arno token white paper

Advanced Carbon Lead-Acid Batteries solution based on nano-oriented

additives for BESS & RBS

ARNO Token White Paper

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Table of contents

Meeting Customer Needs

Way to Carbon Lead-Acid

Novel Carbon-Based Materials

New Market Opportunities

Irrespective Testing

ARNO Token Distribution

Road Map

Our Team

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Page 11

Page 19

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Page 31

Page 40

ARNO Token White Paper To Meet Demand

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Page 45

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Meeting Customer Needs


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Market Overview and Trends (Global)

The global energy storage market is expected to double as homes and businesses adopt battery energy storage to supplement rooftop solar and other renewable energy systems, according to a new report by IHS.

According to IHS, over the next decade, newest developed lead-acid or lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, based on newest Graphene-content materials for electrodes and coatings, will become the mainstream energy-storage technology, with more than 80% of global energy storage installations including it by 2025.

This year alone, the global energy storage market is expected to double, from 1.4 gigawatt hours (GWh or billion watt hours) added in 2015 to 2.9GWh.


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Global grid-connected energy storage capacity will surge to 21GWh by 2025, according IHS Technologies “Grid-Connected Energy Storage Market Tracker”.

There are many battery technologies available, such as lithium-ion, lead-acid, NiCd, Vanadium Redox-Flow, sodium-sulphur or ZEBRA. In general, technology provider battery Energy Storage System is already able to use any battery technology that the customer requests today.



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Market Target Application

Electrical power generated from any source eventually needs to meet the challenge of how to store excess energy from energy generated whendemand is low for use at an unspecified future point in time. This is a particular problem with power generated from energy sources such as renewable solar or gas-based. Putsimply, when there is no sun or fuel, there is no power available to be generated.

In order to bridge the gap between exploiting power availability at times that cannotbe readily predicted and delivering sufficient power at times of demand, technology provider has developed a BESS (Battery Energy Storage System) solution.

Today, it is very important for businesses to reduce and stabilize costs wherever possible. For industrial applications and processes, energy efficiency is becoming the main focus of attention. In order to meet this challenge, businesses often fix the price that they pay for energy for a designated maximum load.


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Features & Benefits of proposed technology:• High availability – modular design• Flexible design – suitable for almost all applications• Easy battery handling• Fully integrated turnkey solution – ease of sizing and reduction in project lead times• Parallel connection of storage cabinets on AC side – highest flexibility in sizing• Proven experience in power electronics – robust and reliable standardized solutions• “Black start” capability for micro-grids – diesel generator not necessarily required• Zero emissions• Reduces CO2 footprint

Market Target Application


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Carbon Lead-Acid: To Meet Demand

We research uncovered that by adding new carbon-based materials to the both negative and positive electrodes of a battery dramatically decreases the degree of sulfation and dramatically decrease the weight. Improvements to battery performance under high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation is also another benefit of carbon integration. Altogether, this means more cycles and a longer service life.

Are lead-acid batteries forever relegated to small off-grid and residential applications? Not anymore.

Our team lead-acid-paste developed and optimized in tight collaboration with Bulgarian Academy of Science and Saratov National Research Center, Russia, encapsulates the carbon nano particles and graphene based materials within “nano lubricants” which are specifically designed to enable effective dispersion of individual particles within the lead acid paste. Our proprietary CCNM is provided to the lead acid battery manufacturer in the form of a safe concentrate solution, optimized for each of PAM (VN-PAM) and NAM (VN-NAM).


Lead-Acid vs. Li-Ion: Key Mention

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We are the first to agree that normal, prepared with usual technology level, lead-acid starter batteries do not stackup well against Li-ion in terms of cycle-life or power. However the picture changes dramatically when You understand that lead-carbon batteries are expected to offer comparable cycle-lives and power for about 40% of the cost of Li-ion. We believe Li-ion is the only rational choice for portable electronics, power tools, electric bicycles and hybrid scooters. We also have little doubt that Li-ion will retain the supermodel prize for sleek packaging, size and weight. However, when it comes to large-scale energy storage applications like HEVs and utility support installations, size and weight are simply design issues. They are not mission critical constraints that justify paying a 200-300% premium for comparable performance.


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Way to Carbon Lead-Acid


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Carbon + Lead-Acid : Research History

Nakamura, Shiomi et al. at 1996-97 years have found that introduction of increased amounts of carbon black to the negative paste retards substantially the sulfation of the negative plates on HRPSoC cycling and the number of completed micro-cycles increases to about 5000.

Hollenkamp et al. at 2000-01 have established, within a project of the Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC) program, that addition of graphite or carbon black to the negative paste improves notably its conductivity and lowers the charge voltage of the cells.

Newnham et al. at 2002 have found that the specific surface area of NAM is an important parameter as it sustains the potential of the negative plates below the hydrogen evolution potential. However, not all carbon forms that increase the specific surface of NAM contribute to improvement of battery cycle life on HRPSoC operation.

Lam et al. at 2002 have pointed out that certain carbon forms (depending on the initial product from which they have been produced) may contain impurities which would lower the over-potential of hydrogen evolution and eventually reduce the efficiency of charge.

Calabek et al. at 2006 have proved that the presence of carbon in NAM reduces its pore radii and thus impedes the continuous growth of PbSO4 crystals, sustaining formation of small crystallites of high solubility and hence efficient charge process.


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Carbon + Lead-Acid : Research History

Moseley at 2006 assumes that carbon acts as an electro-osmotic pump that facilitates acid diffusion in the inner NAM volume at high rate of charge and discharge.

Lam et al. at 2006-07 have created an ultra-battery with a conventional PbO2 positive plate and a negative plate comprising two parts: half of it is a carbon electrode and the other half is a regular negative plate (with sponge lead active material). In the ultra-battery design, carbon is in electrical, but not in physical contact with the negative active material. It has been speculated that only those mechanisms of carbon action which could still operate when the carbon is isolated from the lead active mass can be considered as candidates for providing the major benefit to charge efficiency and impeding negative plate sulfation.

Pavlov et al. at 2010-12 established that carbon additives reduce the mean pore radius of NAM, carbon particles adsorb onto the lead surface, mostly to the edges and apexes of the lead crystals, and at higher carbon concentrations, onto the crystal surface as well. Some of the carbon types have a stable and low-ohmic contact with the lead surface. These carbon additives will guarantee good electrochemical behaviour of the (Pb + C) electrode.

Pavlov et al. at 2013-15 identify of the mechanism(s) by which certain forms of carbon, when included in the negative active material of a valve-regulated lead–acid battery exposed to high-rate partial-state-of charge operation, are able to resist sulfation.


How it Should Work

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Accumulation of a continuous layer with big and irreversible lead sulfate on negative plate surface

Sulfation depressed charge acceptance improved (by Pavlov, 2014)


A parallel mechanism of the charge-discharge process is proposed.

According to this mechanism, the recovery of 2+ Pb 2 Pb + e → proceeds both on the active mass and on graphite. In this case, the overvoltage of the reduction reaction on graphite is lower than on lead, and the reduction reaction will proceed mainly on graphite. This is due to the fact that on the surface of the lead there is an adsorption layer of ions - HSO4, which is absent on the graphite surface. The potential of a zero charge of lead is about -0.67 V (rel.on.ev.). When charged, its surface is positively charged, which accelerates the adsorption of negative ions - HSO4. On the other hand, the potential for a zero charge of graphite is -0.07-0.2 V, and, consequently, its surface under charge conditions is negatively charged, which hinders the adsorption of negative ions - HSO4. Adsorption - HSO4 through the influence on the potential of the diffuse part of the double electrical layer will increase the resistance of the 2+ Pb reduction process and reduce the proportion of the charging current going through the lead surface.

Consequently, the 2+ Pb reduction process on the our carbon based additives surface will proceed with less overvoltage and less polarization of the batteries and lets say that the lead-acid battery begins to combine the dignity of both the conventional secondary power source and the supercapacitor.

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Principles of Behavior


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Finally, an increase in the nano-carbon content above a certain limit can affect the kinetics of the charging process.

Such a process goes through the following stages:1) dissolution of lead sulfate with the formation of 2+ Pb ions;2) recovery of 2+ Pb 2 Pb + e →;3) surface diffusion of lead atoms and their integration into the crystal lattice of lead.

The speed of this process is determined by the speed of its slow stage. The use of the proposed technology increases the rate of the stage of reduction of lead ions (stage 2) and the entire process of charge as a whole. When using the additive developed by us, an increase in the concentration of carbon nanomaterials occurs in the active mass of the electrodes, an increasing part of their surface is covered with carbon nanoparticles, increasing the surface of the "graphite spots" which leads to an increase in the diffusion path of the reduced lead atoms and leads to the fact that they begin to form crystals on a foreign surface of graphite. This increases the overpotential of crystallization and slows down the rate of stage 3.

Porous electrodes SC behavior


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Advantages of Carbon technology

Our proposed technology for the use of carbon materials positively affects the process of active masses of the electrodes charging at the serial complete batteries.Typically, the reduction reaction of Pb2 + is difficult during the cycling process. The short life of standard batteries is obviously connected with the fact that sulfates accumulate relatively quickly at the electrodes. Dissolved 2+ Pb ions can either form new crystallization centers and form small sulfate crystals, or be integrated into the structure of existing crystals and form large, poorly soluble crystals. The formation of the former contributes to a high rate of charge, and the second - slows down this process. In the latter case, part of the active mass is gradually removed from the charge-discharge process.The relationship between reversible and irreversible lead sulfate formation processes will determine the lifetime of the batteries.The technology proposed by us shifts this ratio towards a reversible process and extends their service life.


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The solution we offer based on carbon nanomaterials affects the structural characteristics of the active mass of the electrode.When using the technology offered by us, the average radius of pores in the active material of the electrode is significantly reduced. So, in the standart lead-acid plates solution, it is usually about 2.8 μm, and after using our technology - 0.7 μm.Reducing the pore size of the active mass as a result of using our technology will help reduce the size of the sulphate crystals as a result of the spatial restriction of their growth. Reducing the size of lead sulphate crystals will increase the efficiency of charging the battery plates.In addition, the use of our technology leads to an increase in its specific surface area of the electrode itself. Thus, the active mass, according to the old technology, has a specific surface of about 0.5 m2 / g., And using the proposed solution, 1.5% 8-10 m2 / g., which allows to fully reveal the potential of using the effect of a double electric layer and to obtain a new product combining the advantages of both an ordinary lead-acid battery and a supercapacitor on an acid electrolyte.

Advantages of Carbon technology


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Novel Carbon-based Materials.


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Graphene layers soldering Intercalate heating in the absence of air leads to its decomposition with pumping-out the gaseous reaction products such as sodium and sodium amide (NaNH2) vapors. Such process leads to cellular structure formation. The flakes of expanded graphite form openwork three-dimensional skeleton. Apparently, welding of the flakes between each other occurs owing to the local formation of amorphous carbon via a reversible reaction

C + Na = C2Na2; C2Na2 = C + Na.


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Technology roadmap of process

Main proses Ammonia recycling By-products collection


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Equipment Technical Data

The proposed facility will have a production capacity of 1kg/hour.

To maintain a consistent production capacity , maintenance of equipment would be planned for day six each week.

Maximum capacity per year is 5 Ton of Graphene-based materials according to 313 days per year, two shifts per day.

The production plant will reach the maximum capacity in the tenth year of operations.

Capacity Expansion possibility

Because the design is modular, production capacity can be increased relatively easily by adding new modules to the production line. Such

expansion would be necessary to be able to serve different markets and applications and to export to the Europe, for example.


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Serial production of equipment

Serial production of full scale complex for several nanomaterials production always made by own facilities in Belarus.

Assembling of reactors for low-temperature Exfoliated graphite synthesis (LtEGS) at own plant.


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New Market Opportunities


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Global Pricing Comparing the prices of Graphene- based nanomaterials from different producers is a very inconvenient job. Every material, depending on the production method, has different quality, form, dimensions, purity, derivates etc. Graphene-based materials can be sold in powder form, dispersions, sheets and/or substrates on various materials. The price also depends on the amount of the substance that is going to be bought. In the following tables we are going to present the prices of the materials for 1 gram (if available) or calculated to 1 gram from the nearest amount to 1 gram sold.


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Market Overview and Trends (Global)Lead Acid Battery Market OverviewGlobal lead acid battery market is projected to reach US$58.5 Bn by 2020 at an estimated CAGR of 4.6% during the forecast period. Lead acid battery is one among the oldest known commercial battery chemistries known to the industry. It utilizes lead electrodes and sulphuric acid as electrolyte to store electrical energy. Unique selling propositions of lead acid battery include reliability, relatively low maintenance cost than other batteries, and durability. Automotive industry is one of the largest end users of lead acid battery across the globe. Some of the technical limitations such as low energy density and weight of the battery offer little resistance towards growth of this market.

Application OverviewOn the basis of applications the market is segmented as transportation, stationary industrial, motive industrial, commercial, residential and grid storage. Transportation and stationary industrial segments collectively contributed to about around 77.9% of market revenues in 2014. Stationary industrial application segment is identified as one of the fastest growing market during the forecast period with CAGR of 8.6%. Although grid storage as of 2013 accounts for miniscule share in the market, it is projected to expand at healthy CAGR of 7.3% during the forecast period.

The market is highly fragmented with the existence of small players along with the big players. In coming years, due to high production of automotive and need of reliable power APAC is expected to continue its dominance in the global market.


Market competitors

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For many years, the standard flooded lead-acid cell battery has served—and continues to serve—the SLI function in vehicles. This design costs well below $100/kWh—by far the lowest among the various battery chemistries.

Progress is a hallmark of the lead-acid industry. The sealed valve regulated lead-acid battery (VRLA) was developed in the 1950s so batteries would no longer need continuous monitoring of electrolyte fluid. Gel batteries, introduced in the 1960s, use electrolyte in gel form for greater stability and are ideal in deep cycling systems. The absorbed glass mat (AGM) battery, which came to market in the 1980s, uses porous glass mats to absorb and hold electrolyte. AGMs have become popular in hybrid vehicle and other “high performance” applications.

In recent years, the lead-acid industry has come through with another great innovation, the advanced “lead-carbon” design. This new battery uses carbon to reduce sulfation in the negative plate to expand the cycle life of flooded and VRLA batteries under high rate pulse cycling at partial state of charge. With this dramatic improvement, an advanced lead-carbon battery can now equal the performance of nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium-ion (Li-Ion) batteries, but at far lower cost.


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Currently, industry leaders in the lead-acid battery group including Exide (XIDE), Enersys (ENS) and C&D Technologies (CHP) are valued at substantial discounts to industry leaders in the Li-ion battery group including Valence Technologies (VLNC), China BAK (CBAK) and Advanced Battery Technologies (ABAT). The same is true for leading developers of lead-carbon battery technology like Axion Power International, which trades at a huge discount to Altair Nanotechnologies (ALTI) and Ener1 (HEV).

We expect the valuation pendulum to swing in the other direction when the market comes to grips with the fundamental economic advantages of advanced lead-acid and emerging lead-carbon batteries.


Market competitors

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The five entities that are actively developing lead-carbon battery technology are:

MeadWestvaco (MWV), a packaging material and container manufacturing company that is developing activated carbon additives for the lead sulfate pastes used in conventional lead-acid batteries;Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), which has developed a split-electrode lead-carbon battery that it calls the Ultrabattery;Japan’s Furukawa Battery (Frankfurt - FBB.F), which licensed the Ultrabattery technology from CSIRO and has successfully road tested its device for 100,000 miles in a modified Honda hybrid;East Penn Manufacturing, a privately held manufacturer of lead-acid batteries that is using carbon additive pastes in experimental batteries and has recently acquired an exclusive U.S. sublicense to manufacture the Ultrabattery from Furukawa; Axion Power International, a small manufacturer of lead-acid batteries that has developed a formidable U.S. patent portfolio in lead-carbon battery technology that will begin commercial production later this year and has partnered with Gaia Power Technologies

Market competitors


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The chart at left compares the superior cycle life of the lead carbon UltraBattery® with a typical Lithium-ion battery and a standard valve regulatedlead-acid battery tested for operation in photovoltaic systems. (Source: Sandia National Laboratories, 2011)Learning about the effect of carbon on lead-acid battery performance, however, has brought theindustry to a new threshold that requires more extensive basic, fundamental research into the material science of lead-acid batteries.

The reason for more basic research is that the underlying mechanisms responsible for improving capacity and cycling with carbon and other additives – as well as cell design optimization – remain only partially understood. Better insight into the fundamental performance enhancements seen in the last decade can help bring about further improvements in lead-acid batteries by designing electrode structures with superior performance.


Market competitors

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Irrespective Testing


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Own built equipment for testing

Specially built laboratory stand equipment for battery comparison testing with own developed managing software for use with any type of input girds


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Complete solution for any case


We summarized the results of independent laboratory testing conducted by Lead-Acid Batteries Department of Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems, Bulgarian Academy of Science, headed by Dr. D.Pavlov and Prof. V.Naydenov.

It was conducted cycle-life tests on different batteries including a model deep-cycle lead-acid battery and two lead-acid batteries with exfoliated carbon oriented graphene solutions enhanced pastes. While the tests performed by LABD focused on smoothing power output from power source and used a 10% depth of discharge from a 50% initial state of charge, which means more testing will be required before comprehensive comparisons are possible, the following graph highlights the magnitude of the cycle-life improvements that carbon lead-acid technologies we offer.

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Competence of irrespective testing


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Optimization test s of graphene usage in LAB was conducted by Lead-Acid Batteries Department of Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences), headed by Dr.D.Pavlov and now Prof. V.Naydenov, PhD.

Mutual works was carried out specially forPAM and NAM content for Elhim-Iskra JSC and MONBAT Batteries



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For industrial production testing we contract with Elhim-Iskra JSC (Bulgaria). It was founded in 1960. Has a more than 50 years of rich experience and traditions in lead-acid batteries production.Elhim-Iskra can be proud of:- high qualification of personnel;- excellent quality of all products;- modern technologies;- good technical equipment.

Also important that Elhim-Iskra possess ISO 9001:2008 Certificate for Quality; OHSAS 18001:199, GOST-R and Ukrainian SEPRO.



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Test production of LAB with Graphene based Additive expander was conducted by head of Dipl.Eng. Milko Triandafilov at Elhim-Iskra JSC production plant in Pazardjik, Bulgaria and by head of Evgenii Anikeev at MONBAT Batteries Production plant at Montana, Bulgaria.



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SEM analysis of failed batteries from HRPSoC Duty Cycles. A, Control, negative electrode (~12 k cycles) showing heavy growth of acicular crystals. B, CNT containing, negative electrode (~19 k cycles) showing tight crystalline arrangement and a well-structured surface. C, Control, positive electrode (~12 k cycles) showing a large and non-uniform variety of crystals. D,Positive electrode from a battery containing CNT in the negative electrode (~19 k cycles) showing small, well defined crystals retaining a uniform structure. A and B are 500х while C and D are 1000х magnification.

Testing comparison data


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SEM analysis of failed batteries from SBA Duty Cycles. A, Control, negative electrode showing a non-uniform structure and a variety of large and small crystals. B, MWNT containing, negative electrode showing highly uniform, small crystals. C,Control, positive electrode showing large, hard, well-defined crystals and a smattering of smaller crystals sitting atop. D,MWNT containing, positive electrode showing an active, slightly fluffy surface of homogenous composition.


Testing comparison data

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ARNO Token Distribution


Emission Project

41 ARNO Token White Paper To Meet Demand

The funds raised for ICO / IEO will be spent on the development of the project, purchase of the necessary equipment, invested in testing and development. The amount required for listings on exchanges will also be allocated.


Emission Project

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Road Map



Project Road Map

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Our Team



Our Goals


Our Team

Artem S.Zhdanok

PhD, MBA, CEO &Head of project

Ludmila Y.Lopatina

Head of PR & Marketing

Serguei V.ShuskovDipl. Ing, PhD, DPL of engineering project

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Carbon + Lead-Acid : Our Results

If our carbon-based materials has been added to the Negative & Positive Active Material (NAM & PAM) during paste preparation in a variety of forms including MWNT and exfoliated graphite based graphene structures, when incorporated at 0.1-0,8% w.r.t. lead oxide, carbon increases the charge acceptance of a battery by more than 200% but at the cost of paste rheology and paste density. Reductions in paste density directly lead to increased active material adhesion to the grids, increased battery capacity with no requires of higher active material masses to reach specification, and sufficient cold-cranking performance.

New paste processing machinery is often required to overcome some of the issues brought on by high carbon loading. Our proposed carbon-based materials are easily incorporated into battery pastes as a concentrated, pourable fluid or paste. The fluid or paste replaces a portion of the water used during the paste mixing process, requiring no alteration to existing industrial production lines. When combined with traditional paste ingredients (lead oxide, expander, fiber, water, and acid) at 0.36% w.r.t lead, our new advanced materials offer prolonged increases in charge acceptance and more efficient battery usage with no detrimental effect to paste rheology or Reserve Capacity (RC), and an augmented Cold-Cranking Ability (CCA).


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Carbon + Lead-Acid : Our View

Own specially developed plug-in system of serial or parallel installation

Ready to use own power management software with user-friendly interface


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