armed conflicts 1946 - 2006€¦ · united kingdom vs. nlf (national liberation front), flosy...

Location Incompability Opposition organization Year Intensity level

Europe

Azerbaijan Govt Husseinov military faction 1993 Minor

OPON forces (Otryad Policija Osobogo Naznacenija: Special Police Brigade) 1995 Minor

Terr (Nagorno-Karabakh) Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia 1 1992–94 War

2005 Minor*

Bosnia and Herzegovina Terr (Serb) Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbian irregulars, Yugoslavia2 1992–93 War

1994–95 Minor*3

Armed Conflicts 1946 - 2006 *

* The location column lists the governmental party except in the case of extrasystemic conflicts, which are listed in italics with brackets around the name of the dependent territory, and, with both parties listed in the opposition organization column with the government name in bold. In the case of an interstate conflict, both parties are presented in the location column, with a dash between the two country names. Internationalized internal conflicts have at least one state or multinational coalitions listed with the primary parties to the conflict. All other cases are internal conflicts. Note that the intensity category Intermediate has been removed (see codebook for discussion). However, it is still possible to determine which conflicts have reached a total of at least 1000 battle-related deaths since it started. This is indicated by * in the intensity column. For definitions, see codebook.

This document is part of the dataset Armed Conflict 1946–2005, an update of the dataset Armed Conflict 1946–2001 as described in Nils Petter Gleditsch, Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg & Håvard Strand, 2002. ‘Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset’, Journal of Peace Research 39(5): 615–637. The latest version of this document can always be found at http://www.prio.no/cwp/armedconflict/ and http://www.ucdp.uu.se/research/UCDP/our_data1.htm

1 Armenia active in 1992–93 and 2005.2 Yugoslavia active in 1992–93.3 Possibly war in 1994–95.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level

Bosnia and Herzegovina cont. Terr (Croat) Croatian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian irregulars, Croatia4 1993 War

1994 Minor*

Terr (Bihača Krajina) Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia 1993–95 Minor

Croatia Terr (Serb) Serbian Republic of Krajina, Serbian irregulars, Yugoslavia5 1992–93 Minor

1995 Minor6

(Cyprus) Terr (Cyprus) United Kingdom vs. EOKA (Ethniki organosis kiprion agoniston: National Union of Cypriot Fighters) 1955–59 Minor

Cyprus –Turkey

Terr (Northern Cyprus) 1974 War

France Govt OAS (Organisation de l’armée secrète: Secret Army Organization) 1961–62 War

4 Croatia active in 1993.5 Yugoslavia active in 1992–1993.6 Possibly more than 1000 cumulative deaths by 1995.


Georgia Govt Anti-government alliance7 , Zviadists 1991–93 Minor

Terr (Abkhazia) Republic of Abkhazia 1992 Minor

1993 War

Terr (South Ossetia) Republic of South Ossetia 1992 Minor

2004 Minor

Greece Govt DSE (Dimokratikos stratos ellados: Democratic Army of Greece) 1946–49 War

Hungary –Soviet Union Govt 1956 War

Macedonia Govt UCK (Ushtria çlirimtare ë kombëtare: National Liberation Army) 2001 Minor

Moldova Terr (Dniestr) Dniestr Republic 1992 Minor

Romania Govt National Salvation Front 1989 Minor

Russia Govt Parliamentary forces 1993 Minor

7 The anti-government alliance in Georgia consisted of a faction of the National Guard, the Forces of Vazha Adamia and Mkhedrioni.


Russia cont. Terr (Chechnya) Republic of Chechnya (Ichkeria) 1994 Minor

1995–96 War

1999–2001 War

2002–03 Minor*

2004 War

2005–06 Minor*

Terr (Dagestan) Wahhabi Movement of the Buinaksk District 1999 Minor

Soviet Union Terr (Estonia) Forest Brothers 1946–48 Minor*

Terr (Latvia) LTS(p)A (Association of the Latvian Fatherland Guards), LNJS (Latvian National Youth of LTS(p)A), LNPA (Latvian National Guerilla Association) 1946–47 Minor*

Terr (Lithuania) BDPS (Bendras demokratinio pasipriesinimo sajudis: United Democratic Resistance Movement) 1946–47 War

1948 Minor*

Terr (Ukraine) UPA (Ukraine Partisan Army) 1946–48 War

1949–50 Minor*


Soviet Union cont. Terr (Azerbaijan) APF (Azerbaijani Popular Front) 1990 Minor

Terr (Nagorno-Karabakh) Republic of Armenia, ANM (Armenian National Movement) 1990–91 Minor

Spain Terr (Basque) ETA (Euskadi ta azkatasuna: Basque Nation and Liberty) 1980–81 Minor

1987 Minor

1991–92 Minor

UK Terr (Northern Ireland) PIRA (Provisional Irish Republican Army) 1971–77 Minor

1978–91 Minor*

Real IRA (Irish Republican Army) 1998 Minor*

UK–Albania Terr (Korfu Channel) 1946 Minor

Yugoslavia Terr (Croatia) Republic of Croatia, Croatian irregulars 1991 War


8 At the time consisting of Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK and USA.

Yugoslavia cont. Terr (Slovenia) Republic of Slovenia 1991 Minor

Terr (Kosovo) UCK (Ushtria çlirimtare ë kosovës: Kosovo Liberation Army) 1998 War

UCK, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)8 1999 War


Middle East

Egypt Govt Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Association) 1993–98 Minor

Egypt –UK Terr (Suez) 1951–52 Minor

Iran Govt Mujahideen e Khalq 1979–80 Minor

1981–82 War

1986–88 Minor*

1991–93 Minor*

1997 Minor*

1999–2001 Minor*

PJAK (Partî Jiyanî Azadî Kurdistan: The Free Life Party of Kurdistan), Jondullah (God’s Army) 2005–06 Minor*

Terr (Azerbaijan) Republic of Azerbaijan, Soviet Union 1946 Minor

Terr (Kurdistan) Republic of Kurdistan/KDPI (Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran), Soviet Union 1946 Minor

KDPI (Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran) 1966–68 Minor*9

9 Possibly war in 1966–68.


1979–80 War

1981 Minor*

1982 War

1983–88 Minor*

1990 Minor*

1993 Minor*

1996 Minor*

Iran cont. Terr (Arabistan) APCO (Arab Political and Cultural Organization) 1979–80 Minor

Iraq10 Govt Military faction 1958 Minor

Nationalists 1959 Minor11

Military faction 1963 Minor

SCIRI (Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq) 1982–84 Minor

1987 Minor

1991 War

1992–96 Minor*12

10 For information on the states contributing troops to the Iraqi government 2004-06, see the main conflict table or go to www.pcr.uu.se/database11 Possibly war in 1959.12 Possibly war in 1992.


Al Mahdi Army, Jaish Ansar Al-Sunna (Army of the protectors of the faith), TQJBR (Tanzim Qa’idat al Jihad fi Bilad al Rafidayn: Organization of of Jihad’s Base in the Country of the Two Rivers), Al Jaysh al-Islami fi Iraq (the Islamic Army of Iraq)13 2004–06 War

Iraq cont. Terr (Kurdistan)14 KDP (Al-hizb al dimuqraati al-kurid: Kurdish Democratic Party of Iraq), PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan)15 1961–63 War

1964 Minor*

1965–66 War

1967–68 Minor*

1969 War

1970 Minor*

1973 Minor*

1974–75 War

1976–87 Minor*

1988 War

1989–90 Minor*

1991 War

1992–93 Minor*

PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan) 1996 Minor*

13 Until November 2004, the group was called Jama’at Al-Tawhid wa Al-Jihad. 14 Possibly war in the years 1968, 1970 and 1979–87.15 PUK active from 1975.


Iran – Iraq Terr (Various)16 1974 Minor

1980–88 War

Iraq–USA, UK, Australia Government 2003 War

Iraq –Kuwait17 Terr (Kuwait) 1990 Minor

1991 War

(Israel) Terr (Israel) United Kingdom vs. IZL [Etzel] (Irgun zwai leumi: National MilitaryOrganization) 1946 Minor

Israel Terr (Palestine) Palestinian insurgents 1949–54 Minor

1955–64 Minor*18

PLO (Munazamat tahir falastin: Palestine Liberation Organization) groups, Non-PLO groups19 1965–1988 Minor*

16 Notably the Shatt-al-Arab, but also islands in the Strait of Hormuz as well as territory along their common land border. By 1982, the stated incompatibility had widened to concern governmental power in addition to the territorial dispute.

17 In 1991, Kuwait supported by the Multinational Coalition comprising troops from: Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Honduras, Italy, Morocco, Netherlands, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Spain, Syria, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and USA.

18 It is unclear exactly what year the conflict reached a cumulative intensity of 1000 battle-related deaths. 19 E.g. Hamas, Islamic Jihad, PFLP-GC, Hizbollah and al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade. For the period after 1988 it has been possible to be more exact in the coding, and more precise information is thus given

for these years.


PFLP (Al-Jabna Al-Shabiyya li Tahrir Falastin: Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine) PFLP-GC (PFLP-General Command), Fatah (Harakat Tahrir Falastin: Movement for the National Liberation of Palestine), , PIJ (Al-Jihad al-Islami fi Filastin: Palestinian Islamic Jihad), PNA (Palestinian National Authority), Hamas (Harakat al-muqawarna al-islamiyya: Islamic Resistance Movement), AMB (Kataeb al-Shaheed al-Aqsa: al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades), PRC (Popular Resistance Committees) 1989–96 Minor*

2000–06 Minor*

Israel cont. Terr (Southern Lebanon) Hezbollah (Party of God) 1990–1999 Minor

2006 Minor*

Israel – Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Transjordan Terr (Palestine) 1948 War

1949 Minor*

Israel,UK, France –Egypt Terr (Suez) 1956 War

Israel –Egypt Terr (Suez/Sinai) 1967 War

1969–70 Minor*20

20 Possibly war in 1970.


1973 War

Israel –Jordan Terr (West Bank) 1967 War

Israel –Syria Terr (Golan Heights) 1967 War

1973 War

Lebanon Govt Independent Nasserite Movement /Mourabitoun militia 1958 War

Various organizations21, Syria, Israel 1975 Minor*

1976 War

1977–79 Minor*22

1980–82 War

1983–88 Minor*

Lebanese Army (Aoun), Lebanese Forces, Syria 1989–90 Minor*

Muscat andOman/Oman23 Terr (Oman) State of Oman/Free Oman 1957 Minor

21 Some of the main groups being Progressive Socialist Party/Lebanese National Movement, Phalangist militia (Lebanese Forces), Lebanese Front, PLO, Mourabitoun, Lebanese Army, Amal, Hizbollah, SLA (South Lebanese Army), LCP (Lebanese Communist Party), PFLP-GC (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command), SSNP (Syrian Socialist Nationalist Party), Lebanese National Resistance Front, Popular Nasserite Organization, Lebanese Baath Party, Syria, Israel and Iran (Revolutionary Guard); all active during all or part of the conflict.

22 Possibly war in the years 1977–79 and 1983–84.23 Supported by troops from United Kingdom in 1957. Supported by troops from Iran, Jordan and the United Kingdom in 1972–75.


Muscat andOman/Oman cont. Govt

PFLOAG (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arab Gulf)24, South Yemen 1972–75 Minor

N. Yemen 25 Govt Opposition coalition 1948 War

Royalists 1962–64 War

1965 Minor*

1966–67 War

1968–70 Minor*

National Democratic Front 1980–82 Minor*26

N. Yemen –S. Yemen

Govt/Terr (Common border) 1972 Minor

1978–79 Minor

Saudi Arabia Govt Juhayman movement 1979 Minor

(S. Yemen) Terr (Aden/South Yemen)

United Kingdom vs. NLF (National Liberation Front), FLOSY (Front for the Liberation of South Yemen) 1964–67 Minor

24 Renamed PFLO (Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman) in 1974. 25 Supported by troops from Egypt in 1962–70.26 Possibly reached the cumulative intensity of 1000 battle-related deaths in 1980–82.


S. Yemen Govt Faction of Yemenite Socialist Party 1986 War

Syria Govt Military faction 1966 Minor

Muslim Brotherhood 1979–81 Minor

1982 War

Turkey Govt Devrimci sol (Revolutionary Left) 1991–92 Minor

MKP (Maoist Komünist Partisi: Maoist Communist Party) 2005 Minor

Terr (Kurdistan) PKK (Partiya karkeren Kurdistan: Kurdistan Worker’s Party)27 1984–86 Minor

1987–91 Minor*

1992–97 War

1998–2006 Minor*

Yemen Terr (South Yemen) Democratic Republic of Yemen 1994 War

27 In 2002, the PKK changed its name to Kadek (Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress). In 2003, the name was changed again, this time to KONGRA-GEL (People’s Congress of Kurdistan). In April 2005 Kongra-gel changed its name back to PKK.


Asia

Afghanistan28 Govt PDPA (People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan), Mujahideen (Afghanistan-based), Mujahideen (Pakistan-based), Mujahideen (Iran-based), Military faction, Taleban, Hezb-i-Islami, Hezb-i-Wahdat, Jumbish-i Milli-ye Islami, Jami’at-i-Islami, UIFSA (United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan)29, Multinational Coalition30 1978–2001 War

Taleban 2003–04 Minor*

2005–06 War

Bangladesh Terr (Chittagong Hill Tracts)

JSS/SB (Parbattya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti: Chittagong Hill Tracts People’s Coordination Association)/ Shanti Bahini (Peace Force) 1974–86 Minor

1987–92 Minor*

(Brunei) Terr (North Borneo) United Kingdom vs. North Kalimantan Liberation Army 1962 Minor

Burma/Myanmar31 Govt BCP (Burmese Communist Party), leftist organizations32 1948–53 War

28 Supported by troops from the Soviet Union in 1979–88. For information on the states contributing troops in 2003-2006, see the main conflict table or go to www.pcr.uu.se/database.29 UIFSA was formed by Hezb-i-Wahdat, Jumbish-i Milli-ye Islami and Jami’at-i-Islami in 1996. 30 The Multinational Coalition, active in 2001 comprised troops from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Turkey, United Kingdom and USA.31 Due to the complex situation that has existed in Burma since independence, it is hard to find any reliable casualty figures that can be related to specific groups. Thus, the data on Burma 1948–1988 are

estimates. From 1989 onwards the data is more exact.32 Various factions of the Burmese Communist Party have developed over the years, such as the Red Flag and White Flag movements, Parliamentary Democracy Party, People’s Liberation Front,

National Democratic United Front, Nationalities Liberation Alliance. There are also several organizations operating along ethnic divisions, such as the Palung National Front and Palung State Liberation Organization.


1954–67 Minor*

1968–78 War

1979–88 Minor*

ABSDF (All-Burma Students Democratic Front) 1990–92 Minor*

1994 Minor*

Burma/Myanmar cont. Terr (Arakan) Arakan insurgents33 1948–88 Minor

RSO (Rohingya Solidarity Organisation), ARIF (Arakan RohingyaIslamic Front) 1991–92 Minor

1994 Minor34

Terr (Mon) MFL–MUF (Mon Freedom League–Mon United Front), Mon insurgents35 1949–51 Minor

MPSG (Mon People’s Solidarity Group)/MPF (Mon People’s Front)36, NMSP (New Mon State Party) 1952–63 Minor

NMSP (New Mon State Party) 1990 Minor

BMA (Beik Mon Army) 1996 Minor

33 APLP (Arakan People’s Liberation Party), ANLP (Arakan National Liberation Party), CPA (Communist Party of Arakan, AIO (Arakan Independence Organization), ALP/ALA (Arakan Liberation Party/Arakan Liberation Army), MLO (Moslem Liberation Organization of Burma), NUFA (National United Liberation Front of Arakan).

34 This conflict is coded as being a minor armed conflict for more than 40 years in total. This is contrary to our coding criteria. To date we have not succeeded in establishing when the accumulated death toll exceeded 1000 battle-related deaths.

35 Various organizations including MNDO (Mon National Defence Organisation) and MPF (Mon People’s Front).36 MPSG was an umbrella group including MFL-MUF. In 1955 MPSG changed its name to MPF.


Burma/ Myanmar cont. Terr (Shan) NSH (Brave Young Warriors: Noom Suik Harn) 1959 Minor

SSIA (Shan State Independence Army) 1960–63 Minor

SSA (Shan State Army) 1964–70 War

SSNPLO (Shan State Nationalities People’s Liberation Organization), SSRA (Shan State Revolutionary Army), MTA (Mong Tai Army), PSLO (Palung State Liberation Organization) 1976–88 Minor*

MTA (Mong Tai Army) 1993 Minor*

1994 War

1995 Minor*

SSA/s (Shan State Army/south command) 1996–2002 Minor*

2005–06 Minor*

Terr (Kachin) PNDF (Pawngywng National Defense Force) 1949 Minor

KIO (Kachin Independence Organization) 1961–75 War

1976–92 Minor*

Terr (Karenni) KNPP (Karenni National Progressive Party) 1957 Minor


1992 Minor

1996 Minor

2005 Minor

Burma/Myanmar cont. Terr (Karen) KNU (Karen National Union), God’s Army37 1949 War

1950–91 Minor*38

1992 War

1995 Minor*

1997–2003 Minor*

2005–06 Minor*

Terr (Wa) UWSA (United Wa State Army) 1997 Minor

(Cambodia) Terr (Cambodia) France vs. Khmer Issarak 1946–53 Minor39

37 God’s Army only active in 2000.38 Possibly war in 1991.39 Possibly reached a cumulative death toll over 1000 during these years. Possibly war some of the years.


Cambodia40 Govt Khmer Rouge 1967 War

1968–69 Minor*

FUNK (Front uni national du Kampuchéa: National United Front of Kampuchea)41, North Vietnam 1970–75 War

KNUFNS (Kampuchean National United Front for National Salvation),Vietnam 1978 War

Khmer Rouge, FUNCINPEC (Front uni national pour un Cambodge indépendent, neutre, pacifique et coopératif: United National Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia)42, KPNLF (Khmer People’s National Liberation Front) 1979–88 Minor*43

1989 War

1990–98 Minor*

Cambodia –Thailand

Terr (Common border) 1966 Minor

1977–78 Minor

Cambodia –Vietnam

Terr (Common border) 1975–77 Minor44

40 Supported by troops from South Vietnam and the USA 1970–73. Supported by troops from Vietnam in 1979–89.41 Coalition of KCP (Khmer Communist Party), Khmer Rouge and Sihanoukists.42 Formed in 1981.43 Possibly war 1979–88.44 Possibly reached a cumulative death toll over 1000 during these years. Possibly war some of the years.


China Govt People’s Liberation Army 1946–49 War

Terr (Taiwan) Taiwanese insurgents45 1947 War

Terr (Tibet) Tibet 1950 Minor

1956 War

1959 War

China –Taiwan46

Govt/Terr (Taiwan strait) 1949 War

1950 Minor*

1954 War

1958 War

China – India Terr (Aksai Chin, Arunachal Pradesh) 1962 War

1967 Minor*

China –Burma


45 Note that this separatist insurgency involves Taiwanese aborigines and is unrelated to later China–Taiwan conflicts.46 Supported by troops from the USA from 1954 and on.


China –Soviet Union Terr (Ussuri river) 1969 Minor

China –Vietnam Terr (Various)47 1978 Minor

1979 War

1980–81 Minor*

1983–84 Minor*

1986–88 Minor*

Hyderabad Govt CPI (Communist Party of India) 1947–48 War

Hyderabad –India Terr (Hyderabad) 1948 War

India48 Govt CPI (Communist Party of India) 1948–51 War

CPI-M (Communist Party of India-Marxist)49 1967–72 Minor*

PWG (People’s War Group), MCC (Maoist Communist Centre) 1990–94 Minor*

1996–2004 Minor*

47 Including their common land border, the Gulf of Tonkin, the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands.48 Due to the complex situation that has existed in India since independence, it is hard to find reliable casualty figures that can be related to specific groups. Thus, the data on India 1948–1988 are

estimates. From 1989 onwards the data is more exact.49 The CPI-M (Communist Party of India-Marxist) split in 1969 into CPI-ML (Communist Party of India-Marxist-Leninist) and MCC (Maoist Communist Centre). The CPI-ML has since then split into

numerous factions, one of the most important being People’s War Group (PWG).


CPI-M (Communist Party of India-Maoist) 2005–06 Minor*

India cont. Terr (Punjab/Khalistan) Sikh insurgents50 1983–86 Minor

1987 Minor*

1988–92 War

1993 Minor*

Terr (Nagaland)51 NNC (Naga Nationalist Council) 1956–57 Minor

1958–59 Minor*

1961–68 Minor*

NSCN (I-M) (Naga Socialist Council of Nagaland - Isaac-Muivah faction) 1992–97 Minor*

2000 Minor*

NSCN-K (Naga Socialist Council of Nagaland - Khaplang faction) 2005–06 Minor*

Terr (Manipur) PLA (People’s Liberation Army) 1982–88 Minor

PLA (People’s Liberation Army), UNLF (United National Liberation Front), KNF (Kuki National Front) 1992–2000 Minor

2003–06 Minor

50 A large number of groups have been active, reportedly more than 24 organizations and splinter groups in 1992. Some of the larger groups have been the KLF (Khalistan Liberation Force) and the KCF (Khalistan Commando Force).

51 Supported by troops from Myanmar in 2005 and 2006.


India cont. Terr (Tripura) TNV (Tripura National Volunteers) 1978–88 Minor

ATTF (All Tripura Tiger Force), NLFT (National Liberation Front of Tripura) 1992–93 Minor

1995 Minor

1997–2004 Minor

2006 Minor

Terr (Mizoram) MNF (Mizo National Front) 1966–68 Minor

Terr (Kashmir) Kashmir insurgents52 1989 Minor

1990–93 War

1994–98 Minor*

1999–2005 War

2006 Minor*

Terr (Assam) ULFA (United Liberation Front of Assam) 1990–91 Minor

1994–2006 Minor

Terr (Bodoland) ABSU (All Bodo Student’s Union) 1989–1990 Minor

NDFB (National Democratic Front for Bodoland) 1993–2004 Minor

52 A large number of groups have been active. 60 groups were reported active in 1990, 140 in 1991 and 180 in 1992. Some of the larger groups have been JKLF (Jammu & Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), the Hizb-ul-Mujahideen and, in recent years, also the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jesh-e-Mohammad.


India –Pakistan Terr (Kashmir) 1948 War

1964 Minor*

1965 War

1971 War

1984 Minor*

1987 Minor*

1989–1992 Minor*

1996–98 Minor*

1999 War

2000–03 Minor*

(Indonesia) Terr (Indonesia) Netherlands vs. Indonesian People’s Army 1946–49 Minor

Indonesia Govt Darul Islam Movement 1953 War

Darul Islam Movement, PRRI (Revolutionary Government of the Indonesian Republic), Permesta movement 1958–61 Minor*

Terr (South Moluccas) Republic of South Moluccas 1950 War


Indonesia cont. Terr (West Papua) OPM (Organisasi Papua merdeka: Organization for a Free Papua) 1965 Minor

1967–69 Minor

1976–78 War

Terr (East Timor) Fretilin (Frente revolucionária de Timor Leste independente: Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor) 1975–78 War

1979–89 Minor*

1992 Minor*

1997–98 Minor*

Terr (Aceh) GAM (Gerakan Aceh merdeka: Free Aceh Movement) 1990–1991 Minor53

1999–2002 Minor

2003–05 Minor*

Indonesia –Netherlands

Terr (West New Guinea) 1962 Minor

(Laos) Terr (Laos) France vs. Lao Issara 1946–49 Minor

1950–53 Minor*54

53 Possibly war in 1990. Possibly reached 1000 cumulative battle-related deaths allready in 1991.54 Possibly war in 1950–53.


Laos55 Govt Pathet Lao56, Neutrals 1959–61 War

Pathet Lao, North Vietnam 1963–73 War

LRM (Lao Resistance Movement)57 1989–90 Minor*

Laos –Thailand

Terr (Common border) 1986–88 Minor

(Malaya) Terr (Malaya) United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand vs. Communist Party of Malaya 1948–57 War

Malaysia58 Govt CPM (Communist Party of Malaya) 1958–60 Minor

1974–75 Minor59

1981 Minor60

Terr (North Borneo) CCO (Clandestine Communist Organization) 1963–66 Minor

55 Supported by troops from Thailand in 1960–61 and 1969. Supported by troops from the USA and South Vietnam in 1963–7356 Possibly supported by troops from North Vietnam.57 LRM, also known as NLF (National Liberation Front), was a loose umbrella organisation, consisting of e.g. the former Chao Fa (“soldiers of the sky”) organisation and the LNLA (Lao National Liberation Army). 58 Supported by troops from the United Kingdom in 1958–60.59 Possibly reached a cumulative death toll of over 1000 in these years.60 Possibly reached a cumulative death toll of over 1000 in 1981.


Malaysia61 –Indonesia Terr (North Borneo) 1963–66 Minor

Nepal Govt Nepali Congress 1960–62 Minor

CPN/M (Communist Party of Nepal/Maoist) 1996–2000 Minor

2001 Minor*62

2002–05 War

2006 Minor*

N. Korea63 –S. Korea64 Terr (Korea) 1949 Minor65

1950–53 War

Pakistan Govt MQM (Mohajir Qaumi Movement) 1990 Minor

1995–96 Minor

61 Supported by troops from the United Kingdom.62 Possibly war in 2001.63 Supported by troops from the Soviet Union and China in 1950-53.64 Supported by UN Alliance comprising troops from: United States, Australia, Canada, France, Greece, New Zealand, United Kingdom, the Philippines, Thailand, South Africa and Turkey from 1950, and

the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Colombia and Ethiopia from 1951.65 Possibly war in 1949.


Pakistan cont. Terr (Baluchistan) Baluchi separatists 1974 War

1975–77 Minor*66

BLA (Baluchistan Liberation Army), Baluch Ittehad (Baluch Unity) 2004–06 Minor*

Terr (East Pakistan) Mukti Bahini (Liberation Force) 1971 War

Papua NewGuinea Terr (Bougainville) BRA (Bougainville Revolutionary Army) 1989–90 Minor

1992–96 Minor

Philippines Govt HUK (Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan: People’s Liberation Army) 1946–54 War

CPP (Communist Party of the Philippines), Military faction67 1969–80 Minor*

1981 Minor*

1982–86 War

1987–88 Minor*

1989 War

1990 Minor*

1991–92 War

1993–95 Minor*

66 Possibly war in 1975–7767 Military faction only active 1989-1990.


1997 Minor*

1999–2006 Minor*

Philippines cont.

Terr (Mindanao) MIM (Mindanao Independence Movement)1970–71 Minor

MNLF (Moro National Liberation Front) 1972–77 Minor*

1978 War

1979–80 Minor*

1981 War

MNLF (Moro National Liberation Front), MILF (Moro Islamic Liberation Front) 1982–1990 Minor*

MNLF (Moro National Liberation Front), MILF (Moro Islamic LiberationFront), ASG (Abu Sayyaf Group), MNLF faction 1993–99 Minor*

2000 War

2001–06 Minor*

S. Korea68 Govt Leftist insurgents (e.g. Inmin-gun: People’s Army, Military faction) 1948–50 War

S. Vietnam69 Terr (South Vietnam) Communist forces (developing into FNL [Front national de libération: National Liberation Front]) 1955–64 War

68 Supported by troops from the USA in 1949-1950.69 Supported by troops from the USA from 1962.


S. Vietnam70 –N. Vietnam71 Terr (South Vietnam) 1965–75 War

Sri Lanka Terr (Eelam) LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam), TELO (Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization), PLOTE (People’s Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam) 1983–84 Minor

1985–88 Minor*72

1989–2001 War

2003 Minor*

2005 Minor*

2006 War

Govt JVP (Janata vimukhti peramuna: Sinhalese People’s Liberation Front) 1971 War

1989 War

1990 Minor*

Tajikistan73 Govt UTO (United Tajik Opposition) 1992–93 War

1994–96 Minor*

Movement for Peace in Tajikistan 1998 Minor*

70 Supported by troops from the USA, Australia, New Zeeland, Thailand, South Korea and the Philippines 1965-1975.71 Supported by troops from North Korea 1965-1975.72 Possibly war in 1985–88.73 Supported by troops from Russia/CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) in 1993–96 and troops from Uzbekistan in 1993–94.


Thailand Govt Military faction (Navy) 1951 Minor

CPT (Communist Party of Thailand) 1974–82 Minor*74

Terr (Patani) Patani insurgents75 2003–06 Minor

Thailand –France

Terr (Northern Cambodia) 1946 Minor

Uzbekistan76 Govt IMU (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan) 2000 Minor

JIG (Jihad Islamic Group) 2004 Minor

(Vietnam) Terr (Vietnam) France vs. Viet Nam doc lap dong minh hoi (Vietnam Independence League) or Viet minh 1946–54 War

74 Possibly war in 1977–79.75 E.g. BRN-C (Barisan Nasional Revolusi-Coordinate), PULO (Patani United Liberation Organisation) and GMIP (Gerekan Mujahideen Islam Pattani).76 Supported by troops from Kyrgyzstan in 2000.


Africa

(Algeria) Terr (Algeria) France vs. FLN (Front de libération nationale: National Liberation Front), MNA (Mouvement nationale algérien: Algerian National Movement) 1954 Minor

1955–61 War

1962 Minor*

Algeria77 Govt Takfir wa’l Hijra (Exile and Redemption), MIA (Mouvement Islamique Armée; Armed Islamic Movement), FIS (Front Islamique du Salut / Islamic Salvation Front), GIA (Groupe islamique armé: Armed Islamic Group), GSPC (Groupe salafiste pour la prédicationet le combat: Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat) 1991–92 Minor

1993–2001 War

2002–06 Minor*

Algeria –Morocco


77 Supported by troops from Chad, Niger and Mali in 2004.


(Angola) Terr (Angola) Portugal vs. MPLA (Movimento popular de libertação de Angola: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola), FNLA (Frente nacional da libertação de Angola: National front for the Liberation of Angola), UNITA (União nacional para a independência total de Angola: National Union for the Total Independence of Angola)78 1961–65 Minor

1966–74 Minor*79

Angola80 Govt81 UNITA (União nacional para a independência total de Angola: National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), South Africa82, FNLA (Frente nacional da libertação de Angola: National front for the Liberation of Angola), MPLA faction83, Zaire84 1975–94 War

1995 Minor*85

1998–2001 War

2002 Minor*

78 Active from 1966.79 The conflict possibly reached a cumulative 1000 battle-related deaths earlier than 1966, and some of the years 1966–74 should possibly be classified as war.80 Supported by troops from Cuba until 1989. Supported by troops from Namibia in 1999–02.81 From 1990, only activity involving the government of Angola and UNITA.82 South Africa active in 1975, 1976, 1987 and 1988.83 MPLA faction only active in 1977.84 Zaire active in 1975.85 Possibly war in 1995.


Angola cont. Terr (Cabinda) FLEC-R (Frente da libertação do enclave de Cabinda-Renovada: Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Renewed), FLEC-FAC (Frente da libertação do enclave de Cabinda-Forças armadas de Cabinda: Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda-Armed Forces of Cabinda) 1991 Minor

1994 Minor

1996–98 Minor

2002 Minor

2004 Minor

Burkina Faso Govt Popular Front 1987 Minor

Burkina Faso – Mali Terr (Agacher strip) 1985 Minor

Burundi Govt Military faction 1965 Minor

Palipehutu (Parti pour la libération du peuple Hutu: Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People) 1991–92 Minor


CNDD (Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie: National Council for the Defense of Democracy), Palipehutu-FNL (Parti pour la libération du peuple Hutu-Forces nationales de libération: Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People-Forces for National Liberation)86, Frolina (Front pour la libération nationale: National Liberation Front), CNDD-FDD (Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie-Forces pour la défense de la démocratie: National Council for the Defense of Democracy-Forces for the Defense of Democracy)87 1994–96 Minor88

1997 Minor*89

1998 War

1999 Minor*90

2000–02 War

2003–06 Minor*

(Cameroon) Terr (Cameroon) France vs. UPC (Union des populations camerounaises: Union of the Populations of Cameroon) 1957–59 Minor

Cameroon91 Govt UPC (Union des populations camerounaises: Union of the Populations of Cameroon) 1960 War

1961 Minor*

Military faction 1984 Minor*

86 In 2002, Palipehutu-FNL split into the Palipehutu-FNL/Rwasa faction and the Palipehutu-FNL/Mugabarabona faction.87 In 2001, CNDD-FDD split into the CNDD-FDD/Ndayikengurukiye faction and the CNDD-FDD/Nkurunziza faction.88 Possibly reached a cumulative death toll over 1000 in 1995–96.89 Possibly war in 1997.90 Possibly war in 1999.91 Supported by troops from France in 1960.


Cameroon –Nigeria Terr (Bakassi) 1996 Minor

CentralAfricanRepublic92 Govt Military faction 2001 Minor

Forces of François Bozize 2002 Minor

UFDR (Union des forces démocratiques pour le rassemblement: Union of Democratic Forces for Unity) 2006 Minor

Chad93 Govt Chad insurgents 1965 War

FROLINAT (Front de libération national du Chad: National Liberation Front of Chad) 1966–70 War

First Liberation Army, CCFAN (Conceil de Commandement des Forces Ar-mées du Nord: Command Council of the Armed Forces of the North)94, FAN (Forces armées du nord: Armed Forces of the North), FAP (Forces armées populaires: People’s Armed Forces)95, Third Liberation Army, First Volcan Army, New Volcan Army, Libya96 1971–81 War

92 Supported by troops from Libya in 2001.93 Supported by troops from France in 1969-75, 1978-79, 1983-84 and 1986-87. Supported by troops from Libya in 1980-81. Supported by troops from Zaire in 1983.94 In 1971 FROLINAT broke into First Liberation Army and CCFAN. 95 In 1976 CCFAN split into FAN and FAP. 96 Libya active on side B in 1978.


GUNT (Gouvernement d’union nationale de transition: Transitional Govern-ment of National Unity), GUNT/CDR (Conseil démocratique révolution-aire)97, Codos groups, Islamic Legion, MOSANAT (Mouvement pour le salut national du Chad), military faction, MPS (Mouvement patriotique du salut: Patriotic Salvation Movement)98, Libya99 1982–1990 War

MDD (Mouvement pour la démocratie et le dévelopment: Movement for Democracy and Development), CSNPD (Conseil de salut national pour la paix et la démocratie: Committee of National Revival for Peace and Democracy), CNR (Comité national de redressement: National Council for Recovery), FNT (Front national tchadien: Chad National Front), FARF (Forces armées pour la République fédérale: Armed Forces of the Federal Republic), MDJT (Mouvement pour la démocratie et la justice au Tchad: Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad) 1991–94 Minor*

1997–2002 Minor*

RDL (Rassemblement pour la Démocratie et la Liberté: Rally for Democray and Liberty) 2005 Minor*

RDL/FUCD (RDL/Front Unique pour le changement démocratique: United Front for Democratic Change), UFDD (Union des forces pour la démocratie et le développement: the Union Force for Democracy and Development)100, RAFD (Rassemblement des forces démocratiques: Rally of Democratic Forces) 2006 War

97 GUNT was the transitional government in power in 1980-81. In June 1982 it was ousted from power and initiated an armed struggle against the new government. GUNT consisted of remnants of CDR, FAT, FAP, the First Liberation Army, the Volcan Forces and the Western Armed Forces. GUNT broke apart in 1986 and the remaining group was referred to as GUNT/CDR.

98 MPS formed by military faction and MOSANAT in 1990.99 Libya active 1983-87. 100 At the end of 2005, RDL together with seven other groups formed an alliance called FUCD. In October FUCD merged with two other rebel groups, creating UFDD.


Chad –Libya Terr (Aozou strip) 1987 War

Chad –Nigeria Terr (Lake Chad) 1983 Minor

Comoros Govt Presidential guard 1989 Minor

Terr (Anjouan) MPA (Mouvement populaire anjouanais: Anjouan People’s Movement)/Republic of Anjouan 1997 Minor

Congo-Brazzaville101 Govt Ninjas, Cobras, Angola102, Cocoyes, Ntsiloulous 1993–94 Minor

1997–98 War

1999 Minor*

2002 Minor*

101 Supported by troops from Angola and Chad in 1998–99 and by troops from Angola in 2002.102 Angola only active in 1997.


Democratic Republic of Congo103 Govt CNL (Conseil national de libération: National Liberation Council) 1964–65 War

Opposition militias104 1967 Minor*

FLNC (Front de libération nationale congolais: Congolese National Liberation Front) 1977–78 Minor*105

AFDL (Alliance des forces démocratiques pour la libération du Congo-Kinshasa: Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Kinshasa), Rwanda 1996 Minor*

AFDL, RCD (Rassemblement congolaises pour la démocratie: CongoleseDemocratic Rally), RCD-ML (Rassemblement congolaises pour ladémocratie-Mouvement de libération: Congolese Democratic Rally-LiberationMovement), MLC (Mouvement de libération congolais: Congolese LiberationMovement), Angola106, Rwanda, Uganda 1997–2000 War

2001 Minor*107

Terr (South Kasai) Independent Mining State of South Kasai 1960–62 Minor

103 The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) previously called Congo (1960–1971) and Zaire (1971–1997). Government of DRC supported by troops from Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia and Chad in 1998–99, and by troops from Zimbabwe, Angola and Namibia in 2000–01.

104 Including Katangese gendarmes and mercenaries.105 Possibly war in both 1977 and 1978.106 Angola active in 1997.107 Possibly war in 2001.


Democratic Republic of Congo cont. Terr (Katanga) Katanga 1960–62 Minor

Djibouti Govt FRUD (Front pour la restauration de l’unité et de la démocratie: Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy) 1991–94 Minor

FRUD faction 1999 Minor

EquatorialGuinea Govt Military faction 1979 Minor

Eritrea Govt EIJM (Harakat al Jihad al Islami: Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement) - Abu Suhail faction 1997 Minor

1999 Minor

2003 Minor

Eritrea –Ethiopia Terr (Badme) 1998–2000 War


Ethiopia Govt Military faction 1960 Minor

EPRP (Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Party), Military faction, TPLF (Tigrean People’s Liberation Front), EPDM (Ethiopian People’s Democratic Movement), EPRDF (Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front)108 1976–91 War

Terr (Eritrea) ELF (Eritrean Liberation Front), ELF factions, EPLF (Eritrean People’s Liberation Front) 1962–67 Minor

1968–73 Minor*

1974–91 War

Terr (Ogaden)109 WSLF (Western Somali Liberation Front)110 1975–76 Minor

1977–78 War

1979–83 Minor*

ONLF (Ogaden National Liberation Front) 1996 Minor*

1998–2002 Minor*111

2004–06 Minor*

Terr (Afar) ALF (Afar Liberation Front) 1989–91 Minor

ARDUF (Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front) 1996 Minor

108 EPRDF formed by TPLF and EPDM in 1989.109 Ethiopia supported by troops from Cuba in 1975–83.110 Backed by Somali “volunteers” that were likely to have been regular troops from the Somali National Army.111 The conflict had possibly reached a cumulative 1000 battle-related deaths by 2001.


Ethiopia cont. Terr (Somali) al-Itahad al-Islami (Islamic Union) 1996–97 Minor

1999 Minor

Terr (Oromiya) OLF (Oromo Liberation Front) 1989–91 Minor

1999–2006 Minor112

Ethiopia –Somalia Terr (Ogaden) 1960 Minor

1964 Minor

1973 Minor

1983 Minor

1987 Minor*

Gabon113 Govt Military faction 1964 Minor

Gambia114 Govt SRLP (Socialist and Revolutionary Labour Party) 1981 Minor

112 The conflict had possibly reached a cumulative 1000 battle-related deaths by 2001. Possibly war in 2002.113 Supported by troops from France.114 Supported by troops from Senegal in 1981.


Ghana Govt Military faction (National Liberation Council) 1966 Minor

Military faction (Provisional National Defence Council) 1981 Minor


Guinea Govt Military faction 1970 Minor

RFDG (Rassemblement des forces démocratiques de Guinée: Rally of Democratic Forces of Guinea) 2000–01 Minor115

(GuineaBissau)

Terr (Guinea-Bissau) Portugal vs. PAIGC (Partido africano da independência da Guiné e do Cabo Verde: African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde 1963–64 Minor

1965–73 Minor*

GuineaBissau116 Govt Military Junta for the Consolidation of Democracy, Peace and Justice 1998 War

1999 Minor*

Ivory Coast Govt MPCI (Mouvement patriotique de la Côte d’Ivoire: Patriotic Movement of Ivory Coast), MJP (Mouvement pour la justice et la paix: Movement for Justice and Peace), MPIGO (Mouvement populaire ivorian du Grand Ouest: Ivorian Movement for the Greater West) 2002–03 Minor

Forces Nouvelles117 2004 Minor

115 The conflict had possibly reached a cumulative 1000 battle-related deaths in 2001.116 Supported by troops from Senegal and Guinea in 1998–99.117 Formed by MPCI, MJP and MPIGO in 2003.


(Kenya) Terr (Kenya) United Kingdom vs. Mau Mau 1952 Minor

1953–56 War

Kenya Govt Military faction 1982 Minor

Lesotho118 Govt Military faction 1998 Minor

Liberia Govt Military faction (People’s Redemption Council) 1980 Minor

NPFL (National Patriotic Forces of Liberia), INPFL (Independent NPFL) 1989 Minor

1990 War

1991 Minor*

1992 War

1993–95 Minor*119

LURD (Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy) 2000–02 Minor*120

LURD, MODEL (Movement for Democracy in Liberia) 2003 War

(Madagascar) Terr (Malagasy) France vs. MDRM (Mouvement démocratique de la rénovation malgache: Democratic Movement for Malagasy Renewal) 1947 War

118 Supported by troops from South Africa and Botswana in 1998.119 Possibly war in 1993.120 Possibly war in 2002.


Madagascar Govt Monima (Mouvement National pour l’Independence de Madagascar: National Movement for the Independence of Madagascar) 1971 Minor

Mali Terr (Azawad) MPA (Mouvement populaire de l’Azaouad: Azawad People´s Movement) 1990 Minor

FIAA (Front islamique arabe de l’Azaouad: Islamic Arab Front of Azawad) 1994 Minor

(Morocco) Terr (Morocco) France vs. Istiqlal (Moroccan Nationalist Party) 1953–56 Minor

(Morocco/Mauritania)

Terr (Morocco/Mauritania) France121 vs. NLA (National Liberation Army) 1957–58 Minor

(Morocco/Spanish territories)

Terr (Morocco/Spanish territories) Spain122 vs. NLA (National Liberation Army) 1957 Minor

Morocco Govt Military faction 1971 Minor

121 Supported by troops from Spain.122 Supported by troops from France.


Morocco, Mauretania123

Terr (Western Sahara)

Polisario (Frente popular de liberación de Saguia el Hamra y Rio de Oro: Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia al Hamra and Rio de Oro) 1975–80 War

1981–89 Minor*124

(Mozambique) Terr (Mozambique) Portugal vs. Frelimo (Frente de libertação de Moçambique: Front for the Liberation of Mozambique) 1964–65 Minor

1966–71 Minor

1972–73 War

1974 Minor*

Mozam-bique125

Govt Renamo (Resistência nacional moçambicana: Mozambican National Resistance, MNR) 1977–80 Minor

1981–92 War

Niger Terr (Aїr & Azawad) FLAA (Front de libération de l’Aїr et l’Azaouad: Aїr and Azawad Liberation Front) 1992 Minor

CRA (Coordination of the Armed Resistance) 1994 Minor

UFRA (Union des forces de la résistance armée: Union of Forces of the Armed Resistance) 1997 Minor

123 Mauritania involved 1975–1979.124 Possibly war in some of the years, e.g. 1987.125 Supported by troops from Zimbabwe in 1985–90.


Niger cont. Terr (Eastern Niger) FDR (Front démocratique pour le renouveau: Democratic Front for Renewal) 1996 Minor

FARS (Forces révolutionnaires du Sahara: Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Sahara) 1997 Minor

Nigeria Govt Military faction 1966 Minor

Terr (Biafra) Republic of Biafra 1967–70 War

Terr (Northern Nigeria)126 Ahlul Sunna Jamaa (Followers of the Prophet) 2004 Minor

Terr (Niger Delta) NDPVF (Niger Delta People’s Volunteer Force) 2004 Minor

Rhodesia Govt ZANU (Zimbabwe African National Union), ZAPU (Zimbabwe African People’s Union) 1972–75 Minor

1976–79 War

126 More precisely, Ahlul Sunnah Jamaa aimed to establish an Islamic State by carving out areas around Kanamma, Yunusari and Toshiya in northern Nigeria.


Rwanda127 Govt128 FPR (Front patriotique rwandais: Rwandan Patriotic Front) 1990 Minor

1991–92 War

1993–94 Minor*

FDLR (Forces Democratiques de Liberation du Rwanda: Democratic Liberation Forces of Rwanda)129 1997 Minor*

1998 War

1999–2000 Minor*

2001 War

2002 Minor*

Senegal Terr (Casamance) MFDC (Mouvement des forces démocratiques de Casamance: Movement of the Democratic Forces of the Casamance) 1990 Minor

1992–93 Minor

1995 Minor

1997–98 Minor130

1999–2001 Minor*

2003 Minor*

127 Supported by troops from Zaire in 1990.128 The massacres performed by Hutu militias and Hutu civilians in 1994 are estimated to have caused between 500 000 and 800 000 deaths. These deaths are classified as one-sided, as opposed to battle-

related, wherefore they are not included here. However, UCDP also collects data on one-sided violence and has recently created a dataset covering the period 1989-2005. For an introduction to the new data, see Eck & Hultman, 2007. “Violence against Civilians in War”, Journal of Peace Research 44(2), 233-246.

129 Previously coded as PALIR (Peuple en armespour la liberation du Rwanda: Armed People for the Liberation of Rwanda). The organisation is often referred to as ex-FAR and Interahamwé in the news media.130 The conflict had possibly reached a cumulative 1000 battle-related deaths by 1998.


SierraLeone131 Govt

RUF (Revolutionary United Front), AFRC (Armed Forces Revolutionary Council), Kamajors, West Side Boys 1991–93 Minor

1994–97 Minor*

1998–99 War

2000 Minor*

Somalia132 Govt Military faction 1978 Minor

SSDF (Somali Salvation Democratic Front), SNM (Somali National Movement), SPM (Somali Patriotic Movement), USC (United Somali Congress)-Madhi faction, USC- Aideed faction 1981–86 Minor

1987–89 Minor*

1990–92 War

1993–96 Minor*

SRRC (Somali Reconciliation and Restoration Council) 2001–02 Minor*

SICS (Supreme Islamic Council of Somalia) 2006 Minor*

South Africa Govt ANC (African National Congress), PAC (Pan Africanist Congress), Azapo (Azanian People’s Organization) 1981–88 Minor

Terr (Namibia) SWAPO (South West Africa People’s Organization) 1966–78 Minor

1979 Minor*

131 Supported by troops from the United Kingdom in 2000.132 Supported by troops from Ethiopia in 2006. Somalia is not included as an active armed conflict in 1997–2000 and 2003–2004 since no government could be identified.


1980–83 War

1984–85 Minor*

1986–88 War

Sudan133 Govt Sudanese Communist Party 1971 Minor

Islamic Charter Front 1976 Minor

SPLM (Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement/Army) 1983–92 War

1993–94 Minor*134

SPLM/A, NDA (National Democratic Alliance), SAF (Sudan Alliance Forces) 1995–2002 War

SPLM/A, SLM/A (Sudan Liberation Movement/Army), JEM (Justice and Equality Movement) 2003–04 War

SLM/A 2005 Minor*

SLM/A, NRF (National Redemption Front), SLM/A–MM (Sudan Liberation Movement/Army–Minni Minawi faction) 2006 War

Terr (Southern Sudan) Anya Nya135 1963–72 War

Togo Govt MTD (Movement togolaise pour la démocratie: Togolese Movement for Democracy) 1986 Minor


133 Supported by troops from Chad in 2003.134 Possibly war in 1993-94.135 Formed Southern Sudanese Liberation Movement in 1970 together with other southern Sudanese opposition organizations.


(Tunisia) Terr (Tunisia) France vs. National Liberation Army 1953–56 Minor

Tunisia Govt Résistance armée tunisienne (Tunisian Armed Resistance) 1980 Minor

Tunisia –France Terr (Bizerte) 1961 War

Uganda136 Govt Military faction 1971 Minor

UPA (Uganda People’s Army) 1972 Minor


Military faction, UNLA (Uganda National Liberation Army), Tanzania 1978 Minor

1979 War

NRA (National Resistance Army)137, UFM (Uganda Freedom Movement), UPM (Ugandan Patriotic Movement), UNRF (Uganda National Rescue Front), UFDM (Ugandan Federal Democratic Movement), UPF (Uganda People’s Front), UPDA (Ugandan People’s Democratic Army), UPC (Uganda People’s Congress), UNLA (Uganda National Liberation Army), FOBA (Force Obote Back Again), UDCA (Uganda Democratic Christian Army), HSM (Holy Spirit Movement), HSM-Severino faction 1981–1988 War

UPDA faction, UPA (Uganda People’s Army), UDCA (Uganda Democratic Christian Army) 1989 War

136 Supported by troops from Libya in 1978–79. Supported by troops from Sudan in 2005.137 NRA active 1981–1986.


1990 Minor*

1991 War

LRA (Lord’s Resistance Army)138, WNBF (West Nile Bank Front), ADF (Alliance of Democratic Forces), UNRF II (Uganda National Rescue Front II) 1994–2001 Minor*

2002 War

2003 Minor*

2004 War

LRA 2005–06 Minor*

138 Note that the LRA was previously called UDCA.


Americas

Argentina Govt Military faction 1955 Minor

Military faction (Azules: Blue) 1963 Minor

ERP (Ejército revolucionario del pueblo: Revolutionary Worker’s Party), Montoneros 1973–74 Minor

1975 War

1976–77 Minor*139

Argentina –UK

Terr (Malvinas/Falkland Islands) 1982 Minor

Bolivia Govt Popular Revolutionary Movement 1946 War

MNR (Movimiento nacionalista revolucionario: National Revolutionary Movement) 1952 Minor*

ELN (Ejército de liberación nacional: National Liberation Army) 1967 Minor*

Chile Govt Military faction 1973 Minor

139 Possibly war in 1976–77.


Colombia Govt FARC (Fuerzas armadas revolucionarias colombianas: Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia), ELN (Ejército de liberación nacional: National Liberation Army), EPL (Ejército popular de liberación: People’s Liberation Army), M-19 (Movimiento 19 de Abril: 19 April Movement) 1966–2000 Minor140

2001–02 War

2003 Minor*

2004–05 War

2006 Minor*

Costa Rica Govt National Liberation Army 1948 War

Cuba Govt Cuban Revolution Movement (Fidelistas) 1953 Minor

Movimiento 26 de Julio (26 July Movement) 1956–57 Minor

1958 War

National Revolutionary Council, USA 1961 Minor*

DominicanRepublic Govt Military faction 1965 Minor141

Ecuador –Peru

Terr (Cordillera del Condor) 1995 Minor

140 It is unclear exactly what year the conflict reached 1000 cumulative battle-related deaths. Possibly war in several of the years 1980-2000.141 Possibly war in 1965.


El Salvador Govt Military faction 1972 Minor

ERP (Ejército revolucionario del pueblo: People’s Revolutionary Army), FAL (Fuerzas armadas de liberación: Armed Liberation Forces), FARN (Fuerzas armadas de resistencia nacional: Armed Forces of National Resistance), FPL (Fuerzas populares de liberación farabundo Marti: Farabundo Marti Popular Liberation Forces), PRTC (Partido revolucionario de trabajadores centroamericanos: Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers), FMLN (Frente farabundo Marti para la liberación nacional: Farabundo Marti Front for National Liberation)142 1979–80 Minor

1981–90 War

1991 Minor*

El Salvador –Honduras

Terr (Common border) 1969 War

Grenada –USA Govt 1983 Minor

142 In 1980, FMLN was formed by ERP, FAL, FARN, FPL and PRTC


Guatemala Govt Military faction 1949 Minor

Forces of Carlos Castillo Armas 1954 Minor

MR-13 (Movimiento revolucionario trece de noviembre: 13 November Revolutionary Movement), FAR (Fuerzas armadas rebeldes: Rebel Armed Forces), EGP (Ejército guerilleros de los pobres: Guerilla Army of the Poor), PGT (Partido guatemalteco del trabajo: Guatemalan Worker’s Party), ORPA (Organización del pueblo en armas: Organization of Armed People), URNG (Unidad revolucionaria nacional guatemalteca: Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity)143 1965–67 Minor

1968 Minor*

1969–87 War

1988–95 Minor*

Haiti Govt Leopard Corps 1989 Minor

Tonton Macoute (Uncle Knapsack), Engin Lourd 1991 Minor

RARF (Front de Résistance Artibonite; Revolutionary Arbonite Resistance Front), OP Lavalas 2004 Minor

Honduras –Nicaragua


143 In 1982, URNG was formed by FAR, EGP, PGT and ORPA.


Mexico Govt EZLN (Ejército Zapatista de liberación nacional: Zapatista National Liberation Army) 1994 Minor

EPR (Ejercito Popular Revolucionario: Popular Revolutionary Army) 1996 Minor

Nicaragua Govt FSLN (Frente Sandinista de liberación nacional: Sandinista National Liberation Front) 1978–79 War

Contras144 1981–82 Minor*

1983–88 War

1989 Minor*

Panama Govt Military faction 1989 Minor

Panama –USA Govt 1989 Minor

Paraguay Govt Opposition coalition145 1947 War



144 Various groups, mainly FDN (Fuerzas democráticas nicaraguenses: Nicaraguan Democratic Forces).145 The Opposition coalition consisted of Febreristas, Liberals and Communists


Peru Govt MIR (Movimiento de la izquierda revolucionaria: Movement of the Revolutionary Left), Túpac Amaru [Guillermo Lobatón], ELN (Ejército de la liberación nacional: National Liberation Army) 1965–66 Minor

SL (Sendero luminoso: Shining Path), MRTA (Movimiento revolucionario Tupac Amaru: Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement) 1981–85 War

1986–87 Minor*

1988–93 War

1994–99 Minor*

(Puerto Rico) Terr (Puerto Rico) USA vs. Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 1950 Minor

Surinam Govt SLA (Surinamese Liberation Army)/Jungle Commando 1986–88 Minor

Trinidad andTobago Govt Jama’at al-Muslimeen (Society of Muslims) 1990 Minor

Uruguay Govt MLN (Movimiento de liberación nacional: Movement of National Liberation)/Tupamaros 1972 Minor


USA146 Govt al-Qaida (The Base) 2001 War

2002 Minor*

2004–06 Minor*

Venezuela Govt Military faction 1962 Minor

Military faction (Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement for National Salvation) 1992 Minor

146 Supported by a Multinational Coalition. For information on the countries contributing troops to the coalition, see the main conflict table, or go to http://www.pcr.uu.se/database. For a discussion on the coding of this conflict, see footnote 2 in Gleditsch, Nils Petter; Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg & Håvard Strand, 2002. “Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset”, Journal of Peace Research 39(5): 615-637.

armed conflicts 1946 - 2006€¦ · united kingdom vs. nlf (national liberation front), flosy...

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