Are MODS and MADS in your future?

Barbara Albee

Indiana University School of Library and Information Science Indianapolis

Susan Leach-Murray

Johnson County Public Library

2007 Indiana Library Federation Conference

November 14, 2007

One way to organize your library…

What is MARC? Technical encoding of data elements

Structure (syntax) Tagging (semantic)

Rules for data content Mechanism by which computers

exchange, use, and interpret bibliographic information Authority data, holdings, classification,

community information fields 3 components: leader, fixed, variable

fields

Type  a    ELvl      Srce      Audn  j    Ctrl      Lang  eng    BLvl  m    Form     Conf  0    Biog      MRec      Ctry  cau   

Cont      GPub      LitF  0    Indx  0    Desc  a    Ills  a     Fest  0    DtSt  s    Dates  1993,  

010       92005291  040       DLC ‡c DLC ‡d OCLCQ ‡d BAKER 020       0152038655 : ‡c $15.95 020       9780152038656 029  1_ YDXCP ‡b 90666 029  1_  NZ1 ‡b 4294545 042       lcac 050  00 PS3537.A618 ‡b A88 1993 082  00 811/.52 ‡2 20 049       XULA 100  1_ Sandburg, Carl, ‡d 1878-1967. 245  10 Arithmetic / ‡c Carl Sandburg ; illustrated as an anamorphic

adventure by Ted Rand. 

250       1st ed. 260       San Diego : ‡b Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, ‡c c1993. 300       1 v. (unpaged) : ‡b ill. (some col.) ; ‡c 26 cm. 500       One Mylar sheet included in pocket.520       A poem about numbers and their characteristics. Features

anamorphic, or distorted, drawings which can be restored to normal by viewing from a particular angle or by viewing the image's reflection in the provided Mylar cone. 

650  _0 Arithmetic ‡v Juvenile poetry.650  _0 Children's poetry, American.

What is XML?

Some Definitions A markup language for creating special-

purpose markup languages, capable of describing many different kinds of data

XML is a text markup language defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (WC3, www.w3c.org) that provides a means of organizing data in a text formatted file

XML is metalanguage: agencies define their own XML to suit their task by creating Document Type Definitions (DTDs) or XML schema

An XML document is a tree of nested elements Each element has an starting and ending tag, marked by

angle brackets, with content in between:<element>…content…</element>

What is MARKUP Language?

Addresses the structure of a document Conveys instructions to software that will

process text to: Index the text for searching To render the text (e.g., for screen display or print) Transform the text (e.g., for a voice synthesizer) for

some output device(s)

The markup is generally invisible to end-users

XML example<?xml version="1.0"?> <Recipe> <Name>Lime Jello Marshmallow Cottage Cheese Surprise</Name> <Description> My grandma's favorite. </Description> <Ingredients>

<Ingredient> <Qty unit="box">1</Qty> <Item>lime gelatin</Item> </Ingredient> <Ingredient> <Qty unit="g">500</Qty> <Item>multicolored tiny marshmallows</Item></Ingredient> <Ingredient> <Qty unit="ml">500</Qty> <Item>Cottage cheese</Item> </Ingredient> <Ingredient> <Qty unit="dash"/> <Item optional="1">Tabasco sauce</Item> </Ingredient> </Ingredients> <Instructions> <Step> Prepare lime gelatin according to package instructions </Step> <!-- And so on... --> </Instructions> </Recipe>

What is MARCXML? Developed by LC in 2002 Based on the W3C XML standard A framework for working with

MARC data in an XML environment

Flexible and extensible to allow users to work with MARC data in ways

specific to their needs

All of the essential data in a MARC record is converted and expressed in XML

Framework includes many components such as schemas, style sheets and software tools

XML example.doc

WHY Library of Congress Focus on Metadata?

Descriptive metadata deemed important in the current operations at the Library of Congress

Pathways for support and evolution into the future, for an extension schema to:

FRBR, METS

Broader metadata needs with digital materials

XML has more capability for hierarchy

LC Focus, cont’d Advantages of moving MARC into the

XML environment Flexibility, extensibility Help assist in interoperability and the

transferability of cataloging records between metadata standards (like MODS, DC, ONIX)

Need for a pared down version of the full MARC with language based tags Less complex Yet still rich in description

LC Focus on MARC in XML Large investments in MARC systems Retooling to make use of flexibility of

XML Libraries may receive records using

other metadata schemes in XML Collaborative use of metadata for

harvesting OAI SRU (Web service based on Z39.50)

Evolution of MARC 21 Take advantage of XML

Establish standard MARC 21 in an XML structure

Take advantage of freely available XML tools Develop similar but compatible

alternatives MODS, MADS

Allow for interoperability with different schemas Assemble coordinated sets of tools

Provide continuity with current data Provide flexible transition options

MODS

Metadata Object Descriptive Schema

What is MODS?

Metadata Object Description Schema

Derivative of MARC 21

XML Schema Language

Why MODS?

XML (Extensible Markup Language) is the markup for the Web

Investigating XML as a new more flexible syntax for MARC element set

Need for rich descriptive metadata in XML but simpler than full MARC, especially for complex digital library objects

Potential Uses of MODS As a rich (but not too rich) XML

metadata format for emerging initiatives Z39.50 Next Generation specified format extension schema to METS to represent metadata for harvesting (OAI) As an interoperable core for convergence

between MARC and non-MARC XML descriptions

For original resource description in XML syntax using language based tags

Features of MODS Uses language-based tags Elements generally inherit semantics of

MARC Elements particularly applicable to

digital resources MODS does not assume the use of any

specific rules for description Element descriptions are reused

throughout the schema Use of XML schema allows for flexibility

and availability of freely available tools

100 1_ Alterman, Eric.245 10 Sound and fury : |b the making of the punditocracy / |c Eric Alterman.260 __ Ithaca, N.Y. : |b Cornell University Press, |c c1999.300 __ vii, 322 p. ; |c 23 cm.504 __ Includes bibliographical references (p. 291-312) and index.650 _0 Journalism |x Political aspects |z United States.651 _0 United States |x Politics and government |y 20th century.650 _0 Mass media |x Political aspects |z United States.650 _0 Television and politics |z United States.650 _0 Press and politics |z United States.650 _0 Television talk shows |z United States.

MARC Example

<titleInfo>

<title>Sound and fury :</title>

<subTitle>the making of the punditocracy /</subTitle>

</titleInfo>

<name type="personal">

<namePart>Alterman, Eric</namePart>

<role>

<roleTerm type="text">creator</roleTerm>

</role>

</name>

<subject authority="lcsh">

<topic>Journalism</topic>

<topic>Political aspects</topic>

<geographic>United States.</geographic>

</subject>

<subject authority="lcsh">

<geographic>United States</geographic>

<topic>Politics and government</topic>

<temporal>20th century.</temporal>

</subject>

MODS High-Level Elements Title Info Name Type of resource Genre Origin Info Language Physical description Abstract Table of contents Target audience

Note Subject Classification Related item Identifier Location Access conditions Extension Record Info

MODS Advantages MODS is intended to complement other

metadata formats

General purposes: not tied to particular type of material

Element set simpler than the full MARC format

Schema is more end user oriented than the full MARCXML schema

MODS Advantages, Cont’d

Due to its flexibility and use of XML, MODS may potentionally be used as:1. Z39.50 Next Generation specified format2. Metadata set for harvesting information4. For creating original resource metadata records in an XML syntax

Limitations of MODS

Specific data may be dropped

Uses more general tags than MARC

Does not target round-tripability with MARC21

MODS For Thought

“What we do know is that the existence of may types of metadata [like MODS] will prove critical to the continued physical and intellectual accessibility and utility of [information resources]”

--Anne J. Gillaland, “Introduction to Metadata”

One more thought…….

“[Resources] will increasingly be open to other applications to manipulate, index, and transform.

--Roy Tennant, LJ, September 15, 2007

MADSMetadata Authority Descriptive Schema

MADS Definition

An XML schema for encoding authority-based indexing terms about people, organizations, events, places, subjects and genres, etc.

MADS is essentially an XML rendering of MARC’s content

MADS is an XML schema for authorities, derivable from MARC authorities

MADS also simplifies some aspects of MARC

Authority Work Exists, Why?

Example: Madonna, who do we mean?

Mary, Blessed Virgin Saint Madonna, The

Madonna, 1958- Ciccone, Madonna Louise Veronica,

1958-

LC History with MADS Library of Congress' Network Development

& MARC Standards Office (2004) Drafted an XML schema for an authority

element set that can be used to provide metadata about people, organizations, events, and terms, topics, geographics, genres, etc.

Preliminary draft of this report was released in December 2005. The MADS report is available at: http://www.loc.gov/standards/mads/mads-mapping.html

Current version is 1.0 Created to serve as a companion to the

Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS) and Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS)

MADS Overview

MADS attempts to take traditional library concepts and give them expression using XML

Allows for the creation of authority files and various parts of the authority record Names, places and subjects in an XML based

standard Provides a place for personal and place name

variations, translations, and the source of the authorized version of LCSH

LC provides an XSLT style sheet to convert MARC 21 authority records to MADS

MADS Overview, cont’d Top level tags are authority, related and variant

Each has the same substructure In a MADS record, there must be one element

under <authority> Other elements can exist under <related> and

<variant> Each record may also have elements that contain

references to the authoritative heading. These may be descriptors of the element <related> or <variant>. Both these elements are composed of the same descriptors as used under <authority>

Name, titleInfo, topic, temporal, genre, geographic, hierarchicalGeographic, occupation

MADS & MODS Relationship MADS was created to serve as a

companion to the Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS)

MADS has a relationship to the MARC 21 Authority format - it is the authorities counterpart of MODS

MODS has relationship to MARC 21 Bibliographic

Both carry selected data from MARC 21 Both use XML schema language

MADS uses MODS schema for its definitions so they are fully compatible

Allows links from MODS to MADS record

<authority> Elements Include

NameTitleInfo

TopicTemporal

GenreGeographic

HierarchicalGeographicOccupation

<authority> Mapping for Personal Name Heading

Authority FileName 100100 $a$q100 $d 100 $b$c 100 $e 

MADS Counterpart<name> <name> with

type="personal“

<namePart><namePart> with

type="date" <namePart> with type=

"termsOfAddress" <role> <roleTerm> with

type="text" 

<authority> Mapping for Title

Authority FileTitle130$a$d$f$g$h$

k$l$m$o$r,$s130 $n (and

other subfields following as above)

130 $p (and other subfields following as above)

MADS

<titleInfo><title>

<partNumber>

<partName>

<authority> Mapping for Topical Heading

Authority File

150$a$b, 180$x100,110,111,130,

148,150,151, 155,

181, 185$x

MADS

<topic>Add <topic>

<authority> Mapping for Geographic Heading

Authority File

151$a, 181$z 100,110,111,130,

148,150, 151, 155, 180, 182, 185$z

MADS

<geographic> Add

<geographic>

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> - <mads xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/mads/" xmlns:mods=

http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3- xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"

xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.loc.gov/mads/ mads.xsd">

- <authority>- <name>  <namePart>Smith,John</namePart>   <namePart type="date">1995-</namePart>   </name>  </authority>- <variant type="other">- <name>  <namePart>Smith, J</namePart>   </name>  </variant>- <variant type="other">- <name>  <namePart>Smith, John J</namePart>   </name>  </variant>  <note type="history">Biographical note about John Smith.</note> - <affiliation>  <organization>Lawrence Livermore Laboratory</organization>   <dateValid>1987</dateValid>   </affiliation>  </mads>

Future of the Schema

Development is ongoing The standard will be developed and

maintained by the Network Development and MARC Standards Office of the Library of Congress with input from users

LC did a survey to gather comments from libraries and potential users

Community of Users

Library of Congress Libraries, digital libraries, archives Utilities such as OCLC Vendors

Supply cataloging records

Implementations: Experimental use reported (IFLA

report) Irish Virtual Research Library and

Archive

The End!