Arithmetic Density – the total number of people per a unit of land area. U.S. = 76/mi2; NYC=1,000,000/mi2; Australia = 7/mi2

Physiological Density – the total number of people per a unit of arable (farmable) land.

Thomas Malthus on Population

Malthus, responding to Condorcet, predicted population would outrun food supply, leading to a decrease in food per person.

Assumptions

• Populations grow exponentially.

• Food supply grows arithmetically.

• Food shortages and chaos inevitable.

An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 2 3 4

Population

Food

• The average number of children per woman in her childbearing years.• TFR needed to maintain the population size: 2.1

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Mother’s Index• Based on 10 barometers of well-being among

mothers and children• Strongly influenced by poverty and warfare

Diseases• Sources of diseases• Infectious diseases: Spread from person to person• Vectored: Spread through intermediary, such as an insect• Nonvectored: Spread directly from person to person

• Chronic or degenerative diseases: Diseases of old age• Genetic or inherited diseases: Passed through genes

• Spread of diseases• Endemic: Present in small area• Epidemic: Spreads over large region• Pandemic: Spreads worldwide

Doubling Time• Number of years for a

population to double in size (like a bank deposit at compound interest)• Decreased doubling time

(rapid growth), then increased doubling time (growth slowed down)

Doubling time = 45 years

Doubling time = 54 years

Rate of Natural Increase• Difference between births and deaths• Does not include immigration and emigration

The Demographic Transition

Demographic Transition Model• Stage one (preindustrial/pre-agricultural)

• Crude birth/death rate high• Fragile, but stable, population

• Stage two (improved agriculture and medicine)• Lower death rates• Infant mortality rate falls• Natural increase very high

• Stage three (attitudes change)• Indicative of richer developed countries• Higher standards of living/education• Crude birth rate finally falls

• Stage four • Crude birth/death rates low• Population stable• Populations aging

Problems with the Demographic Transition

Model

• based on European experience, assumes all countries will progress to complete industrialization

• many countries reducing growth rate dramatically without increase in wealth – TV and family planning seem to be at work

• on the other hand, some countries “stuck” in stage 2 or stage 3, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and Middle East

Population Pyramids for Poor Countries• High infant mortality• Short life expectancy• Rapid population growth

Population Pyramids for Wealthy Countries

• Low infant mortality• Long life expectancy, especially for females• Little or no growth, even natural decrease

What Is Migration?• Movement• Cyclic movement: Movement away from home for a

short period• Commuting• Seasonal movement• Nomadism

• Periodic movement: Movement away from home for a longer period.• Migrant labor• Transhumance• Military service

• Migration: A change in residence intended to be permanent

Types of Migration• Circular migration

• A type of temporary migration.

• Associated with agricultural work.

• The migrant follows the harvest of various crops, moving from one place to another each time.

• Very common in the US Southwest (Mexican farm workers) and in Western Europe (Eastern European farm workers).

Fall / Winter

Spring Summer

International migration: Movement across country borders (implying a degree of permanence)

Internal migration: Movement within a single country’s borders (implying a degree of permanence)

Why do people migrate?• Push Factors • Pull Factors

Major International Migration Patterns, Early 1990s

Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Emigration and immigrationChange in residence.Relative to origin and destination.

Why Do People Migrate?• Forced migration: Movers have no choice but to

relocate

Forced Migration

The Trail of Tears, 1838

Kinds of Voluntary Migration

• Step migration: When a migrant follows a series of stages, or steps, toward a final destination.Intervening opportunity : At one of the steps alongthe path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle there • Chain migration: Further migration to a place where friends or

relatives have already settled

Voluntary Migration

• Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide• Whether to move• Where to go

• Distance decay: Many migrants settle closer to their old home than they originally contemplate

Ravenstein’s Laws (Gravity Model)

1. Every migration flow generates a return or countermigration.2. The majority of migrations move a short distance.3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city

destinations.4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural

areas.5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young

adults.

Major Global Migration Flows(before 1950)

Migration for Economic Opportunity

Chinese migration in late 1800s and 1900s throughout Southeast Asia to work in trade, commerce, and finance

• Migration of about 700,000 Jews to then-Palestine between 1900 and 1948

• Forced migration of 600,000 Palestinian Arabs after 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine)

Migration to Reconnect with Cultural Groups

Internal Migration Flows

Guest Workers

Migrants allowed into a country to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides

Have short term work visas Send remittances to home country

How Do Governments Affect Migration?

• Immigration laws• U.S. history• Little restriction• Quotas by

nationality• Selective

immigration

Which Stage of the DTM?

Which Stage of the DTM?

Match: Laredo, TX; Naples, FL; USA

Match: Detroit, MI; Lawrence, KS; Unalaska, AK; or USA

Why are most South American Population centers located at or near the coast?a. The colonial economies were export-oriented.b. The wars of independence damaged many inland cities.c. Few Amerindian population centers were located on the coast.d. Latin American armed forces have extensive plans for the defense

of coastal sites.e. The climate is generally warmer on the coast and cooler in the

highlands

Why are most South American Population centers located at or near the coast?a. The colonial economies were export-oriented.b. The wars of independence damaged many inland cities.c. Few Amerindian population centers were located on the coast.d. Latin American armed forces have extensive plans for the defense

of coastal sites.e. The climate is generally warmer on the coast and cooler in the

highlands

Which of the following profiles characterizes the population group that is most likely to migrate?

a. Married, twenty-five years oldb. Single, twenty-five years oldc. Married, fifty years oldd. Single, fifty, years olde. Married, sixty-five years old

Which of the following profiles characterizes the population group that is most likely to migrate?

a. Married, twenty-five years oldb. Single, twenty-five years oldc. Married, fifty years oldd. Single, fifty, years olde. Married, sixty-five years old

In the early twenty-first century, the largest number of refugees is located on which of the following continents?

a. Africab. Australiac. Europed. North Americae. South America

In the early twenty-first century, the largest number of refugees is located on which of the following continents?

a. Africab. Australiac. Europed. North Americae. South America

All of the following twentieth-century migration streams were propelled by persecution or open conflict except

a. Asians leaving Ugandab. Kosovars leaving Yugoslaviac. Tutsis leaving Rwandad. Hindus leaving Pakistane. Mexicans leaving Mexico

All of the following twentieth-century migration streams were propelled by persecution or open conflict except

a. Asians leaving Ugandab. Kosovars leaving Yugoslaviac. Tutsis leaving Rwandad. Hindus leaving Pakistane. Mexicans leaving Mexico

Which of the following characteristics is currently shared by Switzerland, Canada, and New Zealand?

a. Low population-growth ratesb. Primate urban systemsc. High infant mortality ratesd. Membership in the European Union (EU)e. More than ten percent of the population involved in sheep farming

Which of the following characteristics is currently shared by Switzerland, Canada, and New Zealand?

a. Low population-growth ratesb. Primate urban systemsc. High infant mortality ratesd. Membership in the European Union (EU)e. More than ten percent of the population involved in sheep farming

On the map above, which letter represents the region of the greatest proportion of the Canadian population? a. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

a b

cd e

On the map above, which letter represents the region of the greatest proportion of the Canadian population? a. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

a b

cd e

One would expect to find a population with a relatively young age structure ina. Less developing countriesb. Highly developed countriesc. Countries with a low death rated. Countries with a low fertility ratee. Countries with a high standard of living.

One would expect to find a population with a relatively young age structure ina. Less developing countriesb. Highly developed countriesc. Countries with a low death rated. Countries with a low fertility ratee. Countries with a high standard of living.

During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which of the following types of intraregional migration was the most prominent worldwide?

a. Rural to urbanb. Urban to suburbanc. Inland to coastald. Highland to lowlande. Urban to rural

During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which of the following types of intraregional migration was the most prominent worldwide?

a. Rural to urbanb. Urban to suburbanc. Inland to coastald. Highland to lowlande. Urban to rural

In the century after the arrival of Europeans, which of the following changes occurred to the indigenous population of the Americas?

a. It increased dramatically because of new trade routes and industries.

b. It increased slowly with the introduction of new crops.c. It remained about the same, since very few Europeans actually

moved there.d. It decreased dramatically with the introduction of new diseases.e. It decreased slowly due to increased competition for land.

In the century after the arrival of Europeans, which of the following changes occurred to the indigenous population of the Americas?

a. It increased dramatically because of new trade routes and industries.

b. It increased slowly with the introduction of new crops.c. It remained about the same, since very few Europeans actually

moved there.d. It decreased dramatically with the introduction of new diseases.e. It decreased slowly due to increased competition for land.

Of the following countries, which has the fewest people per unit of arable land?a. Guatemalab. Bangladeshc. Argentinad. Netherlandse. Egypt

Of the following countries, which has the fewest people per unit of arable land?a. Guatemalab. Bangladeshc. Argentinad. Netherlandse. Egypt

Which population pyramid best represents a college town? a military base?

A

C

B

DE

Which population pyramid best represents a college town? a military base?

A

C

B

DE

Which population pyramid best represents a college town? a military base?

A

C

B

DE

Which of the following characteristics applies to more-developed countries?a. Early stages of epidemiological transitionb. Long life expectanciesc. High total fertilityd. Rapid population growthe. Early stages of the demographic transition

Which of the following characteristics applies to more-developed countries?a. Early stages of epidemiological transitionb. Long life expectanciesc. High total fertilityd. Rapid population growthe. Early stages of the demographic transition

Even though total fertility rates have been declining in some less-developed countries, the total population has continued to grow. This is primarily because a high percentage of the population is

a. Femaleb. Malec. Over the age of 15d. Under the age of 15e. Receiving adequate medical care

Even though total fertility rates have been declining in some less-developed countries, the total population has continued to grow. This is primarily because a high percentage of the population is

a. Femaleb. Malec. Over the age of 15d. Under the age of 15e. Receiving adequate medical care

The term that describes the concept that population will continue to grow even after fertility rates decline is known as

a. Demographic momentumb. Demographic transitionc. Rate of natural increased. The population pyramide. The homeostatic plateau

The term that describes the concept that population will continue to grow even after fertility rates decline is known as

a. Demographic momentumb. Demographic transitionc. Rate of natural increased. The population pyramide. The homeostatic plateau

Physiological population density differs from crude population density in that physiological density

a. Examines only the population of cities, while crude density includes the population of cities and rural areas.

b. Is a measure of how density is perceived, while crude density is a measure of specific density.

c. Explains density in terms of people per arable square land unit, while crude density explains density in terms of people per total square land unit.

d. Explains the density of a single housing unit while crude density explains the density of a group of houses.

e. Is the number of people per housing unity, while crude density is the number of people per square mile

Physiological population density differs from crude population density in that physiological density

a. Examines only the population of cities, while crude density includes the population of cities and rural areas.

b. Is a measure of how density is perceived, while crude density is a measure of specific density.

c. Explains density in terms of people per arable square land unit, while crude density explains density in terms of people per total square land unit.

d. Explains the density of a single housing unit while crude density explains the density of a group of houses.

e. Is the number of people per housing unity, while crude density is the number of people per square mile

Which of the following is a correct statement about the demographic transition model?

a. It is applicable only to eighteenth-century Europe.b. It predicts the growth of population in Russia reasonably well.c. It divides the demographic changes of a country into two stages of

slow growth and high growth.d. It supports the idea that technology can remove or extend the limits

of food production.e. It is characterized by relatively low growth at stage 1 and stage 4.

Which of the following is a correct statement about the demographic transition model?

a. It is applicable only to eighteenth-century Europe.b. It predicts the growth of population in Russia reasonably well.c. It divides the demographic changes of a country into two stages of

slow growth and high growth.d. It supports the idea that technology can remove or extend the limits

of food production.e. It is characterized by relatively low growth at stage 1 and stage 4.

The dependency ratio is most useful for indicatinga. Reliance of a country on imported fossil fuels.b. Degree of gender equality within a country.c. Relationship between the total fertility rate and the infant mortality

rate.d. Percentage of foreign ownership within the secondary sector of a

country’s economy.e. Relationship between the potential labor force and the remainder

of a country’s population.

The dependency ratio is most useful for indicatinga. Reliance of a country on imported fossil fuels.b. Degree of gender equality within a country.c. Relationship between the total fertility rate and the infant mortality

rate.d. Percentage of foreign ownership within the secondary sector of a

country’s economy.e. Relationship between the potential labor force and the remainder

of a country’s population.

Which of the following countries is the primary destination for guest workers from the Maghreb region of northern Africa?

a. Franceb. Germanyc. Italyd. Spaine. United Kingdom

Which of the following countries is the primary destination for guest workers from the Maghreb region of northern Africa?

a. Franceb. Germanyc. Italyd. Spaine. United Kingdom

The first wave of immigrants in the United States during the nineteenth century came from

a. Asia and Latin America.b. Italy, Russia, and Poland.c. England, Ireland, and Germany.d. Sweden, Norway, and Slovakiae. Africa and Oceania.

The first wave of immigrants in the United States during the nineteenth century came from

a. Asia and Latin America.b. Italy, Russia, and Poland.c. England, Ireland, and Germany.d. Sweden, Norway, and Slovakia.e. Africa and Oceania.

Which of the following migrations described below would be most likely to occur?a. A married man and women with three small children moving for the

United States to Chinab. A middle-aged single man moving from London to rural Germany.c. A young single woman moving from Lima, Peru to a rural Peruvian

villaged. A young single man moving from rural New York to Albany, New

York, and then to New York City.e. A Chinese family of three moving from Shanghai to Beijing.

Which of the following migrations described below would be most likely to occur?a. A married man and women with three small children moving for the

United States to Chinab. A middle-aged single man moving from London to rural Germany.c. A young single woman moving from Lima, Peru to a rural Peruvian

villaged. A young single man moving from rural New York to Albany, New

York, and then to New York City.e. A Chinese family of three moving from Shanghai to Beijing.

All of the following are recent examples of population movements by refugees forced to move from their homelands except

a. Palestinians for Israel.b. Afghanis from Afghanistan to neighboring countries.c. Koreans to Japan.d. Tutsis from Rwanda to surrounding areas.e. Muslims from India to Pakistan.

All of the following are recent examples of population movements by refugees forced to move from their homelands except

a. Palestinians for Israel.b. Afghanis from Afghanistan to neighboring countries.c. Koreans to Japan.d. Tutsis from Rwanda to surrounding areas.e. Muslims from India to Pakistan.

Which of the following is a group of countries with a steady or declining birth rates?a. Niger, Mali, Ugandab. Yemen, Chad, Djiboutic. Benin, Haiti, Camerond. Madagascar, Bhutan, Iraqe. Germany, Japan, Hong Kong

Which of the following is a group of countries with a steady or declining birth rates?a. Niger, Mali, Ugandab. Yemen, Chad, Djiboutic. Benin, Haiti, Camerond. Madagascar, Bhutan, Iraqe. Germany, Japan, Hong Kong

Which letter on the map best represents the area of population concentration for most Chinese cities?

a. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

a

bc

d

e

Which letter on the map best represents the area of population concentration for most Chinese cities?

a. Ab. Bc. Cd. De. E

a

bc

d

e

Most population pyramids for western European countries reflect an age structure that is

a. Very young, with most citizens at young ages, and very few at middle and older ages.

b. Larger in the middle than at young ages, with a relatively large number of older people.

c. Middle aged, with few citizens at young or old ages.d. Very old, with most citizens falling in age groups above 50.e. Evenly balanced, with almost as many people 80 and older as 15 or

younger.

Most population pyramids for western European countries reflect an age structure that is

a. Very young, with most citizens at young ages, and very few at middle and older ages.

b. Larger in the middle than at young ages, with a relatively large number of older people.

c. Middle aged, with few citizens at young or old ages.d. Very old, with most citizens falling in age groups above 50.e. Evenly balanced, with almost as many people 80 and older as 15 or

younger.

Which of the following is the best description of global migration patterns today?a. People are moving from the Southern Hemisphere to the Northern

Hemisphere.b. People are moving from the Eastern Hemisphere to the Western

Hemisphere.c. People are moving from less developed countries to more

developed countries.d. People are moving from more developed countries to less

developed countries.e. People are moving from areas with colder climates to areas with

warmer climates.

Which of the following is the best description of global migration patterns today?a. People are moving from the Southern Hemisphere to the Northern

Hemisphere.b. People are moving from the Eastern Hemisphere to the Western

Hemisphere.c. People are moving from less developed countries to more

developed countries.d. People are moving from more developed countries to less

developed countries.e. People are moving from areas with colder climates to areas with

warmer climates.

If individuals do not travel outside a very small area because they are unaware of opportunity locations beyond their activity spaces, they would have limited

a. Intervening opportunities.b. Migration selectivity.c. Awareness spaces.d. Spatial interactions.e. Population concentrations.

If individuals do not travel outside a very small area because they are unaware of opportunity locations beyond their activity spaces, they would have limited

a. Intervening opportunities.b. Migration selectivity.c. Awareness spaces.d. Spatial interactions.e. Population concentrations.

In which of the following scenarios would a country be most likely to succeed in limitng population growth within its borders?

a. A small country where most people farm for a living.b. A country with a centralized government and a growing industrial

base.c. An industrialized country with strong regional governments.d. A country with a large illegal net in-migratione. A country with a decreasing mortality rate.

In which of the following scenarios would a country be most likely to succeed in limitng population growth within its borders?

a. A small country where most people farm for a living.b. A country with a centralized government and a growing industrial

base.c. An industrialized country with strong regional governments.d. A country with a large illegal net in-migratione. A country with a decreasing mortality rate.

If a geographer reasons that spatial interaction is directly related to the size of the population and inversely related to the distance between them, (s)he is making use of

a. The gravity model.b. The space-time prism.c. Zero population growth.d. Migration selectivity.e. The epidemiological transition.

If a geographer reasons that spatial interaction is directly related to the size of the population and inversely related to the distance between them, (s)he is making use of

a. The gravity model.b. The space-time prism.c. Zero population growth.d. Migration selectivity.e. The epidemiological transition.

The map above shows that the population of China isa. Spread out evenly across the country.b. Larger than that of any other country in the world.c. Ethnically diverse.d. Concentrated in the east along river valleys and the coast.e. Mainly rural, although a growing number of people live in cities.

The map above shows that the population of China isa. Spread out evenly across the country.b. Larger than that of any other country in the world.c. Ethnically diverse.d. Concentrated in the east along river valleys and the coast.e. Mainly rural, although a growing number of people live in cities.

Since the beginning of human history, people have tended to live arounda. The area between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn.b. Cooler mountain areas.c. High flat land long distances from coastal areas.d. Areas least susceptible to flooding.e. Bodies of water.

Since the beginning of human history, people have tended to live arounda. The area between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn.b. Cooler mountain areas.c. High flat land long distances from coastal areas.d. Areas least susceptible to flooding.e. Bodies of water.

The total number of people divided by total land areas gives us a measure known asa. Arithmetic density.b. Sustainability.c. Physiological population density.d. Carrying capacity.e. Population concentration.

The total number of people divided by total land areas gives us a measure known asa. Arithmetic density.b. Sustainability.c. Physiological population density.d. Carrying capacity.e. Population concentration.

Which two historical events most dramatically shortened the doubling rate of world population growth?

a. The Neolithic Revolution and Second Agricultural Revolution.b. The Neolithic Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.c. The Industrial Revolution and the Green Revolution.d. The Columbian Exchange and the Green Revolution.e. The Columbian Exchange and the Second Agricultural Revolution.

Which two historical events most dramatically shortened the doubling rate of world population growth?

a. The Neolithic Revolution and Second Agricultural Revolution.b. The Neolithic Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.c. The Industrial Revolution and the Green Revolution.d. The Columbian Exchange and the Green Revolution.e. The Columbian Exchange and the Second Agricultural Revolution.

The principles of exponential growth versus linear growth shaped the population theories of

a. Thomas Malthusb. Ernst Ravensteinc. Carl Sauerd. George Perkins Marshe. Immanuel Kant

The principles of exponential growth versus linear growth shaped the population theories of

a. Thomas Malthusb. Ernst Ravensteinc. Carl Sauerd. George Perkins Marshe. Immanuel Kant

The crude birth rate is based on the number of live births in a given yeara. For every 1000 women of childbearing age.b. Minus the number of deaths.c. Minus the number of deaths among infants under one year of age.d. Plus the migration rate.e. For every 1000 people in the population.

The crude birth rate is based on the number of live births in a given yeara. For every 1000 women of childbearing age.b. Minus the number of deaths.c. Minus the number of deaths among infants under one year of age.d. Plus the migration rate.e. For every 1000 people in the population.

Which of the following is a modern example of one of Thomas Malthus’s negative checks?a. Birth control policiesb. Abstinencec. Pandemicsd. Out-migratione. In-migration

Which of the following is a modern example of one of Thomas Malthus’s negative checks?a. Birth control policiesb. Abstinencec. Pandemicsd. Out-migratione. In-migration

All of the following are concepts important in shaping Ravenstein’s 11 migration laws excepta. Distance decayb. Step migrationc. Intervening opportunitiesd. Demographic momentume. Critical distance

All of the following are concepts important in shaping Ravenstein’s 11 migration laws excepta. Distance decayb. Step migrationc. Intervening opportunitiesd. Demographic momentume. Critical distance

Which of the following sets of countries currently have net in-migrations?a. China, India, and Australiab. New Zealand, the United States, and Germanyc. Japan, Indonesia, and Mexicod. Brazil, South Africa, and Britaine. Canada, South Korea, and Saudi Arabia

Which of the following sets of countries currently have net in-migrations?a. China, India, and Australiab. New Zealand, the United States, and Germanyc. Japan, Indonesia, and Mexicod. Brazil, South Africa, and Britaine. Canada, South Korea, and Saudi Arabia

Before the 20th century, most immigrations to the United States came froma. East Asia and Latin Americab. Southern and Eastern Europec. Northern and Western Europed. Latin America and Northern Africae. The Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa

Before the 20th century, most immigrations to the United States came froma. East Asia and Latin Americab. Southern and Eastern Europec. Northern and Western Europed. Latin America and Northern Africae. The Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa

A major source of discord in French society is the division between native French and immigrants from

a. Southern and Eastern Europe.b. The Middle East.c. Southeast Asia.d. Northern and equatorial Africa.e. East Asia.

A major source of discord in French society is the division between native French and immigrants from

a. Southern and Eastern Europe.b. The Middle East.c. Southeast Asia.d. Northern and equatorial Africa.e. East Asia.

Traditionally, the Ganges Valley and the Nile valley had has comparatively high population densities because of their

a. Tropical climate.b. Heavy industrialization.c. In-migration from neighboring arid areas.d. Intensive agriculture based on irrigation.e. Designation as sacred sites.

Traditionally, the Ganges Valley and the Nile valley had has comparatively high population densities because of their

a. Tropical climate.b. Heavy industrialization.c. In-migration from neighboring arid areas.d. Intensive agriculture based on irrigation.e. Designation as sacred sites.

Which of the following is most characteristic of societies currently in the last stage of demographic transition?

a. Hyperinflationb. Unemploymentc. Youth dependencyd. Aging population e. Overpopulation

Which of the following is most characteristic of societies currently in the last stage of demographic transition?

a. Hyperinflationb. Unemploymentc. Youth dependencyd. Aging population e. Overpopulation