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The following supplement accompanies the article

An ecosystem model of an exploited South Mediterranean shelf region (Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia) and a comparison with other

Mediterranean ecosystem model properties

Supplement 1A: The input data and references used by each functional group for the Gulf of Gabes model. Biomass (B); production per unit of biomass (P/B); consumption rate per unit of biomass (Q/B); ecotrophic efficiency (EE); total mortality rate (Z); fishing mortality rate (F); non-predation natural mortality rate (M).

Functional group Species Biomass EE Diet P/B Q/B P/B and Q/B Source

Phytoplankton -

A conversion factor was used to transform units of chlorophyll a per cubic meter (Chl-a m-3) into carbon

units per cubic meter (m3) and organic matter.

Units/km2 from Jorgensen et al. (1991) and Dalsgaard and Pauly

(1997). A conversion factor was used to transform carbon units/m2 year to organic matter (Sorokin, 1990). The

average concentration of chl-a between 2000 and 2005 (0.3 mg. m -3) was calculated by averaging monthly

SeaWiFS remote sensing maps for this period (See Supplement 1B)

-

The P/B ratio was calculated as the ratio of net primary productivity and biomass.

The average NPP for 2000-2005 (122 g C m -2 years -1) was calculated by averaging monthly maps for this period

obtained with Vertically Generalized Production

Model (See Supplement 1C). Conversion factor used to

transform carbonunits·m−2 to organic matter units·km−2 from Dalsgaard

and Pauly (1997)

- Behrenfeld & Falkowski 1997

Macro algae - -Fixed to currentvalues

-

Data corrected to consider temperature differences

between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz 1996)

- Albouy et al., 2010

Posidonia oceanica Posidonia oceanica -Fixed to currentvalues

-

Data corrected to consider temperature differences


- Albouy et al., 2010

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Functional group Species Biomass EE Diet P/B Q/B

Micro and mesozooplankton - -

Fixed to currentvalues

Coll et al., 2007Data corrected to consider temperature differences


Coll et al., 2007

Macrozooplankton Euphausiids & Mysids -Fixed to currentvalues



Coll et al., 2007

Foraminifera - -Fixed to currentvalues

Valls, 2009Data corrected to consider temperature differences


Opitz, 1996

Invertebrate suspension feeders

Bryozoaires

-Fixed to currentvalues

Ribes et al., 1999; Coma et al., 1995

Data corrected to consider temperature differences between areas using the Opitz equation (Opitz

1996)

Opitz, 1996; Pinnegar & Polunin, 2004;

Eponges Pinnegar & Polunin, 2004;

Ascidies Opitz 1996

Polychaetes - -Fixed to currentvalues

Fauchald & Jumar, 1979; Opitz, 1996


1996)

Schwinghamer et al., 1986; Riddle et al., 1990

Amphipoda & IsopodaAmphipoda


Greze, 1968; Opitz, 1996


1996)

Schwinghamer et al., 1986; Opitz, 1996Isopoda

Echinoderms

Crinoides


Berthon, 1987; Verlaque &

Nedelec, 1983; Frantzis et al.,

1988; Pearson & Gage, 1984


1996)Opitz, 1996

EchinidesOphuridès

HoloturidésAsteroides

Benthic molluscs

Gastéropodes


Opitz, 1996Data corrected to consider temperature differences


Opitz, 1996 Pinnegar & Polunin, 2004

BivalvesPinnegar & Polunin, 2004

Placophores

Crabs

Anomoures




Coll et al., 2007Brachyoures

Benthic cephalopods

Sepia officinalisBiomass estimates from trawl

surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia)

Najai and Ktari, 1979; Zghidi et al.,

2003; sifner & vrgoc 2009


1996)

Mackinson et al., 2000 Coll et al., 2007Octopus vulgaris

Eledone moschata

234


Benthopelagic cephalopods Loligo vulgaris

Biomass estimates from trawl surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of

Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia)Pierce et al., 1994


1996)Mackinson et al., 2000

Mantis shrimp Squilla mantisBiomass estimates from trawl


Froglia & Giannini, 1989


1996)Coll et al., 2007

Caramote prawn Melicertus kerathurusBiomass estimates from trawl


Karani et al., 2005Data corrected to consider temperature differences


Conides et al., 2006; Coll et al., 2007

Alien shrimps Trachysalambria curvirostris


Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia) Tabka Belkhodja, 2004


1996)

Mustafa et al 2003; Coll et al 2007

Metapenaeus monocerosBiomass estimates from trawl


Deep shrimps Parapenaeus longirostrisBiomass estimates from trawl


Kapiris, 2004Data corrected to consider temperature differences


Ronaldo & Filomena., 2006

Horse mackerel

Trachurus trachurus Biomass estimated from acoustic surveys (INSTM-Tunisia)

Ben Salem, 1988Z = F + M; M = empirical

equation from Pauly(1980)

Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al., 1989

Algeria-Hernandez, 1983; Cherif et al, 2008

Trachurus mediteranus Biomass estimated from acoustic surveys (INSTM-Tunisia)

Serbaji et al., 2006; Gaamour., 2005

European pilchard Sardina pilchardus Biomass estimated from acoustic surveys (INSTM-Tunisia) Server et al., 2005

Z = F + M; M = empiricalequation from Pauly

(1980)


Kartas, 1981; Gaamour 2005

Round sardinella Sardinella aurita Biomass estimated from acoustic surveys (INSTM-Tunisia) Lomiri, 2008


(1980)


Gaamour et al., 2001; Gaamour, 2005

European anchovy Engraulis encrasicholus Biomass estimated from acoustic surveys (INSTM-Tunisia) Catalán et al., 2010


(1980)


Khemiri et al., 2007; Gaamour, 2005

Picarel

Spicara flexuosa

Biomass estimated from acoustic surveys (INSTM-Tunisia)

Pinnegar & Polunin, 2000

Z = F + M; M = empirical lequation from Pauly

(1980)


Hattour et al., 1985

Spicara maena Gaamour, 2005; Hattour et al., 1985

Spicara smaris Dulcic et al., 2003; Gaamour, 2005


356

Bogue Boops boops Biomass estimated from acoustic surveys (INSTM-Tunisia)

Moreno & Castro, 1995; Derbal &

Kara, 2008


(1980)


Khemiri et al., 2005; Gaamour, 2005

Benthic invertebrate feeders (1)

Gobius niger


Gabes (INSTM-Tunisia)

Menif, 2000; Filiz & Toğulga, 2009


(1980)


Fabi & Giannetti, 1985; Cicek et al., 2006

Symphodus cinereus Ouannes-Ghorbel et al., 2005

Ghorbel-Ouannes & Bouain, 2001; Verdiell-

Cubedo et al., 2006)Diplodus vulgaris Bradai et al., 1998a Bradai, 2000

Dentex maroccanus Abdelkader & Ktari, 1986

Chemmam-Abdelkader et al., 2004

Balistes carolinensis Vose & Nelson, 1994

Ismen et al., 2004;Mendes et al., 2004

Benthic invertebrate feeders (2)

Pagrus aurigaBiomass estimates from trawl


Chakroun-Marzouk & Kartas,

1987 Z = F + M; M = empiricalequation from Pauly

(1980)


Crawford, 1993; Pajuelo et al., 2006

Pagellus acarne Fehri-Bedoui, 2009 Zoubi, 2001; Andaloro, 1983

Solea aegyptica Molinero & Flos,1991

Jarboui et al., 2001; Fahmy Mehanna, 2007

MulletsMullus barbatus Biomass estimates from trawl


Ktari , 1979Z = F + M; M = empirical



Gharbi & Ktari 1981

Mullus surmuletus Jabeur, 1999; Gharbi & Ktari, 1981

Piscivorous Fish

Zeus Faber



Akyol, 2001


(1980)


Righini & Voliani, 1996; Merella, 1997

Pagrus caeruleostictus Ben Hadj Hamida et al., 2009 Bradai, 2000

Spondyliosoma cantharus Bradai et al., 1998 Bradai, 2000

Dentex dentex Abdelkader & Ktari, 1986

Chemmam-Abdelkader et al., 2004

Sparidae

Diplodus annularisBiomass estimates from trawl


Bradai et al., 1998b Z = F + M; M = empirical



Bradai, 2000

Sparus aurata Chaoui et al., 2005 Chauvet, 1986

Diplodus sargus Benchalel et al., 2010

Man-Wai& Quignard, 1984;Campillo, 1992

Macro-carnivorous Fish (1)

Lithognathus mormyrus

Biomass estimates from traw surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of Gabes

(INSTM-Tunisia)

Bradai et al., 1998b

Z = F + M ; M = empiricalequation from Pauly

(1980)


Bradai, 2000

Pagellus erythrinus Ghorbel & Bouaïn, 1991 Ghorbel & Bouain, 1990

Scorpaena porcus Bradai & Bouain,1990 Bradai & Bouain, 1988

Scorpaena scrofa Bradai & Bouain,1990

Bauchot & Bauchot, 1978; Campillo, 1992

478


Macro-carnivorous Fish (2)

Serranus hepatus



Bilecenoglu, 2009

Z = F + M ; M = empiricalequation from Pauly

(1980)


Bouain, 1983

Serranus scriba Arculeo et al.,1993 Bouain, 1983; Petrakis & Stergiou, 1995

Trigla lucerna Stagioni et al., 2011

Boudaya et al., 2008; Campillo, 1992

Trigloporus lastoviza Boudaya et al., 2007

Campillo, 1992 ; Dulcic & Kraljevic, 1996

Medium pelagic Fish

Merluccius merluccius Biomass estimates from trawl surveys (2000-2005) in the Gulf of


Bozzano et al., 1997; Carpentieri

et al., 2005 Z = F + M ; M = empiricalequation from Pauly

(1980)


Bouhlel, 1973

Pomatomus saltator Dhieb et al., 2001 Dhieb et al 2007

Scomber japonicus Biomass estimated from acoustic surveys (INSTM-Tunisia)

Hattour, 2000 Hattour , 2000Scomber scombrus Hattour, 2000 Hattour , 2000

Atlantic bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus

B=C/F (C= catch and F= Fishing mortality rate ) The F value used is

0.139 and it corresponds to an average value for the Mediterranean Sea between 2000-2005 (Fromentin

personal communication)

Hattour, 2000Z = F + M; M = empirical



Hattour, 1984; Hattour, 2002

Small tuna

Sarda Sarda

-

Hattour, 2000Data corrected to consider

temperature differences between areas using the

Opitz equation (Opitz 1996)


Hattour , 2000; Shane et al., 2010

Auxis rocheiFixed to current values

Hattour, 2000

Euthynnus alletteratus Hattour, 2000Orcynopsis unicolor Hattour, 2000

Rays (2)Pteromylaeus bovinus Biomass estimates from trawl


Capapé, 1977 Z = F + M; M = empiralequation from Pauly

(1980)

Empiricalrelationship fromPauly et al.1989

Torres, 1991

Myliobatis aquila Capapé, 1976 Martin & Cailliet 1988; Filiz & Bilge, 2004

Rays (1)

Raja clavata



Valls et al., 2011

Z = F + M; M = empiralequation from Pauly

(1980)


Cannizzaro et al., 1995a; Krstulovic et al., 2009

Raja radula Capapé. & Azouz, 1976 Cahide Çiğdem, 2010

Rhinobatos rhinobatos Enajjar et al., 2007 Ismen et al., 2007; Basusta et al., 2008

Dasyatis pastinaca Santic et al., 2011 Ismen, 2003;Pallaoro et al., 2005

Sharks

Carcharhinus plumbeus



Saïdi et al., 2007

Z = F + M; M = empiralequation from Pauly

(1980)


Casey & Natanson, 1992;Kohler, 1995

Mustelus mustelus Saïdi et al., 2009 , 2004;Filiz& Bilge, 2004

Squalus blainvillei Capapé, 1975 Marouani et al., 2010; Cannizzaro et al., 1995b

Scyliorhinus canicula Saïdi et al., 2002 Zupanovic, 1961;Filiz& Bilge, 2004

5910


Dolphins Tursiops truncatus

Data from visual surveys around the area (0.1945 individuals per square

km) (Ben Naceur et al., 2004). Units of

individuals·km−2 has been transformed to t·km−2

with the mean body weight per species (Carwardine & Camm, 1998)

Blanco et al., 2001Data corrected to consider temperature differences


Mackinson et al., 2000; Innes et al.,1987; Trites et

al.,1997

Sea birds

Phalacrocorax carboData from visual surveys around the

area (Azafzaf & Feltrup-Azafzaf, 2007). Units of individuals·km−2 has been transformed to t·km−2 with the mean body weight per species (Del

Hoyo et al., 1992)

Morat, 2007; Fasola et al.,1989;

Abdennadher, 2011; Myers, 2007


1996)Opitz, 1996

Larus melanocephalusLarus ridibundus

Larus geneiLarus michahellis

Sterna caspiaSterna sandvicensis

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Supplement 1B: The method used to calculate the consumption/biomass (Q/B) ratios and natural mortality (M)

Q/B ratios for fish were calculated according to the empirical regression of Pauly (1989) and

Christensen and Pauly (1993):

log (Q / B )=7,964−0,204 × log w∞−1,965 .T '+0,083 . A+0,532. h+0,398 . d

where W∞ (or asymptotic weight) is the mean weight that a population would reach if it was to

grow indefinitely; and T is the mean environmental temperature expressed as 1000/(°C +

273.15). The mean annual temperature for the Gulf of Gabes is 18.83°C over 2000-2005. This

was calculated from the outputs of NEMOMED8 model (Somot et al., 2006; Beuvier et al.,

2010), which is a Mediterranean configuration of the NEMO (Nucleus for European

Modelling of the Ocean) model (Sevault et al., 2009). A is the aspect ratio of the caudal fin

which is indicative of metabolic activity and expressed as the ratio of the square of the caudal

fin height and its surface area. Dummy variables h and d indicate herbivores (h = 1, d = 0),

detritivores (h = 0, d = 1), and carnivores (h = 0, d = 0). Usually W∞ is calculated from L∞

using published length/weight parameters a and b (preferentially using data from local

studies).

The natural mortality M was generated using the equation in Pauly (1980):

log M=−0.0066−0,279 log L∞+0.6543 log K+0.4634 logT C

where M is the natural mortality (yr−1), K is the curvature parameter of the von Bertalanffy

growth function (yr−1), L∞ is the asymptotic length (cm), and Tc is the mean water temperature

(°C).

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Supplement 1C: Diet composition matrix for the functional groups of the Gulf of Gabes model. Predator groups are listed on the vertical axis and prey groups are along the horizontal axis. Data are shown when values are > 1%; grey cells indicate lower values.

Prey \ predator 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

1 Phytoplankton0.65

0.10

0.36

0.25

0.21

0.13

0.14

0.45

0.02

2 Macro algae0.05

0.13

0.18

0.05

0.12

0.12

0.08

0.14

3 Posidonia oceanica0.03

0.12

0.14

4 Micro and mesozooplankton0.80

0.06

0.05

0.02

0.10

0.08

0.16

0.91

0.84

0.98

1.00

0.86

0.06

5 Macrozooplankton0.05

0.10

0.31

0.06

0.49

0.02

0.03

0.09

0.02

0.01

0.23

0.01

0.19

6 Foraminifera0.04

0.05

0.25

0.14

7Invertebrate suspension feeders

0.10

0.06

0.05

0.07

0.03

0.01

8 Polychaetes0.05

0.03

0.05

0.52

0.18

0.07

0.24

0.17

0.23

0.02

0.05

0.30

0.06

0.06

0.22

0.17

0.02

0.07

0.07

0.05

9 Amphipoda and Isopoda0.05

0.05

0.03

0.07

0.01

0.10

0.03

0.12

0.10

0.06

0.13

0.02

0.05

0.24

0.17

0.01

0.04

0.05

0.03

0.10

10 Echinoderms0.01

0.01

0.04

0.21

0.06

0.04

0.16

0.23

0.13

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.03

11 Benthic molluscs0.01

0.04

0.04

0.38

0.38

0.25

0.07

0.50

0.05

0.02

0.50

0.08

0.17

0.05

0.09

0.04

0.09

0.02

0.51

0.02

12 Crabs0.13

0.21

0.01

0.42

0.03

0.16

0.09

0.08

0.02

0.08

0.24

0.49

0.34

0.07

0.12

13 Benthic cephalopods0.04

0.01

0.02

0.14

0.23

0.05

0.08

0.14

0.22

0.06

0.01

0.03

0.19

14 Benthopelagic cephalopods0.01

0.02

0.01

0.05

0.09

0.05

15 Mantis shrimp0.03

0.03

0.08

0.21

0.08

0.02

0.04

0.10

16 Caramote prawn 0.01

0.02

0.01

0.04

0.02

0.02

0.03

17 Alien shrimps 0.01

0.10

0.03

0.12

0.09

0.02

0.04

0.01

0.01

18 Deep shrimps 0.03

0.05

0.01

0.02

19 Horse mackerel0.14

0.06

0.04

0.11

0.10

0.10

0.22

20 European pilchard0.03

0.34

0.15

0.15

0.01

0.03

0.02

0.13

0.13

0.30

0.14

0.30

0.03

21 Round sardinella0.02

0.20

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.05

0.07

0.17

0.10

0.20

22 European anchovy0.03

0.10

0.02

0.02

0.05

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.06

0.09

0.06

0.10

0.04

23 Picarel0.01

0.12

0.01

0.06

0.04

0.01

0.04

0.02

0.03

0.03

0.07

0.06

24 Bogue0.05

0.09

0.03

0.01

0.03

0.03

0.01

0.02

0.04

25Benthic invertebrate feeders (1)

0.03

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.13

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26Benthic invertebrate feeders (2)

0.04

27 Mullets0.01

28 Piscivorous Fish0.02

29 Sparidae 0.02

0.01

0.03

0.03

0.12

30 Macro-carnivorous Fish (1) 0.01

0.01

0.02

0.06

31 Macro-carnivorous Fish (2) 0.01

32 Rays (1)33 Rays (2)

34 Sharks0.03

35 Small tuna

36 Medium pelagic Fish 0.01

0.01

0.05

0.03

0.02

37 Atlantic bluefin tuna38 Dolphins39 Seabirds

40 Discards 0.12

41 Detritus0.30

0.64

0.37

0.48

0.75

0.41

0.22

0.18

0.16

42 Import0.40

0.42

0.14

Total1.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

01.0

0

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Supplement 1D: Average concentration of chlorophyll-a (mg.m-3) in the Gulf of Gabes for the period 2000-2005 based on SeaWiFS remote sensing maps. Processing was completed using the web application Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center Interactive Online Visualization ANd aNalysis Infrastructure (GIOVANNI GES-DISC).

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Supplement 1E: Map of average net primary production for the period 2000-2005 obtained with Vertically Generalized Production Model (VGPM; Behrenfeld and Falkowski, 1997)

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Supplement 1F: Cluster analysis representing the similarity between (A) bony fishes (41 species) and (B) cartilaginous fishes according to the species diets. (11 species) analyzed with the Factorial Correspondence Analysis (C) Factorial Correspondence Analysis of trophic data of 11 cartilaginous fishes species with first and second axes represented. Species codes are listed in Table (D)

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A

B

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C

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Table D: Codes and names of fish species used in the factorial correspondence analysis.

Code Scientific name Code Scientific nameAUXROC Auxis rochei RAJACLA Raja clavata

BALICAR Balistes carolinensis RAJARDA Raja radula

BOOPBOO Boops boops RHINRHI Rhinobatos rhinobatos

CARCPLU Carcharhinus plumbeus SARDPIL Sardina pilchardus

DASIPAS Dasyatis pastinaca SARIAUR Sardinella aurita

DENTDEN Dentex dentex SARSAR Sarda Sarda

DENTMAR Dentex maroccanus SCOMPNE Scomber japonicus

DIPLANN Diplodus annularis SCOMSCO Scomber scombrus

DIPLSAR Diplodus sargus SCORPOR Scorpaena porcus

DIPLVUL Diplodus vulgaris SCORSCO Scorpaena scrofa

ENGRENC Engraulis encrasicholus SCYOCAN Scyliorhinus canicula

EUTALL Euthynnus alletteratus SERAHEP Serranus hepatus

GOBINIG Gobius niger SERASCR serranus scriba

LITHMOR Lithognathus mormyrus SOLEAEG Solea aegyptica

MERLMER Merluccius merluccius SPARAUR Sparus aurata

MULLBAR Mullus barbatus SPICSPP Spicara sp.

MULLSUR Mullus surmuletus SPODCAN Spondyliosoma cantharus

MUSTMUS Mustelus mustelus SQUABLA Squalus blainvillei

MYLIAQU Myliobatis aquila SYMDCIN Symphodus cinereus

ORCUNI Orcynopsis unicolor THUTHY Thunnus thynnus

PAGEACA Pagellus acarne TRACMED Trachurus mediteranus

PAGEERY Pagellus erythrinus TRACTRA Trachurus trachurus

PAGRAUR Pagrus auriga TRIGLUC Trigla lucerna

PAGRCAE Pagrus caeruleostictus TRIPLAS Trigloporus lastoviza

POMTSAL Pomatomus saltator ZEUSFAB Zeus Faber

PTERBOV Pteromylaeus bovinus

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Supplement 1G: Confidence intervals and index values used to describe parameter uncertainty in the balanced Ecopath model (A). Assigned index values for each group and each input (B).

Inputs Name Index value Confidence Interval (+/- %)

Bio

mas

s

Estimated by Ecopath 0 80From other model 0 80

Guesstimate 0 80Approximate or indirect method 0.4 50Sampling/locally, low precision 0.7 30Sampling/locally, high precision 1 10

P/B

and

Q/B

Estimated by Ecopath 0 80Guesstimate 0.1 70

From other model 0.2 60Empirical relationship 0.5 50

Similar species, similar system, low precision 0.6 40Similar species, same system, low precision 0.7 30

Same species, similar system, high precision 0.8 20Same species, same system, high precision 1 10

Die

t

General knowledge of related group/species 0 80From other model 0 80

General knowledge for same group/species 0.2 60Qualitative diet composition study 0.5 50

Quantitative (but limited) diet composition study 0.7 30Quantitative (detailed) diet composition study 1 10

Cat

ch

Guesstimate 0.1 70From other model 0.1 70

FAO statistics 0.2 80National statistics 0.5 50

Local study, low precision/incomplete data 0.7 30Local study, high precision/complete data 1 10

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A

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Supplement 1H: The balancing strategy

First, we created a model with all the available parameters and the basic outputs were

estimated. Three groups of benthic invertebrates (benthic cephalopods, caramote prawn, and

deep shrimp), six groups of benthic fish (benthic invertebrate feeders 1 and 2, mullets, macro-

carnivorous fish 1 and 2, and Sparidae), and two groups of pelagic fish (medium-sized pelagic

fish and the European pilchard) generated an EE value higher than 1, revealing that these

groups are being over-predated.

16

B Functional group Biomass P/B Q/B Diet CatchPhytoplankton 0.3 - - - -Macro algae 0.1 - - - -

Posidonia oceanica 0.1 - - - -Micro and mesozooplankton 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 -

Macrozooplankton 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 -Foraminifera 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 -

Invertebrate suspension feeders 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4Polychaetes 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 -

Amphipoda and Isopoda 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 -Echinoderms 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4

Benthic molluscs 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.4Crabs 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.4

Benthic cephalopods 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.4Benthopelagic cephalopods 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.4

Mantis shrimp 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.4Caramote prawn 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.4Alien shrimps 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.4Deep shrimps 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.4

Horse mackerel 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4European pilchard 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4Round sardinella 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4

European anchovy 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4Picarel 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4Bogue 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4

Benthic invertebrate feeders (1) 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4Benthic invertebrate feeders (2) 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4

Mullets 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4Piscivorous Fish 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4

Sparidae 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4Macro-carnivorous Fish (1) 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4Macro-carnivorous Fish (2) 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4

Rays (1) 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.4Rays (2) 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.4Sharks 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.4

Small tuna 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4Medium pelagic Fish 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4Atlantic bluefin tuna 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4

Dolphins 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.6 -Seabirds 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.6 -

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The strategy chosen to balance the model was to first, sequentially adjust the most

unbalanced components (highest EE) by changing the input data. To reduce the EE of these

groups, we corrected our diet matrix inputs, especially for groups for which data were not

originally from the modeled area. Diet composition modifications were preferred to other

parameter changes such as biomass or production rate, particularly for the species for which

biomass data and growth parameter existed. We considered that confidence was higher in the

biomass data and production rate than in diet composition, which is known to be highly

uncertain even if these data are primarily from the modeled area.

The model was therefore balanced by reducing the predation on those 11 groups and

reallocating the consumption to other prey groups.

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