arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ARCHITECTURE OF THE
AFTERLIFE Embalming & Tombs in Ancient Egypt
ProfessorWillAdams
![Page 2: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ancient Egypt: Gift of the Nile
![Page 3: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Ancient Egypt: Gift of the Nile
▪ TheancientEgyptiansinhabitedthefertilevalleyoftheNile.
![Page 4: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ancient Egypt: Gift of the Nile
▪ TheancientEgyptiansinhabitedthefertilevalleyoftheNile.
▪ Theriver'sannualflooddepositedafreshlayerofsilt,renewingthefertilityofthesoil&ensuringthat,forthemostpart,thecountrywasprosperous&thepopulationsufficientlyfed.
![Page 5: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Ancient Egypt: Gift of the Nile
▪ TheancientEgyptiansinhabitedthefertilevalleyoftheNile.
▪ Theriver'sannualflooddepositedafreshlayerofsilt,renewingthefertilityofthesoil&ensuringthat,forthemostpart,thecountrywasprosperous&thepopulationsufficientlyfed.
▪ Formuchoftheyear,mostpeoplewouldbeinvolvedinagriculturallaborofsomekind,butduringtheInundation(July–October)theworkforcewasusedbythestateforbuilding&othermajorprojectssuchas"rehabilitation"ofthelandfollowingtheflood.
![Page 6: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ancient Egyptian Mummification Preserving Pharaohs for an Eternity
![Page 7: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
![Page 8: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ TheancientEgyptians’funerarycustoms&beliefscalledforthepreservationofthebody&leprovisionsfortheafterlife.
![Page 9: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ TheancientEgyptians’funerarycustoms&beliefscalledforthepreservationofthebody&leprovisionsfortheafterlife.
▪ Thiswasenvisionedasacontinuationofthemortalexistenceafterdeath.
![Page 10: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ TheancientEgyptians’funerarycustoms&beliefscalledforthepreservationofthebody&leprovisionsfortheafterlife.
▪ Thiswasenvisionedasacontinuationofthemortalexistenceafterdeath.
▪ AnancientEgyptianwouldprovidefortheafterlifeasbestashisorhereconomicabilitieswouldallow.
![Page 11: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ TheancientEgyptians’funerarycustoms&beliefscalledforthepreservationofthebody&leprovisionsfortheafterlife.
▪ Thiswasenvisionedasacontinuationofthemortalexistenceafterdeath.
▪ AnancientEgyptianwouldprovidefortheafterlifeasbestashisorhereconomicabilitieswouldallow.
▪ Today,thismeansthatahugeamountofinformationaboutdailylifeinancientEgyptcanbefoundinthetombs.
![Page 12: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ TheancientEgyptians’funerarycustoms&beliefscalledforthepreservationofthebody&leprovisionsfortheafterlife.
▪ Thiswasenvisionedasacontinuationofthemortalexistenceafterdeath.
▪ AnancientEgyptianwouldprovidefortheafterlifeasbestashisorhereconomicabilitieswouldallow.
▪ Today,thismeansthatahugeamountofinformationaboutdailylifeinancientEgyptcanbefoundinthetombs.
▪ Examinationofmummiesprovidesinformationonhealth,diet&life-expectancy.
![Page 13: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
![Page 14: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ ThebodyofadeadEgyptianwouldbemadeintoamummyinordertopreservethebodyforitsimmortalsoul,orka.
![Page 15: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ ThebodyofadeadEgyptianwouldbemadeintoamummyinordertopreservethebodyforitsimmortalsoul,orka.
▪ Theword"mummy"comesfromtheArabicmumiyah(bodypreservedbywaxorbitumen)
![Page 16: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ ThebodyofadeadEgyptianwouldbemadeintoamummyinordertopreservethebodyforitsimmortalsoul,orka.
▪ Theword"mummy"comesfromtheArabicmumiyah(bodypreservedbywaxorbitumen)
▪ Theprocessofmummificationwascomplicated,includingremovingorgans&wrappingthebodyinlinencloth.
![Page 17: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ ThebodyofadeadEgyptianwouldbemadeintoamummyinordertopreservethebodyforitsimmortalsoul,orka.
▪ Theword"mummy"comesfromtheArabicmumiyah(bodypreservedbywaxorbitumen)
▪ Theprocessofmummificationwascomplicated,includingremovingorgans&wrappingthebodyinlinencloth.
▪ Thebodywastreatedwithpreservativeswhichdriedoutthebodyofthemummy.
![Page 18: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ ThebodyofadeadEgyptianwouldbemadeintoamummyinordertopreservethebodyforitsimmortalsoul,orka.
▪ Theword"mummy"comesfromtheArabicmumiyah(bodypreservedbywaxorbitumen)
▪ Theprocessofmummificationwascomplicated,includingremovingorgans&wrappingthebodyinlinencloth.
▪ Thebodywastreatedwithpreservativeswhichdriedoutthebodyofthemummy.
▪ TheancientEgyptiansbelievedthat,afterdeath,theirbodieswouldtraveltotheworldoftheafterlifeduringtheday&returntotheirbodiesatnight.
![Page 19: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
![Page 20: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ Inorderfortheperson’sspirit,orka,toliveforever,ithadtobeabletorecognize&returntothebody.
![Page 21: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ Inorderfortheperson’sspirit,orka,toliveforever,ithadtobeabletorecognize&returntothebody.
▪ Ifaspiritcouldnotrecognizethebodyitbelongedto,itwoulddie.
![Page 22: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ Inorderfortheperson’sspirit,orka,toliveforever,ithadtobeabletorecognize&returntothebody.
▪ Ifaspiritcouldnotrecognizethebodyitbelongedto,itwoulddie.
▪ ThisiswhytheEgyptianswantedtopreservethebodiesofthedeadinaslife-likeastateaspossible.
![Page 23: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Purpose of Egyptian Mummification
▪ Inorderfortheperson’sspirit,orka,toliveforever,ithadtobeabletorecognize&returntothebody.
▪ Ifaspiritcouldnotrecognizethebodyitbelongedto,itwoulddie.
▪ ThisiswhytheEgyptianswantedtopreservethebodiesofthedeadinaslife-likeastateaspossible.
▪ Mummificationguaranteedeternallifeforthespirit.
![Page 24: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Mummification Process
![Page 25: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Theentireprocesstook70daystocomplete.
![Page 26: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Theentireprocesstook70daystocomplete.
▪ Severalembalmersconductedthetaskinthespecialembalmingshop,orper-nefer.
![Page 27: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Theentireprocesstook70daystocomplete.
▪ Severalembalmersconductedthetaskinthespecialembalmingshop,orper-nefer.
▪ Thechiefembalmerwasknownastheherysheshta.
![Page 28: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Theentireprocesstook70daystocomplete.
▪ Severalembalmersconductedthetaskinthespecialembalmingshop,orper-nefer.
▪ Thechiefembalmerwasknownastheherysheshta.
▪ HeworeajackalmasktorepresentAnubis,thegodofmummification.
![Page 29: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The Mummification Process
![Page 30: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Afterthedeceased’sbodywasbroughttotheper-nefer,itwaswashedwithamixtureofpalmwineandwaterfromtheNile,thenshavedofitshair.
![Page 31: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Afterthedeceased’sbodywasbroughttotheper-nefer,itwaswashedwithamixtureofpalmwineandwaterfromtheNile,thenshavedofitshair.
▪ Followingthat,allofthebodypartsthatmightdecayorrotwereremoved.
![Page 32: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Afterthedeceased’sbodywasbroughttotheper-nefer,itwaswashedwithamixtureofpalmwineandwaterfromtheNile,thenshavedofitshair.
▪ Followingthat,allofthebodypartsthatmightdecayorrotwereremoved.
▪ Theembalmersfirstremovedthedeceased’sbrainthroughhisorhernoseusingalonghook.
![Page 33: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The Mummification Process
![Page 34: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Thelonghookwasusedtostirupthebrainuntilitwasliquefied.
![Page 35: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Thelonghookwasusedtostirupthebrainuntilitwasliquefied.
▪ Thentheembalmerswouldturnthebodyfacedowntoallowthebraintooozeoutthroughthenostrils.
![Page 36: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Thelonghookwasusedtostirupthebrainuntilitwasliquefied.
▪ Thentheembalmerswouldturnthebodyfacedowntoallowthebraintooozeoutthroughthenostrils.
▪ TheEgyptiansweresoroughonthebrainbecausetheydidn’trealizeitsimportance.
![Page 37: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Thelonghookwasusedtostirupthebrainuntilitwasliquefied.
▪ Thentheembalmerswouldturnthebodyfacedowntoallowthebraintooozeoutthroughthenostrils.
▪ TheEgyptiansweresoroughonthebrainbecausetheydidn’trealizeitsimportance.
▪ Theythoughtitssolepurposewastoproducesnot!
![Page 38: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Mummification Process
![Page 39: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Next,theembalmerswouldremovethesoft,moistbodypartsthatwouldcausethebodytodecay.
![Page 40: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Next,theembalmerswouldremovethesoft,moistbodypartsthatwouldcausethebodytodecay.
▪ Adeepincisionwasmadeintheleftsideofthedeceased’sabdomentoremovehisorherinternalorgans,usuallythelungs,thestomach,theliverandtheintestines.
![Page 41: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The Mummification Process
![Page 42: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Insomecasestheyremovedtheheart,butinthevastmajorityofcasestheyleftit.
![Page 43: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Insomecasestheyremovedtheheart,butinthevastmajorityofcasestheyleftit.
▪ Unlikemodernhumans,theancientbelievedthattheheart,notthebrain,wastheseatofthesoul
![Page 44: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Insomecasestheyremovedtheheart,butinthevastmajorityofcasestheyleftit.
▪ Unlikemodernhumans,theancientbelievedthattheheart,notthebrain,wastheseatofthesoul
▪ TheEgyptiansalsobelievedthatthehearttestifiedonbehalfofthedeceasedduringtheWeighingoftheHeartCeremonyintheafterlife.
![Page 45: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Insomecasestheyremovedtheheart,butinthevastmajorityofcasestheyleftit.
▪ Unlikemodernhumans,theancientbelievedthattheheart,notthebrain,wastheseatofthesoul
▪ TheEgyptiansalsobelievedthatthehearttestifiedonbehalfofthedeceasedduringtheWeighingoftheHeartCeremonyintheafterlife.
![Page 46: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The Mummification Process
![Page 47: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Afterthebody’sorganshadbeenremoved,itwasstuffedwithbundlesofastrongdryingsaltcallednatronthatwasmeanttofurtherdehydratethecorpse.
![Page 48: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Afterthebody’sorganshadbeenremoved,itwasstuffedwithbundlesofastrongdryingsaltcallednatronthatwasmeanttofurtherdehydratethecorpse.
▪ Thedeceased’sentirebodywasthencoveredwithnatron&placedonaninclinedslabsothatanymoisturethenatronpulledfromthebodywouldrunofftheend,becollected&buriedwiththebody.
![Page 49: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
The Mummification Process
![Page 50: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Whilethebodywasdrying,thepreviouslyremovedinternalorganswerealsodried&preservedwithnatron.
![Page 51: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Whilethebodywasdrying,thepreviouslyremovedinternalorganswerealsodried&preservedwithnatron.
▪ Theywerethenwrappedinstripsoflinen&putintoseparatecontainerscalledcanopicjars.
![Page 52: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Whilethebodywasdrying,thepreviouslyremovedinternalorganswerealsodried&preservedwithnatron.
▪ Theywerethenwrappedinstripsoflinen&putintoseparatecontainerscalledcanopicjars.
![Page 53: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Whilethebodywasdrying,thepreviouslyremovedinternalorganswerealsodried&preservedwithnatron.
▪ Theywerethenwrappedinstripsoflinen&putintoseparatecontainerscalledcanopicjars.
▪ TheEgyptiansbelievedthatallbodypartswouldbemagicallyreunitedintheafterlifeandthatthebodywouldbecomewholeagain,justlikethegodOsiris’shad.
![Page 54: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
The Egyptian Myth of Osiris
![Page 55: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
The Egyptian Myth of Osiris
▪ AccordingtoEgyptianmythology,thegodOsiriswasmurderedbyhisjealousbrotherSet,whohackedOsiris’sbodyintopieces&scatteredthemintotheNile.
![Page 56: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
The Egyptian Myth of Osiris
▪ AccordingtoEgyptianmythology,thegodOsiriswasmurderedbyhisjealousbrotherSet,whohackedOsiris’sbodyintopieces&scatteredthemintotheNile.
▪ Heartbroken,Osiris’swife,thegoddessIsis,reassembledthepieceswiththeothergods’assistance&Osiriswasmagicallyrestored.
![Page 57: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
The Egyptian Myth of Osiris
▪ AccordingtoEgyptianmythology,thegodOsiriswasmurderedbyhisjealousbrotherSet,whohackedOsiris’sbodyintopieces&scatteredthemintotheNile.
▪ Heartbroken,Osiris’swife,thegoddessIsis,reassembledthepieceswiththeothergods’assistance&Osiriswasmagicallyrestored.
▪ Hethenwentontobecomethegodoftheafterlife.
![Page 58: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
The Mummification Process
![Page 59: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
The Mummification Process▪ Thestoppersofthecanopicjars
wereshapedliketheheadsofthefoursonsofthegodHorus(godoftheEgyptiankings).
![Page 60: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
The Mummification Process▪ Thestoppersofthecanopicjars
wereshapedliketheheadsofthefoursonsofthegodHorus(godoftheEgyptiankings).
![Page 61: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
The Mummification Process▪ Thestoppersofthecanopicjars
wereshapedliketheheadsofthefoursonsofthegodHorus(godoftheEgyptiankings).
▪ Eachsonprotectedtheorganplacedinsidehisrespectivejar:
![Page 62: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
The Mummification Process▪ Thestoppersofthecanopicjars
wereshapedliketheheadsofthefoursonsofthegodHorus(godoftheEgyptiankings).
▪ Eachsonprotectedtheorganplacedinsidehisrespectivejar:
▪ Jackal-headedDuamutefguardedthejarthatcontainedthestomach.
![Page 63: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
The Mummification Process▪ Thestoppersofthecanopicjars
wereshapedliketheheadsofthefoursonsofthegodHorus(godoftheEgyptiankings).
▪ Eachsonprotectedtheorganplacedinsidehisrespectivejar:
▪ Jackal-headedDuamutefguardedthejarthatcontainedthestomach.
▪ Falcon-headedQebehsenufwatchedovertheintestines.
![Page 64: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
The Mummification Process▪ Thestoppersofthecanopicjars
wereshapedliketheheadsofthefoursonsofthegodHorus(godoftheEgyptiankings).
▪ Eachsonprotectedtheorganplacedinsidehisrespectivejar:
▪ Jackal-headedDuamutefguardedthejarthatcontainedthestomach.
▪ Falcon-headedQebehsenufwatchedovertheintestines.
▪ Thebaboon-headedsonofHorus,Hapi,protectedthelungs.
![Page 65: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
The Mummification Process▪ Thestoppersofthecanopicjars
wereshapedliketheheadsofthefoursonsofthegodHorus(godoftheEgyptiankings).
▪ Eachsonprotectedtheorganplacedinsidehisrespectivejar:
▪ Jackal-headedDuamutefguardedthejarthatcontainedthestomach.
▪ Falcon-headedQebehsenufwatchedovertheintestines.
▪ Thebaboon-headedsonofHorus,Hapi,protectedthelungs.
▪ Human-headedImsetiwasinchargeofprotectingtheliver.
![Page 66: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
The Mummification Process
![Page 67: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Next,thecanopicjarswerecarefullystoredinaheavy,securechestthatwaslaterplacedinthetombwiththemummy.
![Page 68: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Next,thecanopicjarswerecarefullystoredinaheavy,securechestthatwaslaterplacedinthetombwiththemummy.
▪ ThechestofcanopicjarsontheleftwasfoundinthetombofthefamousKingTutankhamen.
![Page 69: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Next,thecanopicjarswerecarefullystoredinaheavy,securechestthatwaslaterplacedinthetombwiththemummy.
▪ ThechestofcanopicjarsontheleftwasfoundinthetombofthefamousKingTutankhamen.
![Page 70: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
The Mummification Process
![Page 71: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ After40days,thebodywascompletelydehydrated.
![Page 72: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ After40days,thebodywascompletelydehydrated.
▪ Duringthattimetheskinbecameshrunken,wrinkled&leathery.
![Page 73: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ After40days,thebodywascompletelydehydrated.
▪ Duringthattimetheskinbecameshrunken,wrinkled&leathery.
▪ Thebundlesofnatronwerethenremovedfromthebody’sabdomen.
![Page 74: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ After40days,thebodywascompletelydehydrated.
▪ Duringthattimetheskinbecameshrunken,wrinkled&leathery.
▪ Thebundlesofnatronwerethenremovedfromthebody’sabdomen.
▪ Next,themummywaswashedwithwine&wateronemoretime&rubbedwithsacredoilstosoftentheskin.
![Page 75: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
The Mummification Process
![Page 76: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Themummy’shead&bodywerepackedwithherbs,sawdust&linensoakedinscentedoilsothatthebodycouldregainitsshape,andtodeodorizethedeceased’sbody.
![Page 77: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Themummy’shead&bodywerepackedwithherbs,sawdust&linensoakedinscentedoilsothatthebodycouldregainitsshape,andtodeodorizethedeceased’sbody.
▪ Then,smallstonesorsmallonionswereplacedundertheeyelidstorestorealife-likeappearance.
![Page 78: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Themummy’shead&bodywerepackedwithherbs,sawdust&linensoakedinscentedoilsothatthebodycouldregainitsshape,andtodeodorizethedeceased’sbody.
▪ Then,smallstonesorsmallonionswereplacedundertheeyelidstorestorealife-likeappearance.
▪ Oncethiswasdone,themummycouldbecoveredwithnecklaces,ringsandbraceletsmadeofgold&gems.
![Page 79: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
The Mummification Process
![Page 80: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ AccordingtoEgyptianmyth,thegodHorushadhiseyemiraculouslyrestoredafterlosingitinabattlewiththeevilgodSet.
![Page 81: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ AccordingtoEgyptianmyth,thegodHorushadhiseyemiraculouslyrestoredafterlosingitinabattlewiththeevilgodSet.
▪ Asaresult,TheEyeofHorus,calledawedjat,isassociatedwithhealing&protection.
![Page 82: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ AccordingtoEgyptianmyth,thegodHorushadhiseyemiraculouslyrestoredafterlosingitinabattlewiththeevilgodSet.
▪ Asaresult,TheEyeofHorus,calledawedjat,isassociatedwithhealing&protection.
▪ Duringmummification,awaxorbronzeplatewithawedjatcarvedonitwasplacedovertheembalmingincisiontomagicallyhealthewoundintheafterlife.
![Page 83: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
The Mummification Process
![Page 84: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Oncethewedjatwasinplace,theentirebodywasthencoveredinshrouds&boundwithstripsoflinenuntilthemummyhadreturnedtoitsoriginalsize.
![Page 85: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Oncethewedjatwasinplace,theentirebodywasthencoveredinshrouds&boundwithstripsoflinenuntilthemummyhadreturnedtoitsoriginalsize.
▪ Thiswasacomplicatedjob,couldtakeaslongasaweek,andusuallyrequired1,000yards’worthof2–8”widelinenstrips.
![Page 86: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
The Mummification Process
![Page 87: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Asthemummywasbeingwrapped,small,magicalcarvingscalledamuletswereinsertedbetweenthelayersoflinentofurtherprotectthemummy’sspiritonitswaytotheafterlife.
![Page 88: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Asthemummywasbeingwrapped,small,magicalcarvingscalledamuletswereinsertedbetweenthelayersoflinentofurtherprotectthemummy’sspiritonitswaytotheafterlife.
▪ Aseachlayerwasadded,itwascoatedwithresintoholdthewrappingstogetherwithawaterproofseal.
![Page 89: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
The Mummification Process
![Page 90: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Aftertheweekofwrappingwasfinished,theheadofthemummywascoveredwithaportraitmask.
![Page 91: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Aftertheweekofwrappingwasfinished,theheadofthemummywascoveredwithaportraitmask.
▪ Thiswasdesignedtoensurethatthekawouldrecognizethebodyintheafterlife.
![Page 92: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Aftertheweekofwrappingwasfinished,theheadofthemummywascoveredwithaportraitmask.
▪ Thiswasdesignedtoensurethatthekawouldrecognizethebodyintheafterlife.
▪ Finally,thewrapped,maskedmummywasplacedintoaseriesofwooden&gildedcoffinswhichwereultimatelyplacedintoastonesarcophagus.
![Page 93: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
The Mummification Process
![Page 94: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Onthedayofthefuneral,themummywasbroughttothewesternbankoftheNileonabarque.
![Page 95: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Onthedayofthefuneral,themummywasbroughttothewesternbankoftheNileonabarque.
▪ Themummywasnextbroughttoitstomb,whereOsiris’spriestsperformedtheOpeningoftheMouthCeremonybytouchingthedeceased’seyes,nose,andmouthofthesarcophaguswithasacredtool.
![Page 96: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Onthedayofthefuneral,themummywasbroughttothewesternbankoftheNileonabarque.
▪ Themummywasnextbroughttoitstomb,whereOsiris’spriestsperformedtheOpeningoftheMouthCeremonybytouchingthedeceased’seyes,nose,andmouthofthesarcophaguswithasacredtool.
▪ Thisritualsymbolicallyreactivatedthesesensesintheafterlife.
![Page 97: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
The Mummification Process
![Page 98: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
The Mummification Process▪ Thedeceased’ssarcophaguswas
thenplacedinsidethetomb’sburialchamber,theentrancetowhichwouldbesealedtopreventlootingortheft.
![Page 99: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
The Mummification Process▪ Thedeceased’ssarcophaguswas
thenplacedinsidethetomb’sburialchamber,theentrancetowhichwouldbesealedtopreventlootingortheft.
▪ Beforethetombwassealed,thedeceased’sfamilymembersdepositedfood,clothes,furniture,anddishesintotheburialchamber.
![Page 100: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
The Mummification Process▪ Thedeceased’ssarcophaguswas
thenplacedinsidethetomb’sburialchamber,theentrancetowhichwouldbesealedtopreventlootingortheft.
▪ Beforethetombwassealed,thedeceased’sfamilymembersdepositedfood,clothes,furniture,anddishesintotheburialchamber.
▪ TheydidthisbecausetheEgyptiansbelievedthedeceasedwouldneedthesameaccoutrementsintheafterlifethatheorshehadusedinhisorhermortallife.
![Page 101: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
The Mummification Process
![Page 102: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Ifyoustillcan’tgetenoughoftheEgyptianmummificationprocess,thenyoumightenjoytheopportunitytoactlikeavirtualheryshesta,usingtheQuébecMuseumofCivilization’sonlineembalminggameat:
![Page 103: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
The Mummification Process
▪ Ifyoustillcan’tgetenoughoftheEgyptianmummificationprocess,thenyoumightenjoytheopportunitytoactlikeavirtualheryshesta,usingtheQuébecMuseumofCivilization’sonlineembalminggameat:
www.mcq.org/momies
![Page 104: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife Erecting A Pharaoh’s Eternal Home
![Page 105: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife Building Materials
![Page 106: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife Building Materials
▪ The3mostcommonmaterialsforconstructioninEgyptwereplantmaterials,clay&stone.
![Page 107: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife Building Materials
▪ The3mostcommonmaterialsforconstructioninEgyptwereplantmaterials,clay&stone.
▪ Plantmaterialsconsistedofreadilyavailablematerialslikereeds,papyrus,&palmtreeribs&shafts.
![Page 108: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife Building Materials
▪ The3mostcommonmaterialsforconstructioninEgyptwereplantmaterials,clay&stone.
▪ Plantmaterialsconsistedofreadilyavailablematerialslikereeds,papyrus,&palmtreeribs&shafts.
▪ Timberwasavailableinlimitedquantity&usedforroofing.
![Page 109: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife Building Materials
▪ The3mostcommonmaterialsforconstructioninEgyptwereplantmaterials,clay&stone.
▪ Plantmaterialsconsistedofreadilyavailablematerialslikereeds,papyrus,&palmtreeribs&shafts.
▪ Timberwasavailableinlimitedquantity&usedforroofing.
▪ Nile-sourcedclaywasusedforconstruction,eitherforframeconstructionorassun-driedbrick.
![Page 110: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife Building Materials
▪ The3mostcommonmaterialsforconstructioninEgyptwereplantmaterials,clay&stone.
▪ Plantmaterialsconsistedofreadilyavailablematerialslikereeds,papyrus,&palmtreeribs&shafts.
▪ Timberwasavailableinlimitedquantity&usedforroofing.
▪ Nile-sourcedclaywasusedforconstruction,eitherforframeconstructionorassun-driedbrick.
▪ StonewasnotusedmuchduringtheearlyperiodofEgyptiancivilization,butbecamepopularlaterfortombs&temples.
![Page 111: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife The Socio-Cultural Context
![Page 112: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife The Socio-Cultural Context
▪ AncientEgyptiansviewedearthlydwellingsastemporary,sotheyspentverylittleemphasisonhouseconstruction.
![Page 113: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife The Socio-Cultural Context
▪ AncientEgyptiansviewedearthlydwellingsastemporary,sotheyspentverylittleemphasisonhouseconstruction.
▪ Instead,tremendouseffortwasexertedintombconstruction.
![Page 114: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife The Socio-Cultural Context
▪ AncientEgyptiansviewedearthlydwellingsastemporary,sotheyspentverylittleemphasisonhouseconstruction.
▪ Instead,tremendouseffortwasexertedintombconstruction.
▪ Thisstemmedfromthebeliefthatthedeceased’stombwashisorhertruepermanentdwelling,asitwouldbeusedfortheentiretyoftheafterlife.
![Page 115: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife The Socio-Cultural Context
![Page 116: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife The Socio-Cultural Context
▪ Aspreviouslystated,Egyptiansbelievedthatadeadpersonneededallherorhisworldlygoodsintheafterlife.
![Page 117: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife The Socio-Cultural Context
▪ Aspreviouslystated,Egyptiansbelievedthatadeadpersonneededallherorhisworldlygoodsintheafterlife.
▪ Subsequently,thetombwasusuallypackedwithallthedeadperson’streasures.
![Page 118: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife The Socio-Cultural Context
▪ Aspreviouslystated,Egyptiansbelievedthatadeadpersonneededallherorhisworldlygoodsintheafterlife.
▪ Subsequently,thetombwasusuallypackedwithallthedeadperson’streasures.
▪ Ifsomethingcouldnotbeprovided,itsimagewaspaintedonthewallsofthetomb.
![Page 119: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
![Page 120: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife▪ DuringtheOldKingdom,the
pharaohandhiscourtlivedinMemphis.
![Page 121: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife▪ DuringtheOldKingdom,the
pharaohandhiscourtlivedinMemphis.
▪ Whentheydied,theywereburiedatthenecropolisatSaqqara.
![Page 122: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife▪ DuringtheOldKingdom,the
pharaohandhiscourtlivedinMemphis.
▪ Whentheydied,theywereburiedatthenecropolisatSaqqara.
▪ Today,verylittleofancientMemphissurvivesbecauseitsstructureswerebuiltfrominexpensive,locally-sourcedmaterials.
![Page 123: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife▪ DuringtheOldKingdom,the
pharaohandhiscourtlivedinMemphis.
▪ Whentheydied,theywereburiedatthenecropolisatSaqqara.
▪ Today,verylittleofancientMemphissurvivesbecauseitsstructureswerebuiltfrominexpensive,locally-sourcedmaterials.
▪ Houseswerebuiltofmaterialslikewoodandmud-brick,andwereonlymeanttolastfor1lifetime.
![Page 124: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
![Page 125: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ TheearliestmethodofburialinancientEgyptwasactuallyinshallowpitsinthedesertoftheNile’swestbank.
![Page 126: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ TheearliestmethodofburialinancientEgyptwasactuallyinshallowpitsinthedesertoftheNile’swestbank.
▪ Thedesertsanddriedthebodiesandpreservedthem.
![Page 127: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ TheearliestmethodofburialinancientEgyptwasactuallyinshallowpitsinthedesertoftheNile’swestbank.
▪ Thedesertsanddriedthebodiesandpreservedthem.
▪ Whenanimalspreyingonbodiesbecameaprobleminburial,thepeopledugtheirgravesdeeper.
![Page 128: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ TheearliestmethodofburialinancientEgyptwasactuallyinshallowpitsinthedesertoftheNile’swestbank.
▪ Thedesertsanddriedthebodiesandpreservedthem.
▪ Whenanimalspreyingonbodiesbecameaprobleminburial,thepeopledugtheirgravesdeeper.
▪ Intheend,toensurethepreservationoftheirburials,theybuiltabench-likestructureovergravestocreatethefirstburialstructurecalledamastaba.
![Page 129: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
![Page 130: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ ThenamemastabaderivedfromthenameforthestepsorpodiumsfoundinthefrontoftraditionalEgyptianhouses.
![Page 131: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ ThenamemastabaderivedfromthenameforthestepsorpodiumsfoundinthefrontoftraditionalEgyptianhouses.
▪ IntheOldKingdom,rich&noblepeoplebuiltmastabasfortheirburialsinthenecropolis.
![Page 132: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ ThenamemastabaderivedfromthenameforthestepsorpodiumsfoundinthefrontoftraditionalEgyptianhouses.
▪ IntheOldKingdom,rich&noblepeoplebuiltmastabasfortheirburialsinthenecropolis.
▪ Aboveground,themastabalookslikealargebenchofsunbakedbricksrisingabout30feethigh,withaflatroof&slopingwalls.
![Page 133: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ ThenamemastabaderivedfromthenameforthestepsorpodiumsfoundinthefrontoftraditionalEgyptianhouses.
▪ IntheOldKingdom,rich&noblepeoplebuiltmastabasfortheirburialsinthenecropolis.
▪ Aboveground,themastabalookslikealargebenchofsunbakedbricksrisingabout30feethigh,withaflatroof&slopingwalls.
▪ Theearliestmastabasweredecoratedwithpaintedpatternsinbrilliantcolors.
![Page 134: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
![Page 135: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ Internally,amastabaconsistsofthreespaces:anundergroundburialchamber&anabovegroundserdab&chapel.
▪ Theburialchamberwaslocated30feetbelowground&wastheplaceforthedeceased’ssarcophagus.
![Page 136: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ Internally,amastabaconsistsofthreespaces:anundergroundburialchamber&anabovegroundserdab&chapel.
▪ Theburialchamberwaslocated30feetbelowground&wastheplaceforthedeceased’ssarcophagus.
▪ Itwasconnectedtotheserdab&chapelabovegroundthroughashaft.
![Page 137: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
![Page 138: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ Themastaba’sserdab&chapelarelocatedabove-ground.
![Page 139: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ Themastaba’sserdab&chapelarelocatedabove-ground.
▪ Theserdabisaroomwherethekastatueofthedeadpersoniskept.
![Page 140: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ Themastaba’sserdab&chapelarelocatedabove-ground.
▪ Theserdabisaroomwherethekastatueofthedeadpersoniskept.
▪ Thekastatuewouldactasasubstituteforthedeceased’sbodyincaseitwasdestroyedandwasalsothefocusofworshipbythedeceased’sfamilymembers.
![Page 141: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
![Page 142: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ Somemastabashadsurroundingsecurityfencesorwalls,andsomeevenhadchambersfortheburialofthedeceased’sservantsorpets.
![Page 143: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ Somemastabashadsurroundingsecurityfencesorwalls,andsomeevenhadchambersfortheburialofthedeceased’sservantsorpets.
![Page 144: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife
▪ Somemastabashadsurroundingsecurityfencesorwalls,andsomeevenhadchambersfortheburialofthedeceased’sservantsorpets.
▪ Thedesignofthemastabaisthearchitecturalembryothatgrewintothepyramids.
![Page 145: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
![Page 146: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
![Page 147: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
▪ EgyptianKingDjoserwasapowerfulpharaohofthethirddynastyoftheOldKingdom.
![Page 148: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
▪ EgyptianKingDjoserwasapowerfulpharaohofthethirddynastyoftheOldKingdom.
▪ Histomb,knownastheStepPyramidofKingDjoser,wasdesignedbyImhotep(thefirstnamedartistinhistory)in2,667BCE.
![Page 149: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
▪ EgyptianKingDjoserwasapowerfulpharaohofthethirddynastyoftheOldKingdom.
▪ Histomb,knownastheStepPyramidofKingDjoser,wasdesignedbyImhotep(thefirstnamedartistinhistory)in2,667BCE.
▪ ItwasbuiltasafuneralcomplexatthenecropolisofSaqqara.
![Page 150: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
▪ EgyptianKingDjoserwasapowerfulpharaohofthethirddynastyoftheOldKingdom.
▪ Histomb,knownastheStepPyramidofKingDjoser,wasdesignedbyImhotep(thefirstnamedartistinhistory)in2,667BCE.
▪ ItwasbuiltasafuneralcomplexatthenecropolisofSaqqara.
▪ Initially,Imhotepconceivedofthetombasalargemastabaofstone.
![Page 151: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
![Page 152: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
▪ Apparently,KingDjoserdidnotlikeImhotep’sinitialidea,soinsteadImhotepdesignedaseriesoflayeredmastaba“steps”instead.
![Page 153: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
▪ Apparently,KingDjoserdidnotlikeImhotep’sinitialidea,soinsteadImhotepdesignedaseriesoflayeredmastaba“steps”instead.
▪ Theresultwasapyramidwithfiveslopingtierssetuponamassivemastababase.
![Page 154: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Step Pyramid of King Djoser
▪ Apparently,KingDjoserdidnotlikeImhotep’sinitialidea,soinsteadImhotepdesignedaseriesoflayeredmastaba“steps”instead.
▪ Theresultwasapyramidwithfiveslopingtierssetuponamassivemastababase.
▪ Asaresult,thissteppyramidactsastheintermediatestepbetweenthemastabaandatruegeometricpyramid.
![Page 155: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:Snefru’s Bent Pyramid at Dahshur
![Page 156: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:Snefru’s Bent Pyramid at Dahshur
▪ ThelaterPharaohSnefrumadetwoattemptsatcreatingatruepyramid.
![Page 157: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:Snefru’s Bent Pyramid at Dahshur
▪ ThelaterPharaohSnefrumadetwoattemptsatcreatingatruepyramid.
▪ Hisfirstattemptin2,600BCE,theBentPyramidatDahshur,hadasquareplanwithaheightof334’.
![Page 158: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:Snefru’s Bent Pyramid at Dahshur
▪ ThelaterPharaohSnefrumadetwoattemptsatcreatingatruepyramid.
▪ Hisfirstattemptin2,600BCE,theBentPyramidatDahshur,hadasquareplanwithaheightof334’.
▪ Duetostructuralinstabilityduringconstruction,thepyramid’ssideschangedanglehalfwayup,whichledtoitsbeingnicknamedthe“BentPyramid”.
![Page 159: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
![Page 160: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
![Page 161: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
![Page 162: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ ConstructionofatruegeometricalpyramidwasfinallyachievedduringreignofKingKhufu,sonofSnefru,in2,560BCE.
![Page 163: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ ConstructionofatruegeometricalpyramidwasfinallyachievedduringreignofKingKhufu,sonofSnefru,in2,560BCE.
▪ Hispyramidislocated,alongwiththeothermostfamoustruepyramids,ontheGizaPlateauonthewestbankoftheNile.
![Page 164: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ ConstructionofatruegeometricalpyramidwasfinallyachievedduringreignofKingKhufu,sonofSnefru,in2,560BCE.
▪ Hispyramidislocated,alongwiththeothermostfamoustruepyramids,ontheGizaPlateauonthewestbankoftheNile.
▪ Thepyramidis482’highonaplanof760’square.
![Page 165: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
![Page 166: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Eventually,twoadditionalpyramidswerebuiltatGizabyCheops’successors.
![Page 167: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Eventually,twoadditionalpyramidswerebuiltatGizabyCheops’successors.
▪ Thesecondandlargest,inthecenter,wasbuiltbyKingKhafre,KingCheops’sson.
![Page 168: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Eventually,twoadditionalpyramidswerebuiltatGizabyCheops’successors.
▪ Thesecondandlargest,inthecenter,wasbuiltbyKingKhafre,KingCheops’sson.
▪ ThethirdandsmallestwasbuiltbyKingMenkaure,Chefren’sson.
![Page 169: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Eventually,twoadditionalpyramidswerebuiltatGizabyCheops’successors.
▪ Thesecondandlargest,inthecenter,wasbuiltbyKingKhafre,KingCheops’sson.
▪ ThethirdandsmallestwasbuiltbyKingMenkaure,Chefren’sson.
▪ Collectively,thethreearereferredtoasthePyramidsatGiza.
![Page 170: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
![Page 171: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Allthepyramidsweredesignedaspartofadynasticfuneralcomplexfortheburialofthepharaohs.
![Page 172: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Allthepyramidsweredesignedaspartofadynasticfuneralcomplexfortheburialofthepharaohs.
▪ Today,Khafre’scomplexisthebestpreservedexample.
![Page 173: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Allthepyramidsweredesignedaspartofadynasticfuneralcomplexfortheburialofthepharaohs.
▪ Today,Khafre’scomplexisthebestpreservedexample.
▪ Hiscomplexconsistofthreeinterconnectedunits:❖ AvalleytemplebytheNile
wherethepharaoh’sbodywasembalmed
❖ Apyramidmortuarytempleforrituals
❖ Alongnarrowcausewayconnectingthetwo
![Page 174: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Great Sphinx
![Page 175: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Great Sphinx
▪ AlsolocatedatGizaistheGreatSphinxwiththebodyofalion&theheadofKhafre.
![Page 176: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Great Sphinx
▪ AlsolocatedatGizaistheGreatSphinxwiththebodyofalion&theheadofKhafre.
▪ Thereasonforitsconstruction&itspurposeareunclear.
![Page 177: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Great Sphinx
▪ AlsolocatedatGizaistheGreatSphinxwiththebodyofalion&theheadofKhafre.
▪ Thereasonforitsconstruction&itspurposeareunclear.
▪ Atheoryholdsthatitwasproducedfromleftoverpyramidmaterialsthatwereaappliedtoanexistingstone.
![Page 178: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Great Sphinx
▪ AlsolocatedatGizaistheGreatSphinxwiththebodyofalion&theheadofKhafre.
▪ Thereasonforitsconstruction&itspurposeareunclear.
▪ Atheoryholdsthatitwasproducedfromleftoverpyramidmaterialsthatwereaappliedtoanexistingstone.
▪ Itmayalsohavebeencarvedtostandguardoverthetemple&tombofKhafre.
![Page 179: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
![Page 180: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Howwerethepyramidsconstructed?
![Page 181: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Howwerethepyramidsconstructed?▪ Thereisnocompletelycertainknowledgeaboutthemethod
ofconstructionusedtocreatethepyramids.
![Page 182: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Howwerethepyramidsconstructed?▪ Thereisnocompletelycertainknowledgeaboutthemethod
ofconstructionusedtocreatethepyramids.▪ Thatsaid,scholarsestimatethatroughly100,000menworked
3-4monthseachyearfor30yearstobuildthepyramids.
![Page 183: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Howwerethepyramidsconstructed?▪ Thereisnocompletelycertainknowledgeaboutthemethod
ofconstructionusedtocreatethepyramids.▪ Thatsaid,scholarsestimatethatroughly100,000menworked
3-4monthseachyearfor30yearstobuildthepyramids.▪ Thematerialusedtoconstructthepyramidswaslimestone
quarriedfromnearby&transportedbyleveraction.
![Page 184: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ Howwerethepyramidsconstructed?▪ Thereisnocompletelycertainknowledgeaboutthemethod
ofconstructionusedtocreatethepyramids.▪ Thatsaid,scholarsestimatethatroughly100,000menworked
3-4monthseachyearfor30yearstobuildthepyramids.▪ Thematerialusedtoconstructthepyramidswaslimestone
quarriedfromnearby&transportedbyleveraction.▪ Pyramidconstructionworkerswerepaidinfood,clothing&
drinks.
![Page 185: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
![Page 186: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ ThePyramidsatGizawerebuilttocontrastthevastSaharandesertlandscapethatsurroundsthem.
![Page 187: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ ThePyramidsatGizawerebuilttocontrastthevastSaharandesertlandscapethatsurroundsthem.
▪ Forstructurestobevisibleintheimmensedesert,theyhadtobebuiltonahugescale.
![Page 188: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ ThePyramidsatGizawerebuilttocontrastthevastSaharandesertlandscapethatsurroundsthem.
▪ Forstructurestobevisibleintheimmensedesert,theyhadtobebuiltonahugescale.
▪ Thepyramidswereaproductofthewilltoachieveimmortalitybythepharaohs.
![Page 189: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Pyramids at Giza
▪ ThePyramidsatGizawerebuilttocontrastthevastSaharandesertlandscapethatsurroundsthem.
▪ Forstructurestobevisibleintheimmensedesert,theyhadtobebuiltonahugescale.
▪ Thepyramidswereaproductofthewilltoachieveimmortalitybythepharaohs.
▪ Thepyramidswerebuiltwithsuchmonumentalitybecausetheyweretheeverlastinghomesofthepharaohs’kas.
![Page 190: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Period of Pyramids Passes
![Page 191: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Period of Pyramids Passes
▪ WithKingMenkaure’sdeath,theeraofthepyramidendedforthemostpart.
![Page 192: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Period of Pyramids Passes
▪ WithKingMenkaure’sdeath,theeraofthepyramidendedforthemostpart.
▪ Morepyramidswerebuiltbylaterpharaohs,buttheyweresmaller&lesscomplex.
![Page 193: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Period of Pyramids Passes
▪ WithKingMenkaure’sdeath,theeraofthepyramidendedforthemostpart.
▪ Morepyramidswerebuiltbylaterpharaohs,buttheyweresmaller&lesscomplex.
▪ Also,laterpharaohscouldnotaffordthecostofhugepyramidconstruction.
![Page 194: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Period of Pyramids Passes
▪ WithKingMenkaure’sdeath,theeraofthepyramidendedforthemostpart.
▪ Morepyramidswerebuiltbylaterpharaohs,buttheyweresmaller&lesscomplex.
▪ Also,laterpharaohscouldnotaffordthecostofhugepyramidconstruction.
▪ Ofevengreaterconcern,ancientgraverobbersquicklylearnedhowtobreakintothepyramids&stealthegoodsburiedwithpharaohs.
![Page 195: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
Architecture of the Afterlife:The Period of Pyramids Passes
▪ WithKingMenkaure’sdeath,theeraofthepyramidendedforthemostpart.
▪ Morepyramidswerebuiltbylaterpharaohs,buttheyweresmaller&lesscomplex.
▪ Also,laterpharaohscouldnotaffordthecostofhugepyramidconstruction.
▪ Ofevengreaterconcern,ancientgraverobbersquicklylearnedhowtobreakintothepyramids&stealthegoodsburiedwithpharaohs.
▪ TheendoftheOldKingdomthereforemarkedtheendofthegreateraofEgyptianpyramidconstruction.
![Page 196: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
The End
![Page 197: Arh1000 architecture of the afterlife embalming & tombs in ancient egypt](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062821/589b1cb61a28abc1148b67d1/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)