arguments for nativism
DESCRIPTION
Arguments for Nativism. Various other facts about child language add support to the Nativist argument: Accuracy (few ‘errors’) Efficiency (quick, easy) Uniformity (within and across languages) Constrained (POS). Poverty of the Stimulus. If (i) children know X, and - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Arguments for Nativism
Various other facts about child language add support to the Nativist argument:
•Accuracy (few ‘errors’)
•Efficiency (quick, easy)
•Uniformity (within and across languages)
•Constrained (POS)
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Poverty of the Stimulus
If (i) children know X, and(ii) evidence for X is not sufficiently present
in the input to children,
then X must be innate.
Children come to know things that they should not know, given what they hear.
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Example of the POS: auxiliary inversion (Chomsky, 1971)
(1) the girl is thein market
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Example of the POS: auxiliary inversion (Chomsky, 1971)
(1) the girl is thein market
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Example of the POS: auxiliary inversion (Chomsky, 1971)
(1) the girl [t] thein marketIs ?
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Principle of Y/N Question Formation:
Move the auxiliary to the front of the sentence.
This works for 99% of the sentences in English. But not all…
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Sentences with Multiple Auxiliaries
John is in the house now that it is raining.
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Sentences with Multiple Auxiliaries
John is in the house now that it is raining.
Is John [t] in the house now that it is raining?
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Sentences with Multiple Auxiliaries
John is in the house now that it is raining.
Is John [t] in the house now that it is raining?
*Is John is in the house now that it [t] raining?
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Revised Principle of Y/N Question Formation:
Move the first auxiliary to the front of the sentence.
The girls is in the market
John is in the house now that it is raining.
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But…
a. The child that is sitting on the floor is hungry.
b. *Is the child that [t] sitting on the floor is hungry?
c. Is the child that is sitting on the floor [t] hungry?
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So what’s the principle?
[The child that is sitting on the floor] is hungry.[The child that is sitting on the floor]
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So what’s the principle?
Is [the child that is sitting on the floor] [t] hungry?
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• Linear Order Hypothesis (Incorrect):
To make a yes-no question, front the first auxiliary.
So what’s the principle?
• Structural Dependency Hypothesis (Correct): In order to make a yes-no question, front the main auxiliary.
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How does a child learn this?
•The child must hear sentences of the following kind:
Is the child that is sitting on the floor hungry?
•Nativists argue such evidence is stunningly rare in CDS.
•Crain & Nakayama (1987) show children aged 3;2 have knowledge of this principle.
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Poverty of the Stimulus
At its heart, the POS argument is a problem of INDUCTION.
Induction: how do you go from individual examples to a generalized rule?
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Induction
A simple example:
1
2
…
What’s the next number in this progression?
3?
4?
7?
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The Induction Problem • You’re about to see 5
slides of 3 colored bars in frames.
• The first 4 slides exhibit a property that you need to learn.
• Decide whether or not the 5th slide exhibits the property in question.
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1
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2
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3
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4
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?
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Answer
NO The property in question in whether the
area covered by the bars is greater than 50% of the area of the rectangle.
• This generalization is more natural for pigeons to learn than for humans.
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Try it again
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1
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2
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3
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4
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?
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Answer
• YES
• Property in question in whether the 3 bars are unequal in height.
• This generalization is more natural for humans than for pigeons.
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Try it again
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1
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2
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3
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4
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?
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Answer
YES You only saw examples decreasing in
height from left to right. But the generalization was still that the bars only had to be different heights.
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Try it again
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1
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2
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3
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4
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?
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Answer
• YES
• Property in question is whether the 3 bars are unequal in height.
• But what about the 4th example?
• Oh, that? It was a mistake.
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The Induction Problem
• You have to be able to discern the relevant dimension(s)
• Any set of input data potentially allows an infinite number of generalizations.
• How does an unbiased learner select the one correct hypothesis from amongst these infinite hypotheses?
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• Linear Order Hypothesis (Incorrect):
To make a yes-no question, front the first auxiliary.
Returning to Yes-No Question Formation
• Structural Dependency Hypothesis (Correct):
In order to make a yes-no question, front the main auxiliary.
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So how do kids learn the correct principle?
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Children are born with the knowledge that language is dependent on structure, not linear order.
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Lawn Bowling
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This is the current state of the field
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A ball is about to be bowled
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This is the final state of the field
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How did you get from the initial state to the final state?
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Lots of possibilities
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Which is the correct way to get from initial state to final state?
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So how do kids learn the correct principle?
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Children are born with the knowledge that language is dependent on structure, not linear order.
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The End