Archetype 1

ArchetypeAn archetype (pron.: /ˈɑrkɪtaɪp/) is a universally understood symbol, term,[1] statement, or pattern of behavior, aprototype upon which others are copied, patterned, or emulated. Archetypes are often used in myths and storytellingacross different cultures.In psychology, an archetype is a model of a person, personality, or behavior.In philosophy, archetypes have, since Plato, referred to ideal forms of the perceived or sensible objects or types.In the analysis of personality, the term archetype is often broadly used to refer to:1. A stereotype— a personality type observed multiple times, especially an oversimplification of such a type.2. An epitome— a personality type exemplified, especially the "greatest" such example.3.3. A literary term to express details.Archetype refers to a generic version of a personality. In this sense, "mother figure" may be considered an archetype,and may be identified in various characters with otherwise distinct (non-generic) personalities.Archetypes are likewise supposed to have been present in folklore and literature for thousands of years, includingprehistoric artwork. The use of archetypes to illuminate personality and literature was advanced by Carl Jung early inthe 20th century, who suggested the existence of universal contentless forms that channel experiences and emotions,resulting in recognizable and typical patterns of behavior with certain probable outcomes. Archetypes are cited asimportant to both ancient mythology and modern narratives.

EtymologyFirst attested in English in 1540s,[2] the word archetype derives from the Latin noun archetypum, the latinisation ofthe Greek noun ἀρχέτυπον (archetupon) and adjective ἀρχέτυπος (archetupos), meaning "first-moulded",[3] whichis a compound of ἀρχή (archē,) "beginning, origin"[4] + τύπος (tupos), amongst others "pattern, model, type".[5]

Pronunciation note: The "ch" in archetype is a transliteration of the Greek chi (χ) and is most commonly articulatedin English as a "k".[6]

OriginsThe origins of the archetypal hypothesis date back as far as Plato. In the seventeenth century Sir Thomas Browneand Francis Bacon both employ the word 'archetype' in their writings, Browne employed it in The Garden of Cyrusattempts to depict archetypes in his citing of symbolic proper-names. Jung himself compared archetypes to Platonicideas. Plato's ideas were pure mental forms that were imprinted in the soul before it was born into the world. Theywere collective in the sense that they embodied the fundamental characteristics of a thing rather than its specificpeculiarities.The Platonist Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria used the term to describe the Imago Dei, and the GallicChristian theologian Irenaeus of Lyons used the term to describe the act of Creation.[7]

Jungian archetypesThe concept of psychological archetypes was advanced by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, c. 1919. In Jung'spsychological framework, archetypes are innate, universal prototypes for ideas and may be used to interpretobservations. A group of memories and interpretations associated with an archetype is a complex ( e.g. a mothercomplex associated with the mother archetype). Jung treated the archetypes as psychological organs, analogous tophysical ones in that both are morphological constructs that arose through evolution.[8]

Jung outlined five main archetypes:

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• The Self, the regulating center of the psyche and facilitator of individuation,• The Shadow, the opposite of the ego image, often containing qualities with which the ego does not identify, but

which it possesses nonetheless,• The Anima, the feminine image in a man's psyche, or• The Animus, the masculine image in a woman's psyche,• The Persona, the image we present to the world, usually protecting the Ego from negative images (like a mask),

and considered another of 'the subpersonalities, the complexes'.[9]

Although archetypes can take on innumerable forms, there are a few particularly notable, recurring archetypalimages:

• The Child • The Damsel in distress• The Hero • The Trickster or Fox• The Martyr • The Devil or Satan• The Sky Father • The Scarecrow• The Great Mother • The Mentor• The Wise old man or Sage • The Warrior• The Wise Old Woman/Man, archetypes of the collective unconscious •• The Threshold Guardian, a test to test the Hero.

Jung also outlined what he called archetypes of transformation, which are situations, places, ways, and means thatsymbolize the transformation in question. These archetypes exist primarily as energy and are useful in organizationaldevelopment, personal and organizational change management, and extensively used in place branding.

In pedagogy (teaching)Clifford Mayes (born 1953), professor in the Brigham Young University McKay School of Education, has developedwhat he has termed archetypal pedagogy. Mayes' work also aims at promoting what he calls archetypal reflectivity inteachers; this is a means of encouraging teachers to examine and work with psychodynamic issues, images, andassumptions, as those factors affect their pedagogical practices. Archetypal reflectivity, which draws not only uponJungian psychology but transpersonal psychology, generally offers an avenue for teachers to probe the spiritualdimensions of teaching and learning in non-dogmatic terms.In the USA, Mayes' two most recent works, Inside Education: Depth Psychology in Teaching and Learning (2007)and The Archetypal Hero's Journey in Teaching and Learning: A Study in Jungian Pedagogy (2008), incorporate thepsychoanalytic theories of Heinz Kohut (particularly Kohut's notion of the selfobject) and the object relations theoryof Ronald Fairbairn and D.W. Winnicott. Some of Mayes' work in curriculum theory, especially Seven CurricularLandscapes: An Approach to the Holistic Curriculum (2003) and Understanding the Whole Student: HolisticMulticultural Education (2007), is concerned with holistic education.

In literature and artArchetypes can be found in nearly all forms of literature, with their motifs being predominantly rooted in folklore.William Butler Yeats completed an automatic writing with his wife (Georgie) Hyde-Lees. Their book, A Vision,contains a mapping and list of 28 archetypes by these characters' will and fate. Tarot cards depict a system ofarchetypes used for divination of a persons' fate or story. In the Noh plays of Japan, the characters are skillfullydepicted with exaggerated expressions and elaborate costumes to clearly portray a system of archetypes.William Shakespeare is responsible for popularizing several archetypal characters. Falstaff, the bawdy rotund comic knight; Romeo and Juliet, the ill-fated ("star-crossed") lovers; Richard II, the hero who dies with honour; and many others. Although Shakespeare based many of his characters on existing archetypes from fables and myths (e.g., Romeo and Juliet on Arthur Brooke's Romeus and Juliet), Shakespeare's characters stand out as original by their contrast against a complex social literary landscape. For instance, in The Tempest, Shakespeare borrowed from a

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manuscript by William Strachey that detailed an actual shipwreck of the Virginia-bound 17th-century English sailingvessel Sea Venture in 1609 on the islands of Bermuda. Shakespeare also borrowed heavily from a speech by Medeain Ovid's Metamorphoses in writing Prospero's renunciative speech; nevertheless, the combination of these elementsin the character of Prospero created a new interpretation of the sage magician as that of a carefully plotting hero,quite distinct from the wizard-as-advisor archetype of Merlin or Gandalf. Both of these are likely derived frompriesthood authority archetypes, such as Celtic Druids, or perhaps Biblical figures like Abraham, Moses, etc.; or inthe case of Gandalf, the Norse figure Odin.Certain common methods of character depiction employed in dramatic performance rely on the pre-existence ofliterary archetypes. Stock characters used in theatre or film are based on highly generic literary archetypes. Apastiche is an imitation of an archetype or prototype in order to pay homage to the original creator.Sheri Tepper's novel Plague of Angels contains archetypical villages, essentially human zoos where a wide variety ofarchetypal people are kept, including heroes, orphans, oracles, ingénues, bastards, young lovers, poets, princesses,martyrs, and fools.Similarly, the song "Atlantis" by the folk singer Donovan mentions twelve archetypal characters leaving the sinkingAtlantis and spreading to the far corners of the world to bring civilization, though only five of the twelve arementioned in the song:

Knowing her fate, Atlantis sent out ships to all corners of the Earth.On board were the Twelve:The poet, the physician, the farmer, the scientist, the magician,And the other so-called Gods of our legends,Though Gods they were.

The superhero genre is also frequently cited as emblematic of archetypal literature.The young, flawed, and brooding antihero Spider-Man became the most widely imitated archetype inthe superhero genre since the appearance of Superman and Batman.—Bradford W. Wright, Comic Book Nation: The transformation of Youth Culture in America 212—Superman on the Couch by Danny Fingeroth 151

References[1] Definition of 'archetype' (http:/ / www. chegg. com/ homework-help/ definitions/ archetype-41)[2] Douglas Harper. "Online Etymology Dictionary - Archetype" (http:/ / www. etymonline. com/ index. php?search=archetype&

searchmode=none). .[3] ἀρχέτυπος (http:/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ hopper/ text?doc=Perseus:text:1999. 04. 0057:entry=a)rxe/ tupos), Henry George Liddell,

Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus[4] ἀρχή (http:/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ hopper/ text?doc=Perseus:text:1999. 04. 0057:entry=a)rxh/ ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A

Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus[5] τύπος (http:/ / www. perseus. tufts. edu/ hopper/ text?doc=Perseus:text:1999. 04. 0057:entry=tu/ pos), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A

Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus[6] "Pronunciation Challenges: Confusions and Controversy" (http:/ / www. bartleby. com/ 64/ C007/ 045. html#CH). .[7] Harrison, Charles (2003). Art in Theory, 1900 - 2000: An Anthology of Changing Ideas (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?id=SWu4SB92fHMC& pg=PA379& lpg=PA379& dq=Philo+ Judaeus+ and+ archetype#v=onepage& q=Philo Judaeus andarchetype& f=false). Blackwell Publishing. p. 379. ISBN 0-631-22707-5. .

[8] Boeree, C. George. "Carl Jung" (http:/ / www. ship. edu/ ~cgboeree/ jung. html). Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20060206030011/http:/ / www. ship. edu/ ~cgboeree/ jung. html) from the original on 6 February 2006. . Retrieved 2006-03-09.

[9] Murray Stein, Jung's Map of the Soul (1998) p. 106

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