‘research into use….renewing our strategy at the institute ...€¦ · ‘research into...
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‘Research into use….renewing our strategy at the Institute of Aquaculture, Stirling’
Dave Little and Francis Murray Sustainable Aquaculture Group, Institute of Aquaculture
Societal drivers
• Growth in demand globally for farmed seafood but ….. – Resource crunch (feed, water) and
competition for them – Impacts of intensification
• Demand for increasingly improved environmental and social benefits
• Reflected in support-UK Government, Scottish Government; EU Horizon 20-20, Private sector
BBSRC-NERC-new call for aquaculture research
• Mechanisms of disease (including parasite) infection and spread, including host-pathogen and environmental interactions
• Biology of health and disease resistance (including gut health and genetic resistance, effects of intensification)
• Immunology of infection and protection, including vaccinology • Tools, methods and technologies for diagnostics, experimental
resources, and environmental systems • New technologies for monitoring and predicting weather and
climate-related hazards and risks to the expanding aquaculture sector as it moves into environments more exposed to wind and waves
• Determining interactions between wild and farmed fish. • Assessing the long-term environmental capacity for increased
aquaculture production
EU-Horizon 2020 • Seven themes of which three:- • 1) Health, demographic change and well-
being • 2) Food security, sustainable agriculture
and forestry, marine and maritime and inland water research, and the bioeconomy
• 3) Climate action, environment, resource efficiency and raw materials
are particularly relevant
•
• Sealice control; interactions with wild salmonids; between farm transmission mechanisms , within Farm management practices; Health and welfare of cleaner fish; Non-chemical treatment of sea lice; Selective Breeding (focusing on resistance to sea lice).
• •Replacing scarce, marine-sourced components of aquaculture feeds with sustainable, alternative ingredients that will not adversely affect stock health and welfare or product quality
• • Food safety and hygiene for the shellfish sector, specifically: Norovirus detection and management; Detection, quantification and management of algal biotoxins in shellfish production
• • Better models for siting increasing production capacity through: that assess assimilative and biological carrying capacity for fish and shellfish farms in inshore and offshore marine ecosystems
Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (based at Stirling)
• “Innovation centres offer game changing opportunities for collaboration between our academic and business base. The investment and partnership model is unique and their potential for growth is huge”
• Alex Salmond MSP, First
Minister http://scottishaquaculture.com/
Links with fisheries Priorities for BBSRC/NERC, Marine Scotland, SAIC and MASTs are highly aligned Aquaculture as part of a broader marine sector • In Europe fisheries
remain dominant over aquaculture
• Maintaining relevance to both the local and, the much larger, global industry
FAO, 2014
Aquaculture as wild habitat • Aquaculture provides
habitat and food resource for wild fish
• Multiple species impacted: including commercial fisheries
• Monitoring Scottish sea cages using video and wild capture
• Fatty acid profiling to measure impact of feed on wild fish, including indirect trophic impacts
Scotland’s position in global aquaculture
• Important and increasing profile in Scotland’s food and drink economy
• Disproportionately benefits marginalised rural and urban communities
• Finfish sector highly consolidated over its 40 year history but shellfish remains more varied
• Either highly intensive (salmon) or completely extensive (shellfish)
International aquaculture
• Most aquaculture occurs in low and medium income countries (LMIC)
• High proportion of aquaculture is based in freshwater and expanding rapidly to meet seafood demand
• Major constraints to mariculture include higher risks and cost of access, reproductive and technology constraints of the farmed species
Fish consumption by location
http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article173.html
Fish consumption in terms of dietary protein http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article176.html
So, our international focus is on …. South and Southeast Asia
..from production to consumption
…. and West Africa
Sustainable intensification - a global aquaculture challenge
• Common issue of availability of quality feed ingredient supplies
• Access to markets-urbanisation and exports as drivers…developing importance of certification and standards
• Site selection-physical, environmental and social impacts –production to consumption
Resource efficiency in aquaculture: Fishmeal
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
1000
s to
nnes
Use of Fishmeal in Global Salmon and Vietnamese Pangasius Production
Salmon Production
Pangasius Production
Salmon FM
Pangasius FM
• Global salmon production consumes nearly 4 times as much fishmeal as Pangasius in Vietnam
• Innovation in aquafeed technology is improving the efficiency of fishmeal and oil use for many species
Tacon and Metian 2008; FAO Fishstat 2010
Replacement of marine fish oil with high-EPA oil from transgenic Camelina sativa in feeds for
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
1 2 3
Betancor et al
Vegetable oils
Alternatives to fish oil
Single-cell microalgae
Low price Nutritional quality
High n-3 LC-PUFA High production costs High production No LC-PUFA
Unpredictable supply Nutritional quality
GM-Oilseed crop
Betancor et al
Sealice control through integrated pest management
• “Cleaner fish”, Development of best
management strategies for the commercial deployment of cleaner fish in salmon farms.
• Vaccine development: an environmentally friendly tool for increasing sustainability of protein production in UK salmon aquaculture. Collaborators:
• Sainsburys, Pfizer limited, Moredun Research
Institute. TSB, Technology Strategy Board
Salmon farming in Scotland worth £585M (10% of world production)
Sea lice infestation cost the Scottish industry: £30 million/year
Reduced efficacy of licensed treatments is leading to a renaissance in alternative therapy development
The Sea lice challenge
Biological control of sealice using cleaner fish is the only “alternative treatment” currently available.
UK demand is for approx. 2 million cleaner fish per
annum
Aquaculture by-product utilisation research objectives
• Identify most economically attractive utilisation strategies
• Assess environmental performance of current and prospective technologies using Life Cycle Assessment
• Encourage synergies between industries
• Bring interesting innovative technologies to commercialisation
Aquaculture by-product availability
• The pangasius industry and supporting services have grown rapidly in the Mekong Delta
• European secondary processing is geographically diffuse • By-product estimates are ~700,000 tonnes for pangasius vs.
250,000 tonnes for salmon post filleting.
Source: Scottish Salmon Producers’ Organisation 20102 and Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries and coastal Affairs, 2009
Source: Vietnam Association of Seafood Producers and Exporters 2010
Pangasius Atlantic salmon
Newton, 2012
Insect protein for fish feeds…in Ghana and….. Loch Carron
http://www.proteinsect.eu/
Shellfish research needs
• Broodstock Management & Stock improvement
• Shellfish and food safety
Shellfish & Food Safety
Chemical contaminants and biohazards most relevant to the production of safe shellfish include:
• Pollution by chemical contaminants and biohazards in coastal areas impacts human health and economic activities
• .
Marine Bio-Toxins Pathogens Persistent Organic Pollutants
• More than 90% of enterprises are SMEs, particularly vulnerable to closure
Certification • Certification and ‘level playing fields’ • Roles of certification in improving
sustainability • Differentiation of qualities-Scotland’s’
environmental governance and Area based managed agreements models for zonation elsewhere?
Zonal approaches • Applicable to
Vietnamese and Indonesian shrimp farms?
• Cumulative environmental and shrimp disease impacts
• Challenges of cooperative action with numerous smallholders
Scottish salmon and welfare
• The specifics of the UK/EU markets and value of high welfare salmon
• Raising awareness of ‘potential ‘win-win’ scenarios to Asian stakeholders with low levels of interest/knowledge
The Hidden Costs of Eyestalk Ablation in Commercial Shrimp
Production
Stirling, Scotland
El Tigre, Honduras
More holistic, more locally informed? Ethical Aquatic Food Index (EAFI)
What is the EAFI?
• Tool for seafood selectors to compare various
Asian aquaculture products from 4 different countries.
• Encompasses all aspects of the industry under four broad themes: economic, welfare,
environmental and governance • Uses high-resolution, farm-level data collected
from a sample of farms from each country
Ethical Aquatic Food Index (EAFI)
Economic
Welfare
Environment
Governance
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Bangladeshi shrimp by theme
0
1
2
3
4
5
Ethical Aquatic Food Index (EAFI)
Economic Large
Economic Medium
Economic Small
Welfare Large
Welfare Medium
Welfare Small
Environment Large
Environment Medium
Environment Small
Governance Large
Governance Medium
Governance Small
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Bangladeshi shrimp by farm scale
0
1
2
3
4
5
Produce high-quality products for consumers
Contribute to sustainable regional economic growth
Provide adequate labour conditions
Minimise adverse impacts on the wider community
Practice transparent and fair business
Farm animals to high health and welfare standards
Maintain regional and global environmental quality
Demonstrate sustainable and ethical aquaculture industry governance
Exhibit effective government regulation and land-use planning
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Bangladeshi shrimp by principle
0
1
2
3
4
5
Aquaculture creating livelihood opportunities
Sustainable and pro-poor livelihood opportunities created in Sierra Leone through adoption of community-managed, mangrove-based oyster culture systems with value-added marketing attributes Murray et al, 2014
Local food security through export-based aquaculture?
• Shrimp in Asia produced in highly heterogeneous systems compared to consolidated developed country aquaculture
• More extensive systems in Bangladesh tend to support poorer people managing complex polycultures
• Subject to simplistic (and damaging) critiques on environmental and social grounds
L’Etang et al, forthcoming
Bangladesh Extensive & semi-
intensive shrimp, fish ponds
Semi-intensive prawn, fish, rice, dyke crops
Source: L. Falconer - Unpublished
Shrimp, prawns, fish, rice crops
Dry season Rainy season
Prawns Shrimp
Site suitability assessment Water Urban Protected
Highly unsuitable Highly suitable
Sui
tabi
lity
C
onst
rain
ts
Suitability based on existing farms
Mahalanobis typicality
Maxent
Local food chains and employment
• Income from ‘shrimp’ in extensive ponds southeast Bangladesh is less than half of total pond income
• Employment gains for the poorest groups
International aquaculture Scottish knowledge and opportunities?
Partner with us: www.aqua.stir.ac.uk/sarg [email protected]