Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Armed Conflicts 1946–2001* Europe Azerbaijan Terr (Nagorno-Karabakh) Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, Armenia1 1992–94 War Govt Husseinov military faction 1993 Minor OPON forces 1995 Minor Bosnia and Terr (Serb) Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbian irregulars, Yugoslavia2 1992–93 War Herzegovina 1994–95 Intermediate3 Terr (Croat) Croatian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian irregulars, Croatia4 1993 War 1994 Intermediate

Terr (Bihac) Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia 1993–95 Minor Croatia Terr (Serb) Serbian Republic of Krajina, Serbian irregulars, Yugoslavia 5 1992–93 Minor 1995 Minor6 (Cyprus) Terr (Cyprus) United Kingdom vs. EOKA (Ethniki Organosis Kiprion Agoniston: National Union of Cypriot Fighters) 1955–59 Minor Cyprus Terr (Northern Cyprus) Turkish Cypriots, Turkey7 1974 War France Govt OAS (Organisation de l’armée secrète: Secret Army Organization) 1961–62 War Georgia Govt Anti-government alliance 1991–92 Minor Zviadists 1993 Minor

Terr (South Ossetia) Republic of South Ossetia 1992 Minor

*The location column lists the governmental party except in the case of extrastate conflicts, which are listed in italics with brackets around the name of the dependent territory, and, with both parties listed in the opposition organization column with the government name in bold. In the case of an interstate conflict, both parties are presented in the location column, with a dash between the two country names. Internationalized internal conflicts have at least one state or multinational organization listed among the opposition organizations. All other cases are internal conflicts. Minor armed conflict: at least 25 battle-related deaths in that year and fewer than 1,000 battle-related deaths during the course of conflict. Intermediate armed conflict: at least 25, but fewer than 1,000 battle-related deaths in that year and an accumulated total of at least 1,000 deaths. War: at least 1,000 battle-related deaths in that year. Names of the opposition organizations are given in the local language, if available, and in English. This document is part of the dataset Armed Conflict 1946–2001 as described in Nils Petter Gleditsch, Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg & Håvard Strand, 2002. ‘Armed Conflict 1946–2001: A New Dataset’, Journal of Peace Research 39(5): 615–637. The latest vesion of this document can always be found at the dataset webpage at http://www.prio.no/cwp/armedconflict/ 1 Armenia active in 1992–93. 2 Yugoslavia active in 1992–93. 3 Possibly war in 1994–95. 4 Croatia active in 1993. 5 Yugoslavia active in 1993.

17 It is unclear whether this conflict should be reclassified as an interstate conflict (Cyprus vs. Turkey), rather than as an intrastate conflict. 6 Possibly intermediate in 1995.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Terr (Abkhazia) Republic of Abkhazia 1992 Minor

1993 War Greece Govt DSE (Dimokratikos stratos ellados) 1946–49 War Hungary – Soviet Union Govt 1956 War Macedonia Govt UCK (Ushtria çlirimtare ë kombëtare: National Liberation Army) 2001 Minor Moldova Terr (Dniestr) Dniestr Republic 1992 Minor Romania Govt National Salvation Front 1989 Minor Russia Govt Parliamentary forces 1993 Minor

Terr (Chechnya) Republic of Chechnya (Ichkeria) 1994 Minor

1995–96 War 1999–2001 War

Terr (Dagestan) Republic of Dagestan 1999 Minor

Soviet Union Terr (Estonia) Forest Brothers 1946–48 Intermediate Terr (Latvia) LTSPA (Association of the Latvian Fatherland Guards), LNJS (Latvian National Youth of LTSPA), LNPA

(Latvian National Guerilla Association) 1946–47 Intermediate

Terr (Lithuania) BDPS (Bendras demokratinio pasipriesinimo sajudis: United Democratic Resistance Movement) 1946–47 War 1948 Intermediate Terr (Ukraine) UPA (Ukraine Partisan Army) 1946–48 War 1949–50 Intermediate

Terr (Azerbaijan) Azerbaijani Popular Front 1990 Minor

Terr (Nagorno-Karabakh) Government of Armenia and ANM (Armenian National Movement) 1990–91 Minor

Spain Terr (Basque) ETA (Euskadi ta azkatasuna: Basque Nation and Liberty) 1980–81 Minor 1987 Minor

1991–92 Minor UK Terr (Northern Ireland) PIRA (Provisional Irish Republican Army) 1971–77 Minor

1978–93 Intermediate Real IRA (Irish Republican Army) 1998 Intermediate UK – Albania Terr (Korfu Channel) 1946 Minor

2

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Yugoslavia Terr (Croatia) Republic of Croatia, Croatian irregulars 1991 War

Terr (Slovenia) Republic of Slovenia 1991 Minor

Terr (Kosovo) UCK (Ushtria çlirimtare ë kosovës: Kosovo Liberation Army) 1998 War UCK (Ushtria çlirimtare ë kosovës: Kosovo Liberation Army), NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 1999 War

Middle East Egypt Govt al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Association), al-Jihad al-Islamiy (Islamic Jihad, Holy War),

Tala ‘i al-Fath (Vanguards of Conquest, New Jihad) 1992–98 Minor Egypt – UK Terr (Suez) 1951–52 Minor Iran Terr (Azerbaijan) Republic of Azerbaijan, Soviet Union 1946 Minor Terr (Kurdistan ) Republic of Kurdistan/KDPI (Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran), Soviet Union 1946 Minor

KDPI (Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran) 1966–68 Intermediate8 1979–80 War 1981 Intermediate 1982 War 1983–88 Intermediate

1990 Intermediate 1993 Intermediate

Terr (Arabistan) APCO (Arab Political and Cultural Organization) 1979–80 Minor Govt Mujahideen e khalq 1979–80 Minor

1981–82 War 1986–88 Intermediate 1991–93 Intermediate 2000–01 Intermediate

Iraq Govt Military faction 1958 Minor

Nationalists 1959 Minor9 Military faction 1963 Minor SAIRI (Supreme Assembly for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq)10 1982–84 Minor

1987 Minor 1991 War 1992–96 Intermediate11

8 Possibly war in 1966–68. 9 Possibly war in 1959. 10 Umbrella organization formed in 1982 by al-Dawa, Movement of the Iraqi Mujahideen, Islamic Movement in Iraq, Jund al-Iman, Islamic Action Organization and Islamic Scholars’ Organization.

311 Possibly war in 1992.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Terr (Kurdistan)12 KDP (Al-hizb al-Dimuqraati al-kurid: Kurdish Democratic Party of Iraq), PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan)13 1961–63 War

1964 Intermediate 1965–66 War 1967–68 Intermediate 1969 War 1970 Intermediate 1973 Intermediate 1974–75 War 1976–87 Intermediate 1988 War

1989–90 Intermediate 1991 War 1992–93 Intermediate

Iran – Iraq Terr (Various)14 1974 Minor

1980–88 War Iraq – Kuwait15 Terr (Kuwait) 1990 Minor 1991 War (Israel) Terr (Israel) United Kingdom vs. IZL [Etzel] (Irgun Zwai Leumi: National Military Organization) 1946 Minor Israel Terr (Palestine) Palestinian insurgents 1949–54 Minor 1955–64 Intermediate 16

PLO (Munazamat tahir falastin: Palestine Liberation Organization) groups, Non-PLO groups17 1965–2001 Intermediate Israel – Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Transjordan Terr (Palestine) 1948 War 1949 Intermediate Israel, UK, France – Egypt Terr (Suez) 1956 War Israel – Egypt Terr (Suez/Sinai) 1967 War

12 Possibly war in the years 1968, 1970 and 1979–87. 13 PUK active from 1975. 14 Notably the Shatt-al-Arab, but also islands in the Strait of Hormuz as well as territory along their common land border. By 1982, the stated incompatibility had widened to concern governmental power in addition to the territorial dispute. 15 In 1991, Kuwait supported by the Multinational Coalition comprising troops from: Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Honduras, Italy, Morocco, Netherlands, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Spain, Syria, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and USA.

417 E.g. Hamas, Islamic Jihad, PFLP-GC (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command) and Hizbollah. 16 It is unclear when the conflict changed from minor to intermediate.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level 1969–70 Intermediate18

1973 War Israel – Jordan Terr (West Bank) 1967 War Israel – Syria Terr (Golan Heights) 1967 War 1973 War Lebanon Govt Independent Nasserite movement /Mourabitoun militia 1958 War

Various organizations19, Syria, Israel 1975 Minor 1976 War 1977–79 Intermediate20 1980–82 War 1983–88 Intermediate 1989–90 War

Muscat and Oman/Oman21Terr (Oman) State of Oman/Free Oman 1957 Minor Govt PFLOAG (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arab Gulf)22, South Yemen 1972–75 Minor N. Yemen 23

Govt Opposition coalition 1948 War Royalists 1962–64 War

1965 Intermediate 1966–67 War 1968–70 Intermediate

National Democratic Front 1980–82 Minor24 N. Yemen – S. Yemen Govt/Terr (Common border) 1972 Minor

1978–79 Minor Saudi Arabia Govt Juhayman movement 1979 Minor

(S. Yemen) Terr (Aden/South Yemen) United Kingdom vs. NLF (National Liberation Front), FLOSY (Front for the Liberation of South Yemen) 1964–67 Minor

18 Possibly war in 1970. 19 Some of the main groups being Progressive Socialist Party/Lebanese National Movement, Phalangist militia (Lebanese Forces), Lebanese Front, PLO, Mourabitoun , Lebanese Army, Amal, Hizbollah, SLA (South Lebanese Army), LCP (Lebanese Communist Party), PFLP-GC (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command), SSNP (Syrian Socialist Nationalist Party), Lebanese National Resistance Front, Popular Nasserite Organization, Lebanese Baath Party, Syria, Israel and Iran (Revolutionary Guard); all active during all or part of the conflict. Due to the chaotic situation from 1976 and the problems of identifying a governmental party, no governmental party representing Lebanon can be identified. 20 Possibly war in the years 1977–79 and 1983–84. 21 Supported by troops from United Kingdom in 1957. Supported by troops from Iran, Jordan and the United Kingdom in 1972–75. 22 Renamed PFLO (Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman) in 1974. 23 Yemen Arab Republic. Supported by troops from Egypt in 1962–70.

524 Possibly intermediate or war in 1980–82.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level

6

S. Yemen25 Govt Faction of Yemenite Socialist Party 1986 War Syria Govt Military faction 1966 Minor

Muslim Brotherhood 1979–81 Minor 1982 War

Turkey Terr (Kurdistan) PKK (Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan: Kurdish Worker’s Party) 1984–86 Minor

1987–91 Intermediate 1992–97 War 1998–2001 Intermediate

Govt Devrimci sol (Revolutionary Left) 1991–92 Minor Yemen Terr (South Yemen) Democratic Republic of Yemen 1994 War Asia Afghanistan26 Govt Various organizations27, Multinational Coalition28 1978–2001 War Bangladesh Terr (Chittagong Hill Tracts) JSS/SB (Parbattya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti: Chittagong Hill Tracts People’s Coordination Association)/

Shanti Bahini (Peace Force) 1974–86 Minor 1987–92 Intermediate (Brunei) Terr (North Borneo) United Kingdom, British Sultanate of Brunei vs. North Kalimantan Liberation Army 1962 Minor Burma/ Myanmar29 Govt CPB (Communist Party of Burma), leftist organizations30 1948–53 War

1954-67 Intermediate 1968–78 War 1979–88 Intermediate

ABSDF (All-Burma Students Democratic Front) 1991–92 Minor Terr (Arakan) Arakan insurgents31 1948–88 Minor

25 People’s Republic of South Yemen until 1970 when the name was changed to People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen. 26 Supported by the Soviet Union in 1979–88. 27 PDPA (People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan), Mujahideen (Afghanistan-based), Mujahideen (Pakistan-based), Mujahideen (Iran-based), Military faction, Taleban, Hezb-i-Islami, Hezb-i-Wahdat, Jumbish-i Milli-ye Islami, Jami’at-i-Islami; the latter three developing into UIFSA (United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan). 28 The Multinational Coalition, active in 2001, comprising troops from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Turkey, United Kingdom and USA. 29 Due to the complex situation that has existed in Burma since independence, it is hard to find any reliable casualty figures that can be related to specific groups. Thus, the data on Burma 1948–88 are estimations. From 1989 onwards the data is more exact. Note that Burma was heavily involved in fighting the Kuomintang in 1950–54. This is recorded as part of the China-Taiwan conflict. 30 Various factions of the Burmese Communist Party have developed over the years, such as the Red Flag and White Flag movements, Parliamentary Democracy Party, People’s Liberation Front, National Democratic United Front, Nationalities Liberation Alliance. There are also several organizations operating along ethnic divisions, such as the Palung National Front and Palung State Liberation Organization.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Arakan insurgents 1991–92 Minor Arakan insurgents32 1994 Minor Terr (Mon) Mon Insurgents33 1948–63 Minor NMSP (New Mon State Party) 1990 Minor Terr (Shan) SSA (Shan State Army), SSIA (Shan State Independence Army) 1960–63 Minor 1964–70 War SSNPLO (Shan State Nationalities People’s Liberation Organization), SSRA Shan State Revolutionary Army, MTA (Mong Tai Army), PSLO (Palung State Liberation Organization) 1976–88 Intermediate MTA (Mong Tai Army) 1994 War 1995 Intermediate SSA (Shan State Army), SURA (Shan United Revolutionary Army), SSNA (Shan State National Army) 1997–99 Intermediate 2001 Intermediate Terr (Kachin) PNDF (Pawngywng National Defense Force) 1949 Minor KIO (Kachin Independence Organization) 1961–75 War

1976–92 Intermediate Terr (Kaya) KNPP (Karenni National Progressive Party) 1957 Minor 1992 Minor 1996 Minor Terr (Karen) KNU (Karen National Union), KNDO (Karen National Defence Organization) 1948–49 War

1950–91 Intermediate34 1992 War 1993–95 Intermediate 1997–2001 Intermediate (Cambodia) Terr (Cambodia) France vs. Khmer Issarak 1946–53 Minor35 Cambodia36 Govt Khmer Rouge 1967 War 1968–69 Intermediate FUNK (Front uni national du Kampuchéa: National United Front of Kampuchea)37, North Vietnam 1970–75 War KNUFNS (Kampuchean National United Front for National Salvation), Vietnam 1978 War

31 APLP (Arakan People’s Liberation Party), ANLP (Arakan National Liberation Party), CPA (Communist Party of Arakan, AIO (Arakan Independence Organization), ALP/ALA (Arakan Liberation Army), MLO (Moslem Liberation Organization of Burma), NUFA (National United Liberation Front of Arakan). By 1994 there were at least six groups active with Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO), being the largest. 32 This conflict is coded as being a minor conflict for more than 40 years in total. This is contrary to our coding criteria. To date we have not succeeded in establishing when the accumulated death toll exceeded 1000 battle-deaths. 33 Various organizations including MNDO (Mon National Defence Organisation), MPF (Mon People’s Front) and NMSP (New Mon State Party). 34 Possibly war in 1991. 35 Possibly intermediate or war 1946–53. 36 Supported by troops from South Vietnam and the USA 1970–73. Supported by troops from Vietnam in 1979–89.

737 Coalition of KCP (Khmer Communist Party)/Khmer Rouge and Sihanoukists.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Khmer Rouge, FUNCINPEC (Front uni national pour un Cambodge indépendent, neutre, pacifique et coopératif: United National Front for an Independent, Neutral Peaceful and Cooperative Cambodia)38, KPNLF (Khmer People’s National Liberation Front) 1979–88 Intermediate39

1989 War 1990–98 Intermediate

Cambodia – Thailand Terr (Common border) 1966 Minor

1977–78 Minor Cambodia – Vietnam Terr (Common border) 1975–77 Minor40 China Govt People’s Liberation Army 1946–49 War Terr (Taiwan) Taiwanese insurgents41 1947 War Terr (Tibet) Tibet 1950 Minor 1956 War

1959 War China – Taiwan42 Govt/Terr (Taiwan strait) 1949 War

1950 Intermediate 1952–54 War 1958 War

China – India Terr (Aksai Chin, Arunachal Pradesh) 1962 War 1967 Intermediate China – Burma Terr (Common border) 1969 Minor China – Soviet Union Terr (Ussuri river) 1969 Minor China – Vietnam Terr (Various)43 1978 Minor

1979 War 1980–81 Intermediate

1983–84 Intermediate 1986–88 Intermediate

38 Formed 1981. 39 Possibly war 1979–88. 40 Possibly intermediate or war 1975–77. 41 Note that this separatist insurgency involves Taiwanese aborigines and is unrelated to later China-Taiwan conflicts.

843 Including their common land border, the Gulf of Tonkin, the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands.

42 Taiwanese troops, or rather the Kuomintang, was also fighting Burmese troops in Burma in 1950–54 as part of their struggle against China. Taiwan was supported by troops from the USA in fighting Chinese troops from 1954 and on.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level

9

Hyderabad Govt CPI (Communist Party of India ) 1947–48 War Hyderabad – India Terr (Hyderabad) 1948 War India44 Govt CPI (Communist Party of India ) 1948–51 War Naxalites/ CPI-M (Communist Party of India – Marxist)45 1967–72 Minor Naxalites/ PWG (People’s War Group), MCC (Maoist Communist Centre) 1989–94 Minor 1996–2001 Minor Terr (Punjab/Khalistan) Sikh insurgents46 1983–86 Minor 1987 Intermediate

1989-92 War 1993 Intermediate

Terr (Nagaland) NNC (Naga Underground Rebels) 1956–59 Minor

1961–68 Minor NSCN (Naga Socialist Council of Nagaland) 1989–97 Minor

Terr (Manipur) PLA (People’s Liberation Army) 1982–89 Minor

1991–94 Minor UNLF (United National Liberation Front), KNF (Kuki National Front), PLA (People’s Liberation Army) 1997–2000 Minor

Terr (Tripura) TNV (Tripura National Liberation Front) 1978–88 Minor ATTF (All Tripura Tribal Force) 1993 Minor ATTF (All Tripura Tribal Force), NLFT (National Liberation Front of Tripura) 1995–2001 Minor Terr (Mizoram) MNF (Mizo National Front) 1966–68 Minor Terr (Kashmir) Kashmir insurgents47 1989 Minor

1990–93 War 1994–98 Intermediate 1999–2001 War

Terr (Assam) ABSU (All Bodo Students Union), BPAC (Bodo People’s Action Committee) 1989–90 Minor ULFA (United Liberation Front of Assam) 1991 War

BDSF (Bodo Security Force), ULFA (United Liberation Front of Assam), ULFA faction, BLTF (Bodo Liberation Tigers Force), NDFB (National Democratic Front for Bodoland) 1992–2001 Intermediate

44 Due to the complex situation that has existed in India since independence, it is hard to find reliable casualty figures that can be related to specific groups. Thus, the data on India 1948–88 are estimates. From 1989 onwards the data are more exact. 45 The CPI-M (Communist Party of India – Marxist) split in 1969 into CPI-ML (Communist Party of India – Marxist-Leninist) and MCC (Maoist Communist Centre). The CPI-ML has since then split into numerous factions, one of the most important being People’s War Group (PWG). 46 A large number of groups have been active, reportedly more than 24 organizations and splinter groups in 1992. Some of the larger groups have been the KLF (Khalistan Liberation Force) and the KCF (Khalistan Commando Force). 47 A large number of groups have been active. 60 groups were reported active in 1990, 140 in 1991 and 180 in 1992. Some of the larger groups have been JKLF (Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), the Hizb-e-Mujahideen and, in recent years, also the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jesh-e-Mohammadi.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Terr (Jharkhand) Jharkand mukti morcha 1993 Minor

India – Pakistan Terr (Kashmir) 1947–48 War 1964 Intermediate

1965 War 1971 War 1984 Intermediate 1987 Intermediate

1989–90 Intermediate 1992 Intermediate 1996–98 Intermediate 1999 War 2000–01 Intermediate (Indonesia) Terr (Indonesia) Netherlands vs. Indonesian People’s Army 1946–49 Minor Indonesia Terr (South Moluccas) Republic of South Moluccas 1950 War Terr (West Papua) OPM (Organisasi Papua merdeka: Organization for a Free Papua) 1965 Minor 1976–78 War Terr (East Timor) Fretilin (Frente revolucionária de Timor leste independente: Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor) 1975–78 War 1979–89 Intermediate

1992 Intermediate 1997–98 Intermediate

Terr (Aceh) GAM (Gerakan Aceh merdeka: Free Aceh Movement) 1989 Minor

1990 War 1991 Intermediate 1999–2001 Intermediate

Govt Darul Islam Movement 1953 War

Darul Islam Movement, PRRI (Revolutionary Government of the Indonesian Republic), Permesta movement 1958–61 Intermediate

Indonesia – Netherlands Terr (West New Guinea) 1962 Minor (Laos) Terr (Laos) France vs. Lao Issara 1946–49 Minor 1950–53 Intermediate48 Laos49 Govt Pathet Lao50, Neutrals 1959–61 War Pathet Lao, North Vietnam 1963–73 War

ULNLF (United Lao National Liberation Front) 1989–90 Intermediate 48 Possibly war in 1950–53. 49Supported by troops from Thailand in 1960–61 and 1969. Supported by troops from the USA, South Vietnam in 1963–73

1050 Possibly supported by troops from North Vietnam.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Laos – Thailand Terr (Common border) 1986–88 Minor (Malaya) Terr (Malaya) United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand vs. Communist Party of Malaya 1948–57 War Malaysia51 Govt CPM (Communist Party of Malaya) 1958–60 Minor 1974–75 Minor52

1981 Minor53 Terr (North Borneo) CCO (Clandestine Communist Organization) 1963–66 Minor Malaysia54 – Indonesia Terr (North Borneo) 1963–66 Minor Nepal Govt Nepali Congress 1960–62 Minor CPN-M (Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist)/UPF (United People’s Front) 1997–2000 Minor 2001 Intermediate55 N. Korea56 – S. Korea57 Terr (Korea) 1949 Minor58

1950–53 War Pakistan Terr (East Pakistan) Mukti Bahini: Liberation Force 1971 War Terr (Baluchistan) Baluchi separatists 1974 War

1975–77 Intermediate59 Govt MQM (Mohajir Qaumi Movement) 1995–96 Minor Papua New Guinea Terr (Bougainville) BRA (Bougainville Revolutionary Army) 1989–90 Minor 1992–96 Minor Philippines Govt HUK (Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan: People's Liberation Army) 1946–54 War NPA (New People’s Army), RAM-SFP (Reform Movement of the Armed Forces – Soldiers of the Filipino People)60,

Military faction 1972–80 Minor

51 Supported by troops from the United Kingdom in 1958–60. 52 Possibly intermediate in 1974–75. 53 Possibly intermediate in 1981. 54 Supported by troops from the United Kingdom. 55 Possibly war in 2001. 56 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Supported by troops from the Soviet Union and China. 57 Republic of Korea. Supported by UN Alliance comprising troops from: United States, Australia, Canada, France, Greece, New Zealand, Great Britain, the Philippines, Thailand, South Africa and Turkey from 1950, and the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Colombia and Ethiopia from 1951. 58 Possibly war in 1949. 59 Possibly war in 1975–77.

1160 In 1991 renamed RAM (Revolutionary Alliances of the Masses).

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level 1981 Intermediate 1982–86 War 1987–88 Intermediate

1989–92 War 1993–94 Intermediate

1999–2001 Intermediate Terr (Mindanao) MNLF (Moro National Liberation Front) 1970–71 Minor

1972–77 Intermediate 1978 War 1979–80 Intermediate 1981 War

1982–88 Intermediate MILF (Moro Islamic Liberation Front), Abu Sayyaf, MNLF (Moro National Liberation Front) faction 1994–99 Intermediate

2000 War 2001 Intermediate

S. Korea61 Govt Leftist insurgents (e.g. Inmin-gun: People’s Army, Military faction) 1948–50 War S. Vietnam62 Terr (South Vietnam) Communist forces (developing into FNL, Front national de libération: National Liberation Front) 1955–64 War S. Vietnam – N. Vietnam Terr (South Vietnam)63 1965–75 War Sri Lanka Terr (Eelam) LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam), TELO (Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization),

PLOTE (People’s Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam) 1983–84 Minor 1985–88 Intermediate64 1989–93 War 1994 Intermediate 1995–2001 War Govt JVP (Janata yimukhti peramuna: Sinhalese People’s Liberation Front) 1971 War

1989 War 1990 Intermediate Tajikistan65 Govt UTO (United Tajik Opposition) 1992–93 War

1994–96 Intermediate Movement for Peace in Tajikistan 1998 Minor

Thailand Govt Military faction (Navy) 1951 Minor CPT (Communist Party of Thailand) 1974–82 Intermediate66

61 Supported by troops from the USA. 62 Supported by troops from the USA from 1962. 63 South Vietnam supported by troops from the USA, Australia, New Zeeland, Thailand, South Korea and the Philippines. North Vietnam was supported by North Korea.

1265 Supported by troops from Russia/CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) in 1993–96 and troops from Uzbekistan in 1993–94. 64 Possibly war in 1985–88.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Thailand – France Terr (Northern Cambodia) 1946 Minor Uzbekistan67 Govt IMU (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan) 2000 Minor (Vietnam) Terr (Vietnam) France vs. Viet Nam doc lap dong minh hoi (Vietnam Independence League) or Viet Minh 1946–54 War Africa (Algeria) Terr (Algeria) France vs. FLN (Front de libération nationale: National Liberation Front), MNA (Mouvement nationale algérien:

Algerian National Movement) 1954 Minor 1955–61 War

1962 Intermediate Algeria Govt FIS (Al-Jibhat al-Islamiyya li-l-Inqadh; Front islamique du salut: Islamic Salvation Front), Expiation and Sin,

Exile and Redemption, The Faithful of the Sermon, The Brigades of God, GIA (Groupe islamique armé: Armed Islamic group), Al-Da’wa wa-l-Jihad (Appeal and Struggle) 1992 Minor

1993–2001 War Algeria – Morocco Terr (Common border) 1963 Minor (Angola) Terr (Angola) Portugal vs. MPLA (Movimento popular de libertação de Angola: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola)

FNLA (Frente nacional da libertação de Angola: National front for the Liberation of Angola), UNITA (União nacional para a independência total de Angola: National Union for the Total Independence of Angola)68, Cuba, South Africa, Zaire 1960–65 Minor

1966–74 Intermediate69 Angola70 Govt71 UNITA (União nacional para a independência total de Angola: National Union for the Total Independence of Angola),

South Africa, FNLA (Frente nacional da libertação de Angola: National front for the Liberation of Angola), MPLA faction72, Zaire 1975–94 War

1995 Intermediate73 1998–2001 War Terr (Cabinda) FLEC (Frente da libertação do enclave de Cabinda: Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda) 1992 Minor

1994 Minor 1996–97 Minor

66 Possibly war in 1977–79. 67 Supported by troops from Kyrgyzstan in 2000. 68 Active from 1966. 69 Possibly intermediate earlier than 1966, and some of the years 1966–74 should possibly be classified as war. 70 Supported by troops from Cuba until 1989. Supported by troops from Namibia in 2000–01. 71 From 1990, only activity involving the government of Angola and UNITA. 72 MPLA faction only active in 1977.

1373 Possibly war in 1995.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level

14

Burkina Faso74Govt Popular Front 1987 Minor Burkina Faso – Mali Terr (Agacher strip) 1985 Minor Burundi Govt Military faction 1965 Minor

Ubumwé, Palipehutu (Parti pour la libération du peuple Hutu: Party for the Liberation of the Hutu People), CNDD (Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie: National Council for the Defense of Democracy), Frolina (Front pour la libération nationale: National Liberation Front), CNDD-FDD (Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie-Forces pour la défense de la démocratie: National Council for the Defense of Democracy –Forces for the Defense of Democracy) 1990–92 Minor

1995–96 Minor75 1997 Intermediate76 1998 War

1999 Intermediate77 2000–01 War

(Cameroon) Terr (Cameroon) France vs. UPC (Union des Populations Camerounaises: Union of the Populations of Cameroon) 1957–60 Minor Cameroon Govt Military faction 1984 Minor Cameroon – Nigeria Terr (Bakassi) 1996 Minor Central African Republic78 Govt Military faction 2001 Minor Chad Govt Various groups79 1965–88 War 1989 Intermediate 1990 War

MDD (-FANT) (Mouvement pour la démocratie et le dévelopment: Movement for Democracy and Development – Forces armées nationales du Tchad: Chad National Armed Forces), CSNPD (Conseil de salut national pour la paix et la démocratie: Committee of National Revival for Peace and Democracy), CNR (Comité national de redressement: National Council for Recovery), FNT (Front national tchadien: Chad National Front), FARF (Forces armées pour la République fédérale: Armed Forces of the Federal Republic), MDJT (Movement pour la démocratie et la justice au

74 Changed name from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso in 1984. 75 Possibly intermediate in 1995–96. 76 Possibly war in 1997. 77 Possibly war in 1999. 78 Supported by troops from Libya. 79 Some of the main groups being FROLINAT (Front de libération national du Chad: National Liberation Front of Chad), FNT (Front national tchadien: Chadian National Front), FAT (Forces armées tchadiennes: Chadian Armed Forces), FAN (Forces armeés du Nord: Armed Forces of the North), FAP (Forces armées populaires: People's Armed Forces), CDR (Conseil démocratique révolutionnaire: Democratic Revolutionary Council), FANT (Forces armies nationales tchadiennes: Chadian National Armed Forces), GUNT (Gouvernement d'union nationale de transition: Transitional Government of National Unity), Libya, Islamic Legion, Military faction developing into Revolutionary Forces of 1 April, and MOSANAT (Mouvement pour la salvation nationale tchadienne: Movement for the National Salvation of Chad). Few groups are active during all years.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Tchad: Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad) 1991–94 Minor

1997–2001 Minor80 Chad – Libya Terr (Aozou strip) 1987 War Chad – Nigeria Terr (Lake Chad) 1983 Minor Comoros Govt Presidential guard 1989 Minor

Terr (Anjouan) MPA (Anjouan People’s Movement) 1997 Minor Congo Brazzaville81 Govt FDU (Forces démocratiques unies: United Democratic Forces), Angola 1997 War Opposition militias82 1998–99 War Congo/Zaire83 Terr (Katanga) Katanga 1960–62 Minor Terr (South Kasai) Independent Mining State of South Kasai 1960–62 Minor

Govt CNL (Conseil national de libération: National Liberation Council) 1964–65 War Opposition militias84 1967 Minor FLNC (Front de libération nationale congolais: Congolese National Liberation Front) 1977 Minor

1978 Intermediate85 AFDL (Alliance des forces démocratiques pour la libération du Congo-Kinshasa: Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Kinshasa), Rwanda, Angola 1996 Minor

1997 War RCD (Rassemblement congolaises pour la démocratie: Congolese Democratic Rally), RCD-ML (Rassemblement congolaises pour la démocratie-Mouvement de libération: Congolese Democratic Rally-Liberation Movement), MLC (Mouvement de libération congolais: Congolese Liberation Movement), Rwanda, Uganda 1998–2000 War 2001 Intermediate86

Djibouti Govt FRUD (Front de restauration de l’unité et de la démocratie: Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy) 1991–94 Minor Equatorial Guinea Govt Military faction 1979 Minor 80 Possibly intermediate in 2001. 81 Supported by troops from Angola in 1998–99. 82 The Ninja militia representing Bernard Kolélas of MCDDI (Mouvement congolais pour la démocratie et le développement intégral: Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development) and the Cocoye militia representing Pascal Lissouba of UPADS (Union panafricaine pour la démocratie sociale: Pan-African Union for Social Democracy). 83 Renamed Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 1997. Government of DRC supported by troops from Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia and Chad in 1998–99, and by troops from Zimbabwe, Angola and Namibia in 2000–01. 84 Including Katangese gendarmes and mercenaries. 85 Possibly war in both 1977 and 1978.

1586 Possibly war in 2001.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Eritrea – Ethiopia Terr (Badme) 1998–2000 War Ethiopia Govt Military faction 1960 Minor

EPRP (Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Party), TPLF (Tigrean People’s Liberation Front), EPDM (Ethiopian People’s Democratic Movement)87, OLF (Oromo Liberation Front), Military faction 1976–91 War

Terr (Eritrea) ELF (Eritrean Liberation Front), ELF factions, EPLF (Eritrean People’s Liberation Front) 1962–67 Minor 1968–73 Intermediate 1974–91 War

Terr (Ogaden)88 WSLF (Western Somali Liberation Front)89 1975–76 Minor

1977–78 War 1979–83 Intermediate

ONLF (Ogaden National Liberation Front) 1996 Minor 1998–2001 Minor90 Terr (Afar) ALF (Afar Liberation Front) 1989–91 Minor ARDUF (Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front) 1996 Minor

Terr (Somali) al-Itahad al–Islami (Islamic Union) 1996–97 Minor 1999 Minor

Terr (Oromiya) OLF (Oromo Liberation Front) 1999–2001 Minor91

Ethiopia – Somalia Terr (Ogaden) 1960 Minor

1964 Minor 1973 Minor 1983 Minor 1987 Minor

Gabon92 Govt Military faction 1964 Minor Gambia Govt SRLP (Socialist and Revolutionary Labour Party) 1981 Minor Ghana Govt Military faction (National Liberation Council) 1966 Minor Military faction (Provisional National Defence Council) 1981 Minor Military faction 1983 Minor

87 Forming EPRDF (Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front). 88 Ethiopia supported by troops from Cuba in 1975–83. 89 Backed by Somali “volunteers” that were likely to have been regular troops from the Somali National Army. 90 Possibly intermediate in 2001. 91 Possibly intermediate in 2001.

1692 Supported by troops from France.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Guinea Govt Military faction 1970 Minor RFDG (Rassemblement des forces démocratiques de Guinée: Rally of Democratic Forces of Guinea) 2000–01 Minor93 (Guinea Bissau) Terr (Guinea-Bissau) Portugal vs. PAIGC (Partido africano da independência da Guiné e do Cabo Verde: African Party for the Independence 1963–64 Minor

of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde) 1965–73 Intermediate Guinea Bissau94 Govt Military faction 1998 War 1999 Intermediate (Kenya) Terr (Kenya) United Kingdom vs. Mau Mau 1952 Minor

1953–56 War Kenya Govt Military faction 1982 Minor Lesotho Govt Military faction 1998 Minor Liberia Govt Military faction (People’s Redemption Council) 1980 Minor NPFL (National Patriotic Forces of Liberia), INPFL (Independent NPFL), Burkina Faso95 1989 Minor 1990 War 1991 Intermediate 1992 War 1993–95 Intermediate96 Ulimo-J (United Liberation Movement [for Democracy in Liberia] – Johnson faction) 1996 Minor LURD (Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy) 2000–01 Minor97 (Madagascar) Terr (Malagasy) France vs. MDRM (Mouvement démocratique de la rénovation malgache: Democratic Movement for Malagasy Renewal) 1947 War Madagascar Govt Monima National Independence Movement 1971 Minor Mali Terr (Air and Azawad) MPA (Mouvement populaire de l’Azaouad: Azawad People´s Movement) 1990 Minor

FIAA (Front islamique arabe de l’Azaouad: Islamic Arab Front of Azawad) 1994 Minor Mauritania – Senegal Terr (Common border) 1989–90 Minor (Morocco) Terr (Morocco) France vs. Istiqlal (Moroccan Nationalist Party) 1953–56 Minor (Morocco/Mauritania) Terr (Morocco/Mauritania) France98 vs. NLA (National Liberation Army) 1957–58 Minor

93 Possibly intermediate in 2001. 94 Supported by troops from Senegal and Guinea. 95 Burkina Faso active in 1990–91. 96 Possibly war in 1993. 97 Possible intermediate in 2001.

1798 Supported by Spain.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level (Morocco/Spanish territories)

Terr (Morocco/ Spanish territories) Spain99 vs. NLA (National Liberation Army) 1957 Minor

Morocco Govt Military faction 1971 Minor Morocco, Terr Mauritania100 (Western Sahara) POLISARIO (Frente popular de liberación de Saguia el Hamra y Rio de Oro: Popular front for the Liberation of Saguia

al Hamra and Rio de Oro) 1975–80 War 1981–89 Intermediate101

(Mozambique) Terr (Mozambique) Portugal vs. Frelimo (Frente de libertação de Moçambique: Front for the Liberation of Mozambique) 1964–65 Minor

1966–71 Intermediate 1972–73 War 1974 Intermediate

Mozambique Govt Renamo (Resistência nacional moçambicana: Mozambican National Resistance, MNR) 1976–80 Minor 1981–92 War Niger Terr (Air and Azawad) FLAA (Front de libération de l’Aïr et l’Azaouad:Aïr and Azawad Liberation Front) 1990–92 Minor

CRA (Coordination of the Armed Resistance) 1994 Minor UFRA (Union des forces de la résistance armée: Union of Forces of the Armed Resistance) 1997 Minor Terr (Toubou) FDR (Front démocratique pour le renouveau: Democratic Front for Renewal) 1996 Minor FARS (Forces révolutionnaires du Sahara: Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Sahara) 1997 Minor Nigeria Govt Military faction 1966 Minor Terr (Biafra) Republic of Biafra 1967–70 War Rhodesia Govt ZANU (Zimbabwe African National Union), ZAPU (Zimbabwe African People's Union) 1972–75 Minor 1976–79 War Rwanda Govt FPR (Front patriotique rwandais: Rwandan Patriotic Front) 1990 Minor 1991–92 War 1993–94 Intermediate Opposition alliance102 1998 War 1999–2000 Intermediate 2001 War Senegal Terr (Casamance) MFDC (Mouvement des forces démocratiques de Casamance: Movement of the Democratic Forces of the Casamance) 1990 Minor

1992–93 Minor

99 Supported by France. 100 Mauritania involved 1975–79.

18102 Consisting of former government troops of Forces armées rwandaises (Rwandan Armed Forces) and the Interahamwé militia. 101 Possibly war in some of the years, e.g. 1987.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level 1995 Minor 1997–2001 Intermediate

Sierra Leone103 Govt RUF (Revolutionary United Front), AFRC (Armed Forces Revolutionary Council), ECOMOG (ECOWAS [Economic

Organization of West African States], Monitoring Group), Kamajors104 1991–93 Minor 1994–97 Intermediate

1998-99 War 2000 Intermediate

Somalia105 Govt Military faction 1978 Minor

SSDF (Somali Salvation Democratic Front), SNM (Somali National Movement), SPM (Somali Patriotic Movement), USC (United Somali Congress) [led by Madhi], USC (United Somali Congress) faction [led by Aideed] 1981–86 Minor

1987–88 Intermediate 1989–92 War 1993–96 Intermediate South Africa Terr (Namibia) SWAPO (South West Africa People’s Organization) 1966–78 Minor 1979 Intermediate 1980–83 War

1984–85 Intermediate 1986–88 War

Govt ANC (African National Congress), PAC (Pan Africanist Congress), Azapo (Azanian People’s Organization) 1981–88 Minor

1989–93 War Sudan Govt Sudanese Communist Party 1970 Minor Islamic Charter Front 1976 Minor Terr (Southern Sudan)106 Anya Nya107 1963–72 War SPLM (Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement), Faction of SPLM, NDA (National Democratic Alliance)108 1983–92 War

1993–94 Intermediate109 1995–2001 War

Togo Govt MTD (Mouvement togolaise pour la démocratie: Togolese Movement for Democracy) 1986 Minor Military faction 1991 Minor (Tunisia) Terr (Tunisia) France vs. National Liberation Army 1953–56 Minor Tunisia Govt Résistance armée tunisienne (Tunisian Armed Resistance) 1980 Minor 103 Supported by troops from the United Kingdom in 2000. 104 ECOMOG active in 1997–98. AFRC and Kamajors active in 1997–99. 105 Somalia is not included as an armed conflict in 1997–2001 since no government can be identified. If the government criteria are disregarded, Somalia would be included for the years 1997–2001 as an intermediate armed conflict, since it meets the other criteria of armed conflict. 106 By 1997 the incompatibility had widened to concern governmental power in addition to the territorial dispute. 107 Formed Southern Sudanese Liberation Movement in 1970 together with other southern Sudanese opposition organizations. 108 NDA includes SPLM as its largest member organization.

19109 Possibly war in 1993–94.

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level Tunisia – France Terr (Bizerte) 1961 War Uganda110 Govt Military faction 1971 Minor

UPA (Uganda People’s Army) 1972 Minor Military faction 1977 Minor Military faction, UNLA (Uganda National Liberation Army), Tanzania 1978 Minor

1979 War NRA (National Resistance Army)111, UFM (Uganda Freedom Movement), UPM (Ugandan Patriotic Movement), UNRF (Uganda National Rescue Front), UFDM (Ugandan Federal Democratic Movement), UPF (Uganda People’s Front), UPDA (Ugandan People’s Democratic Army), UPC (Uganda People’s Congress), UNLA (Uganda National Liberation Army), FOBA (Force Obote Back Again), HSM (Holy Spirit Movement) 1981–88 War Faction of UPDA (Uganda People’s Democratic Army), UPA (Uganda People’s Army), HSM (Holy Spirit Movement), UDCM (United Democratic Christian Movement), UPDCA (Uganda People’s Christian Democratic Army) 1989 War

1990 Intermediate 1991 War LRA (Lord’s Resistance Army), WNBF (West Nile Bank Front), ADF (Alliance of Democratic Forces) 1994–95 Minor 1996–2001 Intermediate Americas Argentina Govt Military faction 1955 Minor Military faction (Azules: Blue) 1963 Minor ERP (Ejército revolucionario del pueblo: Revolutionary Worker’s Party), Montoneros 1973–74 Minor

1975 War 1976–77 Intermediate112

Argentina – UK Terr (Malvinas/Falkland Islands) 1982 War Bolivia Govt Popular Revolutionary Movement 1946 War

MNR (Movimiento nacionalista revolucionario: National Revolutionary Movement) 1951 Minor ELN (Ejército de liberación nacional: National Liberation Army) 1967 Minor

Chile Govt Military faction 1973 Minor

110 Supported by troops from Libya in 1978–79. 111 NRA took power in 1986 after which many of the other organizations continued the struggle against NRA. 112 Possibly war in 1976–77.

20

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level

21

Colombia Govt FARC (Fuerzas armadas revolucionarias colombianas: Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, ELN (Ejército de

liberación nacional: National Liberation Army), EPL (Ejército popular de liberación: People’s liberation Army), M-19 (Movimiento 19 de Abril: 19 April Movement), Faction of FARC, Faction of ELN, MAO (Movimiento de autodefensa obrera: Workers’ Self-Defence Movement), Quintin lame113 1965–79 Minor114

1980–88 Intermediate115 1989–90 War

1991 Intermediate 1992–93 War 1994–97 Intermediate 1998–2001 War Costa Rica Govt National Liberation Army 1948 War Cuba Govt Military faction 1953 Minor Movimiento 26 de Julio: 26 July Movement 1957 Minor

1958 War National Revolutionary Council, USA 1961 Minor

Dominican Republic Govt Military faction 1965 Minor116 Ecuador – Peru Terr (Cordillera del Condor) 1995 Minor El Salvador Govt Military faction 1972 Minor

ERP (Ejército revolucionario del pueblo: People’s Revolutionary Army), FAL (Fuerzas armadas de liberación: Armed Liberation Forces), FARN (Fuerzas armadas de resistencia nacional: Armed Forces of National Resistance), FPL (Fuerzas populares de liberación farabundo Marti: Farabundo Marti Popular Liberation Forces), PRTC (Partido revolucionario de trabajadores centroamericanos: Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers)117 1979–80 Minor

1981–90 War 1991 Intermediate El Salvador – Honduras Terr (Common border) 1969 War Grenada – USA Govt 1983 Minor Guatemala Govt Military faction 1949 Minor Forces of Carlos Castillo Armas 1954 Minor

MR-13 (Movimiento revolucionario trece de noviembre: 13 November Revolutionary Movement), FAR (Fuerzas 113 Only FARC and ELN active in 1992–99. 114 It is unclear when the conflict changed from minor to intermediate. 115 Possibly war in several of the years. 116 Possibly war in 1965. 117 In 1980, FMLN (Frente farabundo Marti para la liberación nacional: Farabundo Marti Front for National Liberation) was formed by ERP (Ejército revolucionario del pueblo: People’s Revolutionary Army), FAL (Fuerzas armadas de liberación: Armed Liberation Forces), FARN (Fuerzas armadas de resistencia nacional: Armed Forces of National Resistance), FPL (Fuerzas populares de liberación farabundo Marti: Farabundo Marti Popular Liberation Forces) and PRTC (Partido revolucionario de trabajadores centroamericanos: Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers).

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level armadas rebeldes: Rebel Armed Forces), EGP (Ejército guerilleros de los pobres: Guerilla Army of the Poor), PGT (Partido guatemalteco del trabajo: Guatemalan Worker’s Party), ORPA (Organización del pueblo en armas: Organization of Armed People) 118 1965–67 Minor

1968 Intermediate 1969–87 War 1988–91 Intermediate

1992 War 1993–95 Intermediate

Haiti Govt Tonton Macoute, Military faction 1991 Minor Honduras – Nicaragua Terr (Common border) 1957 Minor Mexico Govt EZLN (Ejército Zapatista de liberación nacional: Zapatista National Liberation Army) 1994 Minor Nicaragua Govt FSLN (Frente Sandinista de liberación nacional: Sandinista National Liberation Front) 1978–79 War Contras119 1981–82 Minor 1983–88 War

1989 Intermediate Panama Govt Military faction 1989 Minor Panama – USA Govt 1989 Minor Paraguay Govt Opposition coalition (Febreristas, Liberals and Communists) 1947 War Military faction 1954 Minor

Military faction 1989 Minor Peru Govt MIR (Movimiento de la izquierda revolucionaria: Movement of the Revolutionary Left), Túpac Amaru [Guillermo

Lobatón], ELN (Ejército de la liberación nacional: the National Liberation Army) 1965–66 Minor SL (Sendero luminoso: Shining Path), Sendero rojo (Red Path), MRTA (Movimiento revolucionario Tupac Amaru Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement) 1980 Minor

1981–85 War 1986–87 Intermediate 1988–92 War

1993–99 Intermediate Surinam Govt SLA (Surinamese Liberation Army)/Jungle Commando 1986–88 Minor Trinidad and Tobago Govt Jama’at al-Muslimeen (Society of Muslims) 1990 Minor

22119 Various groups, mainly FDN (Fuerzas democráticas nicaraguenses: Nicaraguan Democratic Forces).

118 In 1980, URNG (Unidad revolucionaria nacional guatemalteca: Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity) was formed by FAR (Fuerzas armadas rebeldes: Rebel Armed Forces), EGP (Ejército guerilleros de los pobres: Guerilla Army of the Poor), PGT (Partido guatemalteco del trabajo: Guatemalan Worker’s Party) and ORPA (Organización del pueblo en armas: Organization of Armed People).

Location Incompatibility Opposition organization Year Intensity level

23

Uruguay Govt MLN (Movimiento de liberación nacional: Movement of National Liberation) or Tupamaros 1972 Minor USA120 Govt al-Qa’ida (The Base) 2001 War

Terr (Puerto Rico) Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 1950 Minor Venezuela Govt Military faction 1962 Minor

Military faction (Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement for National Salvation) 1992 Minor

120 Supported by the Multinational Coalition, comprising troops from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Turkey and United Kingdom.