) discuss Greek inscriptions pertain- ing to the Jewish community at Aphrodisias.

IONIA

Miletus. In 1986, Prof. W. Mtiller-Wiener reports, study of Heroa I-III continued. A sounding in Heroon III, near the Thermae of Faustina, revealed a

bothros with eighth-century B.C. pottery, e.g., Late Geometric paneled skyphoi, below the Perserschutt. On Kalabaktepe two wells were partly excavated behind a polygonal terrace wall. Among the pottery from the wells was much Fikellura ware and fine black-figure, e.g., a fragment:with an ithyphallic Sa- tyr and a panther (fig. 22); there also were Archaic terracottas, spearheads, and arrowheads.

Studies for publication were concerned with material from Kalabaktepe, Roman sculptures, and inscriptions. For previous campaigns, see IstMitt 35 (1985) 13-138 and Symposium 8:2 (1986) 199-207.

Didyma. Prof. Klaus Tuchelt reports: "The temenos along the sacred way from Miletus to Didyma (fig. 23) apparently had an open area in its western extension; the entrance from the sacred way was between this and the sphinx terrace. The anta-building on the highest point had its own terrace in front. The terracotta roof of the east oikos is the first of the Ionic system to appear in such good preservation. Casts were made of the four best-preserved sphinxes; they will be put on the terrace wall. The temenos must have belonged to a noble Milesian family. Its destruction may be connected with local conflicts in Miletus by 450 B.C.

"A large area was purchased to allow clearance on both sides of the sacred way to the northwest and between the Artemis sanctuary and the Apollo temple. The pavement of the sacred way was traced over an additional 21.50 m. to the north edge of the main road. The end of the sacred way and the approach to the temple precinct must be farther to the west than hitherto presumed."

Reports appeared in Symposium 8:2 (1986) 39-45; AnatSt 36 (1986) 189; inscriptions are published by W. Giinther in IstMitt 35 (1985) 181-93; animal bones by J. Boessneck and J. Schdiffer, AA 1986, 251- 301; sculptures from Didyma are discussed by K. Tu- chelt and V. von Graeve in H. Kyrieleis ed., Ar- chaische und klassische Plastik (Mainz 1986) 21-29 and 31-34.

Akbiik-Teichioussa. Dr. W. Voigtlinder recorded several structures which are in danger of demolition by modern building activities: two buildings with courts on terraces to the north of the ancient town, and three pre-Persian terraced substructures of heroa(?) with corbel-vaulted rooms and corridors. "On the shore 6 km. west of the town is an eroded area with eighth-sixth century B.C. sherds; a tumulus and four plundered built tombs are visible from far. Precinct walls are 0.80 to 1.20 m. thick and to 200 m. in length.




Fig. 29. Pergamon. Habitation area, balloon photo.

Irregular annexes seem to be tombs added in rows along both sides of these precinct walls."

Ephesus. Prof. H. Vetters reports on the work in 1986:

"Artemisium. With the aid of the new pumps the north side of the Kroisos temple was found at a distance of 49.70 m. to the north of the south edge of the altar; at 45.33 m. was the northwest corner of the peristasis foundation. The width of the Kroisos temple was 59.93, that of the Classical temple 71.74 m. Among the finds were tiny gold and silver figurines, seven electrum Lydian coins, and a gold boukranion with a lion's head appearing frontally between the horns.

"Lower Agora. Here geometric pottery is found in secondary fills. Level 1 is probably Neronian. The oldest walls are pre-Lysimachos, reused in the Lysi- machos period. The old processional way which crosses the area was again noted in 1986.

"Reconstruction is in preparation at the south gate. In Hanghaus 1 the large south room was completely cleared with an opus sectile floor and a cascading fountain along the south wall. Restoration was continued in Hanghaus 2."

Extensive preliminary reports for 1984 and 1985 appeared in AnzWien 1986:5, 75-161 and brief re-

ports in Symposium 8:2 (1986) 67-68 and AnatSt 36 (1986) 193-94.

An important 155-line inscription dealing with tax collection was found in the Basilica of St. John in 1976. The contents are briefly discussed by H. Engel- mann and D. Knibbe in EpigAnat 7 (1986) 19-32.

Magnesia ad Maeandrum. Dr. Orhan Bing6l has been conducting investigations in various buildings of this site for the last three years. The theater is an unfinished structure. Clearing of the gymnasium has started. The general area is being surveyed for architectural elements and inscriptions. Symposium 8:2 (1986) 59-65.

Notion. Dr. Erol Atalay began new excavation in 1985. The Athena temple and the theater were cleaned. A cistern yielded a large quantity of Roman pottery. The necropolis will be investigated. Sympo- sium 8:2 (1986) 69-92.

Bayrakh-Old Smyrna. Prof. Ekrem Akurgal and Dr. Tomris Bakir are studying the fourth-century houses of Old Smyrna, which have been drawn and also photographed from the air. The surfaces of the streets have been consolidated. The main street is the "Athena Street" running east-west with smaller




PERGAMON - STADTGRABUNG 1986

HELLENISTISCHE BEBAUUNG

......._ '_ _ lteste Baureste

aHuptphase 0 C T&rffnung 0 Pithos

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2 3 4 GEZ.OHNERT

I 12 1314 GE. BOHNERT P

1 Fig. 30. Pergamon. Hellenistic level.

streets branching off it to north and south. To the north are insulae of three and seven houses with courtyards and an average of six to eight rooms. A 16- room house may be of administrative rank.

Some of the tumuli on the slope of Yamanlar Dag (Sipylos) belong to the fourth century B.C. and must be the graves of the ruling class of Old Smyrna, Akur- gal notes. Symposium 8:2 (1986) 1-6.

Klazomenai. There are now four areas known to have been used as cemeteries. In 1985 a new necropolis came to light when an irrigation channel was

dug in the east part of the city. From the evidence of the sarcophagi and ceramic tomb gifts found here Dr. Tomris Bakir concluded that the potters of Klazome- nai made sarcophagi from the last quarter of the seventh century on. This leads to modifications of the previously accepted chronology.

Erythrai. Sculptures (Archaic korai) from Ery- thrai are published by Ekrem Akurgal and Cevdet Bayburtluoglu in H. Kyrieleis ed., Archaische und klassische Plastik (Mainz 1986) 1-14 and 193-98, respectively.



slimshAdy

Highlight


LYDIA

Sardis. Prof. Crawford H. Greenewalt, jr., reports on the two sectors of Lydian excavation: "The flat- topped spur on the north flank of the acropolis, ByzFort, has an impressive terrace wall faced with ashlar masonry in white limestone, built in the sixth century B.C. A masonry segment discovered in 1986 (fig. 24) shows that the terrace wall enclosed much more than the outer edge of the spur. Excavation on the summit of the spur exposed dense Lydian occupation strata that contain foundations of large buildings and architectural terracottas, East Greek Orientaliz- ing and Attic pottery and artifacts and chips of multi- colored chalcedony. Much disturbance was caused by the foundations of a Roman building of the first century A.C., a rectangular unit of two suites of three spaces flanking a central narrow space. Under one corner is a barrel-vaulted crypt, which contained a stone tank and at least six terracotta outlet conduits, and may have been a kind of urban district castellum aquae.

"The Lydian rampart in sector MMS was built ca. 625-600 B.C., partially destroyed ca. 550 B.C., and rebuilt with a stone wall on the truncated stump of the old structure. Excavation in 1986 clarified the earthwork on the west side that stands over 10 m. high and extends over a width of 35 m. and a distance of at least 20 m. to the west (figs. 25 and 26). This earthwork is constructed of sloping layers of clayey and sandy earth. Horizontal ashy lenses and crude walls of stone and mudbrick show that the layers were piled from the bottom up. Pottery fragments are consistently of Archaic type (they include part of a Lakonian II cup)." The nature of this earthwork (siege mound?) is still a matter of debate.

"On the east side of the rampart, excavation revealed more of the Lydian habitation area buried under a thick layer of destruction debris of ca. 550 B.C.: two rooms and an intermediate open space, altogether containing another 250 artifacts of pottery, metal (mostly iron), and other materials. A duck-shaped vessel with filling-spout and handle on the back (fig. 27), and an orientalizing painted boat-shaped vase with a horsehead finial on the stern post, and dolphins on the lower part of the hull (fig. 28) represent special pieces from floor and dump.

"One of the rooms was evidently a kitchen with cooking and table wares, a bench with grindstones and two hearths, and two narrow windows. The other room, rifled after the destruction, had a stone bench and a mudbrick stepped counter. A few tools, including iron saw, tweezers, and more than 4 kg. of raw glass or cullet indicate that this room had been an ate-

lier associated with the making of glass. Finished glass products included two pear-shaped beads, each ca. 1.7 cm. high and composed of separate wedges, each of a different color and made of yellow, white, or green (originally red?) glass. Skeletal remains in the open area between the rooms represent the first human cas- ualty yet encountered in association with the violent architectural destruction (which it is tempting to equate with the historical capture of Sardis by Cyrus the Great of Persia)."

Reports appeared in Symposium 8:1 (1986) 381- 99; AnatSt 36 (1986) 210-12; and BASOR Suppl. 24 (1986) 1-30. A symposium held at the opening of the Sardis exhibition at Chicago is recorded in Eleanor Guralnick ed., Sardis. Twenty-seven -Years of Discov- ery (Chicago 1987).

AEOLIS-MYSIA

Pergamon. Dr. Wolfgang Radt expanded excavation in the city area by a 20 m. zone to the west, from the ancient main street to the north to the Hera terrace in the south.

"The Late Byzantine level of the 13th century had large, well-planned houses with courtyards. In the earlier periods (figs. 29 and 30) an alley descended from the main street in a southeastern direction. This alley may antedate the Hera sanctuary to the east entrance of which it seems to lead. A rock-cut and built drainage channel runs under the alley, which was paved with blocks of andesite. The slope was nego- tiated by a ramp construction with steps in the middle part (fig. 31); the width is 1.30 to 1.50 m. The construction date is Hellenistic phase II, probably still in the third century B.C. The alley remained in use into late Imperial times.

Fig. 31. Pergamon. Hellenistic alley, from southeast.




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PERGAMON- STADTGRABUNG 1986

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Fig. 32. Pergamon. Roman level.

"Of the Hellenistic level two houses were excavated. The house to the northeast had three rooms partly cut in the rock as basements along the north street. The entrance to the house must have been in the court along the alley. This house may have been an extension of the peristyle house to the east. Three cisterns await excavation. To the southwest one notes two phases different in layout, Hellenistic phase II and the main Hellenistic phase of the second and first centuries B.C. The northern rooms were rock-cut along their north side and must have had upper floors.

"In the Roman Empire period, principally in the second century, the Hellenistic houses continued to be used in the same form but with practical alterations (fig. 32). The northeast house was clearly separated from the peristyle house by a wall curtailing the east- ernmost north room. An entrance room was built at the bend of the alley; the court remained in use, with a wide gate to the south. The northwest room had considerable sections of wall painting in situ, painted in fresco technique on white plaster over a thick into- naco: thin red and black lines on white, red dots on




Fig. 33. Pergamon. Hestiaion repaired, from southwest.

yellow ground for the socle (height 33 cm.). Frag- ments of polychrome floral designs had fallen from above. Some remodeling of the house was done in Late

Antique times. "In the west house, three rooms had a simple mo-

saic floor of large white tesserae. One of these in its fourth-century stage contained the wine amphorae found in 1985 (AJA 91 [1987] 23 fig. 29). Room 212.79 contained large quantities of utility pottery of the Imperial period, as if fallen from shelves, perhaps as the result of an earthquake in the second half of the third century.

"A large oven to the south of the northeast house (F in fig. 32) with a diameter of 2 m. had a terracotta bread stamp or model next to it. This may belong to a commercial bakery.

"The 1:1000 topographical recording of the citadel continued with the entire middle zone between the

acropolis and the gymnasium and Demeter terraces. "The Roman building given the name of Hestiaion

(AJA 91 [1987] 27) was restored to its original floor level; its walls were partly repaired in distinctive tech-

nique. Ancient andesite columns have been put in

place of what must have been marble Roman columns

(fig. 33). "Trajaneum. The drawings and photographs of the

temple blocks were largely completed. A tentative fit-

ting of the northwest corner of the pediment (fig. 34)

allows study of the exact positioning and condition of the pieces. For the planned anastylosis, the lower column drums, stylobate, and orthostats are poorly preserved, but copies are being cast out of carefully selected and conditioned cement with fine marble tem-

per. The restoration of the south end of the east stoa was completed with a floor of andesite rubble and installation of a marble pier and central base block of the triple east door (fig. 35)."

Reports appeared in AA 1986, 415-41; Symposium 8:2 (1986) 215-32. A lead-glazed relief vessel from

Pergamon is published by W. Radt in IstMitt 35 (1985) 195-216. The first volume of the final reports of the city excavations is M.N. Filgis and W. Radt, Die Stadtgrabung I. Das Heroon (AvP 15:1, 1986).

Elaia. The wooden sarcophagus salvaged from a

plundered tumulus at Elaia, on the coast ca. 30 km. southwest of Pergamon, is published in IstMitt 35 (1985) 139-72.

Smintheion-Troas. Dr. Cogkun Ozgiinel found a few additional fragments of sculpture belonging to the column and temple friezes of the Smintheion. In 1986, the Roman bridge over the Tuzla Qay near Gilpinar was investigated. This bridge is also discussed by J.M. Cook, The Troad (Oxford 1973) 225-26. The cause-

way and approaches to the bridge were cleared. The total length is 150 m. For the work in 1985 see Sym- posium 8:2 (1986) 47-57.




Fig. 34. Pergamon. Trajaneum temple. Northwest corner of pediment assembled.

PROPONTIS, THRACE, BITHYNIA

Prokonnesos. In 1986, Dr. Nusin Asgari reports, several large blocks from eight different quarries were taken to the open-air museum. Eleven unfinished Co- rinthian capitals, architectural blocks with mason's marks, and tools for moving large blocks are among the new discoveries.

Iznik-Nikaia. Excavations in the theater area continue annually under the direction of Dr. Bedri Yal- man. A statue base of Nemesis was found in 1985. Symposium 8:2 (1986) 233-57; AnatSt 36 (1986) 198- 200. The inscriptions of Nikaia are being studied by Dr. Sencer Sahin.

Bithynia. The historical geography of Phrygia Epiktetos and the identification of the Gallos river are discussed by Dr. Sencer Sahin in EpigAnat 7 (1986) 125-67, with reference to old Phrygian cultural elements.

Herakleia Pontica. Ekrem Akurgal published the Archaic head of a Persian, now in the Ankara Muse- um, in H. Kyrieleis ed., Archaische und klassische Plastik (Mainz 1986) 1-14.

Ainos-Enez. Prof. Afif Erzen annually continues his excavations in the citadel of Ainos. The soundings reach Hellenistic and Classical levels. Thasian stamped amphora handles are published in EpigAnat

Fig. 35. Pergamon. Trajaneum. South end of restored east stoa.




Fig. 36. Hierapolis. Theater 1986.

7 (1986) 7-16, inscriptions 65-70. For the excavations see Symposium 8:2 (1986) 273-90; AnatSt 36 (1986) 190-93.

Perinthos. Dr. Nuyin Asgari's report on the recording of the city plan, rescue excavation, and arrangement of an open-air museum appeared in IX. Tiirk Tarih Kongresi (1986) 451-58. In 1986, the stadium of Perinthos was discovered. Modern building activities annually bring more ancient walls and tombs to light. In IX. Tiirk Tarih Kongresi 549-52, Dr. Veli Sevin comments on a coastal survey of the Propontis area.

PHRYGIA

Aizanoi. The work in the stadium-theater complex undertaken in 1982-1984 by Adolf Hoffmann is reported upon in AA 1986, 683-98. Claudia Naumann discusses the Mediaeval castle of Aizanoi in IstMitt 35 (1985) 275-94.

Pessinus. M. Waelkens presents an important clarification of the building history of the sanctuary excavated at Pessinus from 1967-1973, EpigAnat 7 (1986) 37-73. Below the Imperial temple are two earlier building levels associated with Phrygian pottery of

the fifth to fourth centuries B.C. The peripteral Ro- man temple with its colonnaded court and theater on the west side is probably Tiberian; the cult may have shifted from Kybele to an imperial cult at that time; another Sebasteion?

Quarries. Continuing studies are reported upon in Research Symposium 4 (1986) 113-26 by M. Wael- kens et al. and 127-32 on Dokimeion; see also collo- quium abstracts, AJA 91 (1987) 313.

Midaion. The site of Midaion?-Karahiiyiik is com- mented on by Giilven Yumrukpaglar in Arkeoloji ve Sanat 24-27 (1984) 20-24, with illustrations of stelae and coins in the Eskigehir Museum.

Hierapolis. Prof. Daria de Bernardi Ferraro reports on the various sectors of excavation: "In the theater, further restoration was postponed while the orchestra was being cleared (fig. 36). The second and third order of the scaenae frons have been studied, surveyed, and drawn.

"In the west side of the agora, Prof. Francesco D'Andria explored rural houses of the 12th and 13th centuries A.C. built with much use of spolia from the west portico and the necropolis. These houses overlie a Late Antique settlement of the sixth century built




into the portico, partly ruining it. New parts of the portico were excavated towards the gate of Frontinus. On the east side of the agora, the steps and fragments of the Ionic facade were traced to the north. In the center, the colonnade was interrupted by a two-storied building with figured capitals (sphinxes) and sculp- tured figures of lions attacking bulls.

"In the north necropolis, the survey and prosopo- graphy of the sarcophagi continued: 468 sarcophagi, mostly of the second and first half of the third century, were studied in 1986, bringing the total to 1372. In the small necropolis to the southeast, the survey of chamber tombs, tumuli, and rock-cut sarcophagi was completed. These tombs date from the first century B.C. to the third century A.C."

D'Andria discusses the cycle of Apollo in the theater frieze in EIADZAOHOIIA. Actes du Colloque sur les problmes de l'image dans le monde miditerranden classique (Rome 1985) 51-59; see also Symposium 8:2 (1986) 193-98.

CAPPADOCIA, LYCAONIA

Terzili Hamam. The Roman Baths at Terzili Ha- mam-Sarikaya, 16 km. southeast of Ali?ar, were studied by Richard Haines in 1932. The report is now published with an introduction by K. Bittel in IstMitt 35 (1985) 227-35.

Avanos-e?ttepe. M. Coindoz publishes a stone tumulus ca. 3 km. west of Avanos, on a ridge near the right bank of the Kizilirmak. This is a large tumulus, ca. 30 m. high, constructed of stones without addition of soil.

Corum. A rock-cut relief of a seated female figure, perhaps Kybele, 3.16 m. high, was discovered in a niche above the Qekerek river near Incesu-Ortak6y, ca. 62 km. southeast of Qorum. The style is Hellenis- tic. A report by Erol Atalay and Ahmet Ertekin appeared in Eski Eserler ve Miizeler Biilteni 8 (1986) 19-26. The hill on the opposite side of the river has

rock-cut chambers and staircases, and a walled citadel to the east. The authors connect this site with the Pon- tic dynasty of Amaseia-Amasya.

Konya. A group of Roman sculptures found at Ya- gllbayat (Savatra) ca. 50 km. east of Konya in 1984 is published in Eski Eserler ve Miizeler Bilteni 7 (1986) 26-29.

Meydancikkale-Guilnar. Dr. Alain Davesne reports the completion of the study of the great Hellen- istic hoard found at this site in Cilicia Tracheia in 1980 (5215 silver coins of Alexander the Great and Diadochi). The publication by A. Davesne and G. le Rider is forthcoming.

"In 1986, activities were resumed at the site. A topographical survey and grid were established for the site as well as absolute levels.

"A rock-cut shaft of 2 x 3 m. was cleared to 15.50 m. depth and continues down. A lateral opening leads to a natural cave.

"Two Aramaic inscriptions, one at the entrance to the site and the other in a rock-cut tomb, have been studied by A. Lemaire. Although poorly preserved, they can be dated and provide the Persian name of the city, known from other sources. This reveals a Persian occupation of the site of some importance also attested by other monuments discovered at Meydancikkale: a built tomb with statues in front, and reliefs in Persian style (CRAI 1981, 357, fig. 2)."

The historical and geographical context of these inscriptions will be discussed by A. Davesne and A. Le- maire (evidence for Meydancikkale = Kirwu, known from Neriglissar's third-year Neo-Babylonian chron- icle, 557 B.C.) and H. Otten (Treaty of Tarhuntavva) at the Academie in Paris in June 1987.

DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICAL AND

NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY

BRYN MAWR COLLEGE

BRYN MAWR, PENNSYLVANIA 19Igo



archaeology in anatolia

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