architecture history eng. shireen abdelrahman. introduction تاريــخ العمـــارة...
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ARCHITECTURE HISTORY
ENG. Shireen Abdelrahman
INTRODUCTION تاريــخ العمـــارة
االغريقية العمــارةGreek Architecture
Acropolis of Athena
Acropolis of Athena Plan
Acropolis of Athena Plan
Acropolis of Athena Plan
Acropolis of Athena Plan
1. Acropolis "higher city", the sacred rock in the center of Athens. Initially, the Acropolis was the city itself and the center of public life, but when the city grew and democracy replaced kingship, public life move to the Agora and Pnyx and the Acropolis was restricted to a mostly religious role.
2. Agora both the market-place and the center of public life in the time of Socrates and Plato افالطون و . سقراط"agora" comes from the verb "ageirein meaning "to gather" and designated initially the assembly of the whole people لعامة صممت . as opposed to the council of chiefs , الشعبlater it means "market-place". This is the place where Socrates probably spent most of his life, talking with whomever he chance met3. Ceramicus
a public square and a suburb of Athens. it was the potter's "clay”الخزاف (kerameus) district The Ceramicus was also the place of burial for soldier dead in wars.
Acropolis of Athena Plan
Reconstrucion of the Agora in the 5th century
4. Long Walls System of defense of Athens linking the city to its harbor by two parallel walls, in order to protect the communication between the city and the sea against potential enemies, that is, the link of the city with its food supply and naval forces. The Long Walls were built by Periclesبركليس . 5. Odium of Pericles A public building in Athens built by Pericles and initially dedicated to musical performances -"Odeum”اوديوم comes from "ôdè" mean "song"). It hosted musical contests during the yearly festival of the Panathenæa سنوية ومهرجانات مسابقات . استضافة6. Panathenaic Way باناثينايك طريقThe road leading from the Dipylon to the Acropolis through the Agora, a new dress (peplos) was brought to the goddess in her temple of the Parthenon7. Aglaureion أجلوريونA sanctuary, built over the cliff -northern side of the Acropolis, and dedicated to Aglaurus, daughter of Cecrops, the first king of Athens. It is there that the Athenian ephebes used to take the pledge of allegiance to their homeland, invoking in it Aglaurus, along with Ares and other local and more divinities.
Arch of Hadrian, Athens
Reconstrucion of the Agora in the 5th century
8. Altar of Athena اثينا مذبحAncient altar to Athena and Erechtheus, that was used by the various temples that replaced one another on the Acropolis. 9. Chalcothece It means in Greek "case for bronze (chalcos) vessels", was used as a store house for bronze artifacts offered to Athena التحف لتخزين مركز. البرونزية10. Phaleron Harbour of Athens اثينا ميناء11.Olympeion The temple of Olympian Zeus زيوس . معبد12. Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus زيوس مالذThis sanctuary was dedicated to Zeus as protector of the polis (the city), "polieus". 13.Theater of DionysusThe theater dedicated to Dionysus, at the southern foot of the hill of Acropolis, where dramatic and tragedy contests were held during the festival of the Great Dionysia.
Acropolis of Athena Plan
Entire altar, more-or-less frontal view
Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens
Stiles olympiou dios
Ancient Athens (part 1)
Reconstrucion of the Agora in the 5th century
Herodion theater
14. Erechtheion This temple was built to replace the older temple of Athena and was
also dedicated to Erechtheus في القديم الهيكل محل ليحل بنيكان one of the legendary kings of Athens, Poseidon himself , أثينا
) في االسطوريون الملوك من واحد ارخثيون الملك لعبادة مكرس اثينا
15. Older temple of Athena location where several temples to Athena Polias (protector of the
city المدينة were successively built, taking advantage of the ( حاميleveling of the ground that had been done earlier for a Mycenaean palace.. The temple hosted a wooden statue (xoanon) of Athena that was said to have fallen from the sky. The temple and the statue were destroyed and burned down by the Persians in 480 BC
Erechtheion
the Erechtheion's southwest corner with the porch of the Caryatids.
Porch of the Caryatidsشرفة
the Caryatids At the south porch of the Erechtheion
16. Parthenon The temple of Athena, the Virgin Goddess العذراء parthenos" in") اآللهةGreek), protector of Athens, at the top of the Acropolis. Its construction, on the site of two earlier temples by Pericles and took 10 years, 438 to 447 BC.
The architects who built it were Ictinus and Callicrates, working under the leadership of Phidiasفيدياس , a friend of Pericles, who sculpted the statue of Athena that was inside the temple forty talents of pure gold had been used for the plating of the statue الخالص الذهب من التمثال , طالءand could be removed in case of financial need.
Parthenon, Athens
The Acropolis of Athens
Parthenon Temple
Parthenon Temple
Temple of Poseidon-Temple of Neptune
Digital composite of the Parthenon.The east pediment's reconstruction as it appears in the Acropolis Museum
Digital composite of the Parthenon with the west pediment superimposed.
The Parthenon, the west facade.
the southeast end of the Parthenon, with the horses of Helios (Sun) and the waking Dionysus are visible on the pediment, and the damaged metopes and triglyphs over the Doric capitals
Marble inscription from the Acropolis.
Marble inscription from the Acropolis.
17.Temple of Athena Nike The construction of that small temple dedicated to Athena as provider of victory was planed in the time of Pericles, and its plans probably drawn by Callicrates, the architect of the Parthenon, but, for lack of money and because of the war, it was not complete
18. Propyla propulaia means "entrance", "what stands before the doors (pro-pulai)". it were built by Pericles as part of his plans to enhance the site. Construction started in 437 BC. and was paid for with the money from the tribute levied on "allies” المفروضة الجزية من ثمنهاIt lasted until 432, but it is never completed because of the Peloponnesian war.
Propylea
Picture of the north wing of the Propylaia
the south wing of the Propylaia.
Picture of the Acropolis Propylaia
Architectural elementsRoof tiles
The earliest finds of roof tiles in archaic Greece are documented from a very restricted area around Corinth Greece, where fired tiles began to replace thatched roofs at two temples of Apollo and Poseidon between 700-650 BC.[1] Spreading rapidly, roof tiles were within fifty years in evidence for a large number of sites around the Eastern Mediterranean, including Mainland Greece, Western Asia Minor, Southern and Central Italy.[2] Early roof tiles showed an S-shape, with the pan and cover tile forming one piece. They were rather bulky, weighting around 30 kg apiece.[3] Being more expensive and labour-intensive to produce than thatched, their introduction has been explained with their greatly enhanced fire resistance which gave desired protection to the costly temples.[4The spread of the roof tile القرميد technique has to be viewed in سقفconnection with the simultaneous rise المتزامن of monumental االرتفاعarchitecture in Archaic Greece اليونان في العتيقة المعمارية Only the . الصروحappearing stone walls, which were replacing the earlier mud brick and wood walls, were strong enough to support the weight of a tiled roof.[5] As a side-effect, it has been assumed that the new stone and tile construction also ushered in the end of 'Chinese roof' (Knickdach) construction in Greek architecture, as they made the need for an extended roof as rain protection for the mud brick walls.