are women in eastern europe and western europe experiencing dramatically different effects of...
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Are women in Eastern Europe and Western Europe experiencing dramatically different effects of globalization? Evidence from a 13-country comparison
Prof. Dr. Heather Hofmeister, RWTH Aachen University
Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Blossfeld, University of Bamberg2007 Spring Meeting of RC28:24-27 May 2007, Brno, CZ
Social Inequality and Mobility in the Process of Social Transformation
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Presentation Format
What do we mean by globalization? How is globalization affecting individuals across the
life course in Europe? Youth, women, men, and older workers How do nation-specific contexts influence the
effects? In particular, patterns in Eastern versus Western Europe
How does globalization influence social inequalities for each group?
1999-2005
Leader: Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Blossfeld Deputy Director, 2003-‘05: Heather Hofmeister Scientists: 64, from 16 OECD countries plus Estonia Funding: Volkswagen Stiftung, €1,4 Million Data: collected from individuals over time Methods: longitudinal event history Foci:
Life course transitions within employment (and family) for youth, women, men, and older workers
The effects of recent globalization on individuals
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One recent measure of globalization
KOF Index of globalization (ETH Zurich, Dreher), measuring the degree of globalization in 123 countries
Measures: 34% is economic: flows and restrictions of goods,
capital, foreign investment 37% is social: personal contact (phone, travel),
information flows (radio, TV, internet), cultural mainstreaming (McDonalds)
28% is political: embassies, U.N. involvement, international memberships
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Graph of individual countries
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
Cou
ntry
-Spe
cific
KO
F G
loba
lizat
ion
Ind
US
UK
Sweden
Denmark
Germany
France
Netherlands
Italy
Spain
Ireland
Hungary
Czech Rep.
Poland
Estland
Overall Index ofGlobalization, World
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Figure of globalization
IC Technologies expand networks and exchange of
knowledge
IC Technologies expand networks and exchange of
knowledge
Higher levels of cross-border
exchange: goods, services, people
Higher levels of cross-border
exchange: goods, services, people
Increasing uncertainty for employersIncreasing uncertainty for employers
Increasing rates of innovation and
economic and social change
Faster market
transactions
Increasingly volatile and
unpredictable markets
Employers compete by increasing their “flexibility”Employers compete by increasing their “flexibility”
Deregulation and privatization of
industries creates more competition
Deregulation and privatization of
industries creates more competition
Any one market‘s fluctuations affect
other markets
Any one market‘s fluctuations affect
other markets
GLOBALIZATIONGLOBALIZATION
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Institutionally filteredInstitutionally filtered
How are
job security,
flexibility, and
work benefits
organized
How are
job security,
flexibility, and
work benefits
organized
How is the
transition
from education
to work
organized;
what retraining
chances exist
How is the
transition
from education
to work
organized;
what retraining
chances exist
What domain –
state, market,
family – should
protect people
from risk
(insurance, care,
retirement)
What domain –
state, market,
family – should
protect people
from risk
(insurance, care,
retirement)
Figure of globalization 2
Increasing uncertainty for employersIncreasing uncertainty for employers
Increasing uncertainty for exposed individualsIncreasing uncertainty for exposed individuals
Employers compete by increasing their “flexibility”Employers compete by increasing their “flexibility”
Employment systems
Employment systems
Educationsystems
Educationsystems
WelfareregimesWelfareregimes
How are
families
organized,
who has
caregiving and
earnings
responsibilities
How are
families
organized,
who has
caregiving and
earnings
responsibilities
FamilysystemsFamily
systems
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Welfare Regimes: bundles of policies
LiberalSecurity from the market
Family-orientedSecurity from families
ConservativeSecurity from a mix Post-
socialistShared historical context
Social-democraticSecurity from the state
USA
MEX
I
DK
NL
D-W
GB
S EST
H
CZ
E
PL
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Female labor force participation as a percent of all women of working age (15-64), 1970-2000
Source: Hofäcker (2006) using OECD Historical Data 2001
Social-democratic
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Year
DKSWE
Conservative
30405060708090
Year
NL
FRA
Germany
Family-oriented
30405060708090
Year
MEXITA
SPA
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Year
Post-socialist
NLHUN
HUN
CZE
EST
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Women’s labor market disadvantage
Women are often caregivers for their
families and children
Employers oftenwitness or assume
(statistical discrimination) less commitment
or experience from women workers or
job candidates Women often are hired last, fired first, paid and promoted
less, and shifted to lower-
prestige jobs
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Women‘s vulnerability for flexible work
What women want from flexible work
Whom employers want to hire for flexible work
“Personnel Flexibility”(Personalflexibilität)Available, willing, capable worker who can be hired and released as needed at the lowest possible wages.
“Personal Flexibility”(persönliche Flexibilität)
Secure work organized in a
time-flexible way
Flexible Work
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How are women‘s careers unfolding compared to
earlier generations or cohorts of women?
women in other countries? men at the same time in the
same country? (Grunow 2006, Blossfeld et al 2006)
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Research questions
1. Where and why are women increasing or decreasing their overall attachment to the labor market?
2. Where and why do women experience better- or worse-quality job chances?
3. Which characteristics make women especially protected or vulnerable? (Such as education, experience, family status?)
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Event-history models of employment transitions using longitudinal data.
Cohort comparisons across models of transitions.
Analysis: Case studies of 13 countries
USA
MEX
I
DK
NL
D-W
GB
S EST
H
CZ
E
PL
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1. Measuring labor market attachment
Job
Caregiving, not employed
New job
Reentry job
Unemployment
Staying in a job Looking for a job Returning to a job
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1. Results for labor market attachment
Rising attachment: 7 countries Declining attachment: 4 countries No change over time: 2 countries
Declining male wages (US, GB)
State support to stay in (S, NL)
High un-employ-ment (PL, H)
State supportto exit (DK)
Flexible work in Maquiladoras (MEX)Educational and service sector expansion (E, D, I)
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2. Measuring employment quality change
Job
Caregiving, not employed
New job type higher prestige same level lower prestige
Reentry job type higher prestige same level lower prestige
Unemployment
Change in job prestige Change between employment and unemployment
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2. Quality of employment is declining
Declining quality, rising uncertainty: 10 countries Stability in job careers: 3 countries Rising quality, declining uncertainty: 0 countries
State support to keep jobs secure (S, NL, DK)
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Summary
1. Women in Europe (and North America) are overall increasingly likely to work for pay, with some exceptions based on institutional settings.
2. Women‘s job quality/stability is declining or staying stable, meaning more movement to lower-quality jobs, to unemployment, and longer job search time.
3. Women‘s own characteristics influence their risks.Especially protected Especially vulnerable
highly educated low-educated more experienced workers frequent exitersfull-time workers part-time workers
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Commonalities among women under globalization The quality of women‘s employment is declining or
staying stable. Uncertainty is rising. Disadvantages for mid-life women are similar to
youth: More precarious and lower quality jobs More part-time work More jobs with lower occupational standing/income More and longer unemployment More downward mobility
Coping strategies Fewer and shorter exits at birth of child
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What is different between Eastern and Western Europe Poland and Hungary are exceptional in their declines in
women‘s labor market attachment through the 1990s. Discouraging job market situation + alternative role possible
Denmark is also exceptional in its declines in women‘s labor market attachment. Alternative policy for exiting instead of unemployment
Some Western European countries offer more state-organized job protection that protects women‘s career stability -- Sweden, Denmark, and the Netherlands.
Something we call the transition shock.
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%19
04-1
923
1924
-193
3
1934
-194
3
1944
-195
3
1954
-196
3
1964
-197
3
1974
-198
8
1904
-192
3
1924
-193
3
1934
-194
3
1944
-195
3
1954
-196
3
1964
-197
3
1974
-198
8
1904
-192
3
1924
-193
3
1934
-194
3
1944
-195
3
1954
-196
3
1964
-197
3
1974
-198
8
1988 1994 2002
USA
West Germany
Hungary
Percent of women who agree with the statement: „A man‘s role is to earn money, a woman‘s role is to look after the house and children“ (in % of birth cohort agreeing, 3 time points)
Sources: ISSP, Lück 2006
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Institutionally filteredInstitutionally filtered
Figure of globalization 2
Increasing uncertainty for employersIncreasing uncertainty for employers
... low-educated men and higher-educated women... low-educated men and higher-educated women
Employers compete by increasing their “flexibility”Employers compete by increasing their “flexibility”
Increasing uncertainty for minoritiesIncreasing uncertainty for minorities
... youth... youth
... low-educated women... low-educated women
... higher-educated men... higher-educated men
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Conclusions1. Globalization increases uncertainty in most life course
phases related to the labor market in most European countries.
2. Individual resources become increasingly important (e.g., education, experience, ascribed characteristics).
3. No strong line separates the effects of globalization on Eastern versus Western Europe.
4. Changes in domestic institutions (such as, but not limited to, economic transformations) can create newly vulnerable populations, particularly outsiders: often, but not limited to, youth and mid-life women.