Supplementary materials:

Appendix I

Cape Verde

Somalia

Uganda

Angola

Benin

Botswana

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cameroon

Central African Republic

Chad

Comoros

Congo

Cote D’ivoire

DRC

Djibouti

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Ethiopia

Gabon

Gambia

Ghana

Guinea

Guinea Bissau

Kenya

Lesotho

Liberia

Madagascar

Malawi

Mali

Mauritania

Mozambique

Namibia

Niger

Nigeria

Rwanda

Sao Tome and Principe

Senegal

Sierra Leone

South Africa

South Sudan

Eswatini

Tanzania

Togo

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Appendix II

Table 4: Regression results from a stratified analysis including countries with governance effectiveness values in the highest quintile (>-0.5) using ADMIN 2 level DPT3 coverage

Shortfall inequality

Threshold index

Gini coefficient

DAH per capita

0.104 (0.050)*

-0.757 (0.243)**

0.092 (0.050)*

GDP per capita

-2.587 (1.776)

-4.760 (3.375)

-2.833 (1.803)

GHE/GDP

0.277 (0.321)

1.829 (1.135)

0.197 (0.287)

Governance effectiveness

-0.226 (0.328)

-0.910 (1.452)

-0.281 (0.260)

Maternal Education

0.199 (0.225)

-0.217 (0.410)

0.228 (0.201)

Rural population

-0.003 (0.068)

0.048 (0.143)

0.022 (0.075)

Variance(rho/residual)

0.979

0.738

0.980

Number of observations

144

144

144

**significant at 0.05 level

*significant at 0.1 level

rho presented for shortfall inequality and Gini

residual variance for threshold index

Number of clusters = 9

Table 5: Regression results using political stability as an indicator for governance using DPT3 coverage at 5km by 5km pixel level. A sensitivity analysis

Shortfall inequality

Threshold index

Gini coefficient

DAH per capita

-0.047 (0.026)*

-0.221 (0.082)**

-0.048 (0.172)**

GDP per capita

-0.097 (0.138)

-0.013 (0.321)

0.014 (0.131)

GHE/GDP

-0.025 (0.076)

-0.236 (0.242)

-0.031 (0.088)

Political stability

-0.054 (0.028)**

-0.237 (0.119)*

-0.079 (0.075)

Maternal Education

-0.109 (0.074)

-0.412 (0.117)

-0.192 (0.095)**

Rural population

0.038 (0.021)

0.003 (0.023)

0.019(0.023)

Variance(rho/residual)

0.979

0.643

0.919

Number of observations

705

705

705

**significant at 0.05 level

*significant at 0.1 level

rho presented for shortfall inequality and Gini

residual variance for threshold index

Number of clusters = 45

Appendix III

WHO’s conceptual framework on the determinants of health equity

Appendix 4: List of countries included in the analysis with number of surveys used to estimate coverage estimates.

country

year_min

year_max

total_N

survey_N

Angola

2001

2016

11811

3

Benin

2001

2018

21182

4

Burkina Faso

2003

2014

29978

5

Burundi

2005

2017

13687

3

Cameroon

2000

2014

19361

5

Cape Verde

2005

2005

400

1

Central African Republic

2000

2006

7988

2

Chad

2000

2015

23954

4

Comoros

2000

2013

3064

2

Congo

2005

2015

11158

3

Cote d'Ivoire

2006

2012

9114

2

Democratic Republic of the Congo

2001

2014

27332

4

Djibouti

2002

2012

1076

2

Equatorial Guinea

2000

2011

987

2

Eritrea

2002

2010

4064

2

Ethiopia

2000

2016

20502

4

Gabon

2000

2012

5173

2

Gambia

2000

2018

17514

5

Ghana

2003

2014

16118

5

Guinea

2005

2018

14391

4

Guinea-Bissau

2006

2014

6539

2

Kenya

2003

2014

33953

8

Lesotho

2004

2014

7355

3

Liberia

2006

2016

10544

3

Madagascar

2003

2009

11309

2

Malawi

2000

2016

53456

7

Mali

2001

2018

34436

6

Mauritania

2000

2015

16065

4

Mozambique

2003

2015

22981

4

Namibia

2000

2013

8119

3

Niger

2000

2012

13840

3

Nigeria

2003

2018

97781

9

Rwanda

2000

2015

31336

6

Sao Tome and Principe

2008

2014

2025

2

Senegal

2005

2017

41400

7

Sierra Leone

2005

2017

27626

5

Somalia

2006

2011

12174

3

South Africa

2003

2016

992

2

South Sudan

2010

2010

1133

1

Eswatini

2006

2014

4802

3

Tanzania

2004

2016

17526

4

Togo

2006

2017

11529

4

Uganda

2000

2016

18105

4

Zambia

2001

2014

21811

5

Zimbabwe

2005

2015

16925

4

Some countries max survey year is greater than 2016 but only pre-2016 data is

included in the N values

0

.5

1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

.5

1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

.5

1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

.5

1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

.5

1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

.5

1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

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1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

.5

1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

.5

1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

.5

1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

.5

1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

.5

1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

.5

1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

.5

1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

.5

1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

.5

1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

.5

1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

.5

1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017

0

.5

1

200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017