argument mapping overview

Argument Mapping

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Simon Buckingham Shum

Knowledge Media Institute The Open University

W: simon.buckinghamshum.net E: [email protected]

T: 0770 212 5734 Tw: @sbskmi

Young Foundation, The Open University, 1st March 2012

Argument Mapping is part of a broader research programme …

Developing 21st Century capacities in children and adults

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Our capacities to cope with complexity… •  Deep Learning •  Sensemaking •  Resilience •  Complexity Thinking •  Critical Thinking •  Collective Intelligence

Applied to… •  Future of school/uni/

societal learning •  Participatory urban

planning •  Climate change •  Evidence-based policy •  E-Democracy

…and how to spot the above through web analytics http://people.kmi.open.ac.uk/sbs/tag/learning-analytics

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In a nutshell…

Argumentation is tough: • hard to learn for children and adults

• hard to grasp the arguments in complex debates (critical for engaged citizenship)

Arguments can be visually mapped in order to

clarify who is saying what and why

Web tools help make this an interactive experience and a collective endeavour

The evidence is that argument mapping can

improve learning (but not always)

Mapping the UK election TV debates

4 http://people.kmi.open.ac.uk/sbs/2010/04/debate-replay-with-map

Mapping a nuclear power debate on a blog

Mapping a nuclear power debate on a blog

Thanks to Anna De Liddo for mapping this Mark Lynas blog debate

Journalist mapping a public policy science debate in Germany

http://news.kmi.open.ac.uk/rostra/news.php?r=55&t=2&id=47

Mapping Queensland’s environmental public consultation

http://news.kmi.open.ac.uk/rostra/news.php?r=55&t=2&id=26

Mapping community views for participatory urban planning

http://www.sevensigma.com.au/what-we-have-done/case-studies.html

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Example: a “scientific argument” on National Front website

“What are the facts? Over almost seventy years, in study after study, conducted by scientists and educationalists in numerous countries, studies conducted by such bastions of racial rationalism as the Inner London Education Authority, the US Army, and Harvard and

Oxford Universities, on every measure of intellectual ability and educational attainment Blacks perform significantly worse, on average, than Whites. In the case of average IQ, for example, the average Negro figure is only 85% of the White average. In fact the higher the proportion of

White genes the higher the intelligence: a pure-bred Negro fresh out of Africa scores nearer 70%.”

Readers can consult Race by Dr. John R. Baker, former Reader in Cytology at Oxford University, published by the Oxford University Press, or The Testing of Negro Intelligence, an exhaustive review of hundreds of studies demonstrating racial differences in intellectual ability by Dr. Audrey M. Shuey, and of course there is The Bell Curve by Herrnstein and Murray.

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Analysing the NF “negro intelligence” case using argument mapping

Red link= “challenges”

Green link= “supports”

Hyperlink to evidence on a website

http://bit.ly/aP4M0P (View in Safari)

13 http://bit.ly/aP4M0P (View in Safari)

Refuting the NF “negro intelligence” argument using argument mapping


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Mapping the Iraq pre-emptive strike argument

www.kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/compendium/iraq

Mapping the ideas, themes and arguments in a complex debate (Iraq)

An overview map of pro-invasion authors

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Mapping the Iraq pre-emptive strike argument

Detailed argument map of an author’s article

www.kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/compendium/iraq

Teaching Yr 8’s evidence-based scientific deliberation through Dialogue Mapping

18 Okada, A. and Buckingham Shum, S. (2008). Evidence-Based Dialogue Maps as a Research Tool to Investigate the Quality of School Pupils’ Scientific Argumentation, International Journal of Research and Method in Education, 31(3), pp. 291–315 (Special Issue: Coffin, C. and O’Halloran, K.A, (Eds.) Researching Argumentation in Educational Contexts: New Methods, New Directions). Article PrePrint: http://oro.open.ac.uk/11773

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Once the structure of the argument is clear

(even if the answer isn’t) students produce an argumentative text

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http://cohere.open.ac.uk

Convergence of… web annotation social bookmarking concept mapping structured debate

Argument Mapping meets Web 2.0

directly annotate any website to serve as evidence in an argument map

22 De Liddo, A., Sándor, Á. and Buckingham Shum, S. (2012, In Press). Contested Collective Intelligence: Rationale, Technologies, and a Human-Machine Annotation Study. Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Eprint: http://oro.open.ac.uk/31052

Highlighted text becomes a new source for an idea, annotated in the margin, which becomes a node in

an argument map (private or shared)

— multiple learners/analysts building a map

23 De Liddo, A. and Buckingham Shum, S. (2010). Cohere: A prototype for contested collective intelligence. In: ACM Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW 2010) - Workshop: Collective Intelligence In Organizations, February 6-10, 2010, Savannah, Georgia, USA. http://oro.open.ac.uk/19554

ConnectionNet visualization: 11 Apr 2011 After about a month’s work, a set of islands...

“This is indicative of the stage I've got to — I

haven't seen the other connections yet”

ConnectionNet visualization: 31 May 2011

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A few weeks later, and more connections are visible…

“I’ve gradually managed to make more connections between different ideas”

ConnectionNet visualization: 01 June 2011

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“I began looking for ‘nexus points’ by

which I mean those ideas/concepts around which there is a cluster

of connections ”

It’s now a complex network of interconnected ideas…

Mapping the Deeper Learning literature

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‘Learner autonomy’ emerges as a key idea (strongly connected)

“‘Learner autonomy’ represents a variety of overlapping and

effective learning practices, and implies the learner can give

meaning to learning and create new learning tools”

Webcast: http://olnet.org/node/610

Evidence Hubs: based on Cohere, but tuned for a community of inquiry, e.g. the OER movement:

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ci.olnet.org

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Evidence Hub concept now being generalised to other communities (e.g. Vital)

http://LearningEmergence.net International network of researchers and practitioners working on deep learning, leadership, complex systems thinking and knowledge media

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Thematic Research Network

EducationalFutures

ork

A new OU network connec-ng researchers, prac--oners, futures analysts and other stakeholders

to envision and create be<er educa-onal futures

Articles, books, news, movies, software, user/developer community…

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CompendiumInstitute

http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/hyperdiscourse