are all macroscopic phenomena derivable from microscopic laws? · 2019-01-29 · equations...
TRANSCRIPT
Are all macroscopic phenomena derivable
from microscopic laws? Mahendra K. Verma
[email protected] http://turbulencehub.org
Physics, IIT Kanpur
https://dfcollin.files.wordpress.com/2010/05
“To prove, with a single equation, that time had a beginning.”
“With one simple elegant equation to explain everything.”
Hawking at his thesis defence!
References
• P. Anderson, More is different, Science, 1972.
• R. Feynman, Character of Physical Laws
Ancient model Aristotle
wikipedia
• Objects are made of 4 elements:
• Fire, air, water, earth
• Indian thoughts-5 elements: Above 4 + Ether
• Objects try to go its natural state
• Earth is dynamic, impure, and changing
• Heavens is pure and unchanging!
• Laws of the Earth different from that of heavens!!
Verma, Introduction to Mechanics
Renaissance 1500-1700
Credits: wikipedia
• Heavens are changing too!
• Jupiter has moons as well, and they go around Jupiter!
• So, may be laws of heavens and Earth are the same!!
• Biggest argument—Law of universal gravitation
Newton’s laws; Law of universal
gravitation
S
E
Ma = ω2 R ∝R/T2 ∝ 1/R2
Kepler’s third law: T2 ∝ R3
F=ma ∝ 1/R2
Credits: wikipedia
E
M
Now treat Earth as centre
Moon, ball
a1/a2 = (R2/R1)2
a2 = 9.8 m/s2
Newton measured it… found it to be quite close to 9.8 m/s2!
Thus, discovered the Law of universal gravitation
• Electric and Magnetic force have same origin (Maxwell’s equation)
• EM + weak nuclear (Same force-different manifestation): Glashow, Salam, Weinberg
• EM + weak nuclear + strong nuclear (Standard model)
• EM + nuclear + gravity: ???
• Race to unify gravity is ON!
Unified theory/ Single Lagrangian
Theory of everything! TOE!
Is it?
Reductionist paradigm
Critic on Reductionism!
“The main fallacy in this kind of thinking is that the reductionist hypothesis does not by any means imply a constructionist one: The ability to reduce everything to simple fundamental laws does not imply ability to start from those laws and reconstruct the universe.”
Phil Anderson
Science, 1972
Stephan Hawking“I think the next [21st] century will be the century of complexity. We have already discovered the basic laws that govern matter and understand all the normal situations. We don’t know how the laws fit together, and what happens under extreme conditions.
But I expect we will find a complete unified theory sometime this century. There is no limit to the complexity that we can build using those basic laws.”
https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Complexity
X
Same forces works in all these systems. But this is only one aspect of things.
But the systems are very differently organised!
e.g., knowing the physics of bricks will not help us understand the beauty in architecture of beautiful buildings!!
Human metabolism To human behaviour ????
More complexity coming from laws of structure—stresses and strains in beams, columns, etc.
Laws at different levels stand on their own merit!
Physics, biology, psychology, and economics.
Laws @ all levels
in Biology
Hierarchical structures…DNA, cells, muscles, bones, blood, neutrons
systems like digestive, skeleton,…
senses, mind (psychology)
Anderson, 1972
in Physics
Microscopic laws!
Lagrangian for standard model is known!
Complex ones!
Atmosphere, stars, dynamo, bio-physics
Macroscopic laws
Fluids and gases, … Universe
(superfluids)
Which is a bigger challenge: Equation or the solution?
Is stating the equation of a system a complete description of the problem?
Role of computer solution or data science?
Illustrate using physics examples
Phase transition
• Landau & Wilson showed universality in PT.
• Liquid-vapor transition ⇔ Para-ferro transition.
• Large-scale physics: φ4 and φ6 theory
• Independent of microphysics (except its broad nature like local interactions).
• Mob behaviour— very different from individual behaviour.
Turbulence
NS equation
∂tu+ (u.∇)u = −∇σ +ν∇2u+ f
∇.u = 0
Velocity field
PressureExt. Force
Kinematic viscosity
viscous term
Turbulent limit: Re = UL/ν ≫1
Equations known—Solution Not! (Millennium problem)
Prove or give a counter-example of the following statement:
“In three space dimensions and time, given an initial velocity field, there exists a vector velocity and a scalar pressure field, which are both
smooth and globally defined, that solve the Navier–Stokes equations.”
$1 Million Clay prize
Not clear if smooth solution exists!
XY
Z
Verma, Physics of buoyant flows
Vorticity surface counters
Credits: Abhishek Kumar
Kolmogorov’s theory of turbulence
Energy supplied at large scale
Energy cascades … scale by scale (Fourier analysis)
Constant flux Π(k)
E(k) = KKoΠ2/3k−5/3
!
Π"(!)
#(!)!d
k
!f
Π"(!) Π"(!+dk)
Verma, Physics of buoyant flows
Verma et al., Fluid Dyn, 2018
What do we learn from turbulence?
• Kolmogorov’s theory is macroscopic law.
• Though NS equation can be derived from kinetic theory (microscopic), concepts like flux are macroscopic quantities.
• Energy transfers are asymmetric in time (LS to Small scales). Nonequilibrium
Arrow of time
• Asymmetric energy transfer easily sets the arrow of time.
• This is possibly the solution for many driven nonlinear systems.
• We can also define dissipation as a loss of coherent kinetic energy to heat energy of microscopic particles.
Variable energy flux
(k+dk)ββ
ΠΠ(k)
𝓕(k)dk
D(k)dk
𝓕(k) < 0
𝓕(k) > 0
⇒ Π(k) decreases
⇒ Π(k) increases
ddk
Π(k) = ℱ(k) − D(k)
Connection to finance!Money supply from the centre!
Goes to states, district, … villages
Corruption — F(k) <0
Philanthropy — F(k) >0
Buoyancy-driven turbulence
XY
Z
Hot Plate
Cold Plate
Periodic
Periodic
Eu(k) ∼ k-11/5
Πu(k) ∼ k-4/5
Not Kolmogorov-like
Kumar et al., PRE 2014
Bolgiano-Obhukhov
Kolmogorov-like
Verma et al, 2017 Verma 2018
Cold
Hot
Verma, Physics of buoyant flows
t=49 t=149t=98-4 0 4
XY
Z
Y
X X X
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
Rotating turbulence
Sharma et al., 2017
Dynamic pressure vs. thermodynamic pressure
P +½ ρu2 = CBernoulli's principle
http://mad-vik-low.blogspot.com/2013/08/bernoullis-principle.html
Fluid — A multiscale picture
Lessons from turbulence!
• Kolmogorov’s law would be very very difficult (impossible) to derive from the first principles.
• Concepts like energy flux and dynamic pressure come from macroscopic description—not kinetic theory.
• Variable energy flux (macrophysics idea) help us understand these varied systems better.
Conclusions
Different (emergent) behaviour at different scales?
Different laws at different levels
Not all macroscopic laws are derivable from microscopic laws.
At least, conveniently!
There may be some common principles.Large-scale modes play bigger role
Energy flux ideas!
These laws stand on their own merit! (with connections)
Thank you!