Supplemental Material:

Assessment of health burden caused by particulate matter in

southern China using high-resolution satellite observation

Xingcheng Lu, Changqing Lin, Ying Li, Teng Yao, Jimmy C.H. Fung, Alexis K.H. Lau

Correspondence to: Changqing Lin (clinaa@ust.hk), Jimmy C.H. Fung (majfung@ust.hk)

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Table S1. Evaluation of the satellite-retrieved annual PM10 and PM2.5 for each studied city in 2013.

PM10 PM2.5

Region N RMSE (µg/m3)

Mean bias (µg/m3)

Mean percentage

bias (%)

N RMSE (µg/m3)

Mean bias (µg/m3)

Mean percentage

bias (%)GZ 10 5.7 -2.7 ± 5.0 -3.4 ± 6.7 12 5.9 -2.4 ± 5.4 -4.4 ± 11.0FS 9 17.7 -8.3 ± 15.6 -7.3 ± 16.7 9 6.5 0.5 ± 6.5 1.7 ± 12.8DG 6 7.6 5.6 ± 5.1 8.9 ± 8.1 6 2.8 1.7 ± 2.3 3.6 ± 5.0ZS 4 6.1 5.1 ± 3.2 8.1 ± 5.4 4 4.9 -3.7 ± 3.2 -7.2 ± 6.3ZH 3 3.1 1.7 ± 2.6 2.6 ± 3.9 3 5.3 4.3 ± 3.0 11.1 ± 7.4SZ 12 5.8 0.6 ± 5.8 1.3 ± 9.4 12 3.7 1.3 ± 3.5 3.2 ± 8.7ZQ 4 26.7 -25.0 ± 9.1 -28.6 ± 6.8 4 11.1 -11.0 ± 1.7 -20.3 ± 2.6JM 5 11.3 -9.6 ± 5.8 -11.8 ± 6.7 5 7.0 -6.6 ± 2.3 -12.7 ± 4.1HZ 6 8.1 -0.1 ± 8.1 0.5 ± 13.3 6 4.8 1.8 ± 4.4 4.6 ± 11.9HK 11 9.7 9.0 ± 3.7 19.1 ± 7.7 11 3.8 2.2 ± 3.1 7.5 ± 9.2

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Table S2: 95% confidence interval of mortality due to long-term exposure to PM2.5

Stroke

HZ GZ FS DG JM SZ ZS ZQ HK ZH

2004 (300-1,500) (1,500-5,900) (900-3,600) (900-3,500) (700-2,800) (300-1,200) (400-1,600) (500-2,000) (900-3,600) (100-500)

2005 (400-1,500) (1,500-5,700) (800-2,900) (800-3,300) (600-2,200) (300-1,200) (300-1,000) (500-2,000) (900-3,800) (100-400)

2006 (400-1,700) (1,500-5,800) (900-3,500) (800-3,200) (700-2,600) (200-1,000) (200-900) (500-2,000) (900-3,700) (100-400)

2007 (500-1,900) (1,700-6,500)(1,000-

3,900)(900-3,300) (900-3,600) (300-1,100) (200-700) (500-2,100) (900-3,800) (100-600)

2008 (500-1,900) (1,800-6,900)(1,000-

3,800)

(1,000-

3,700)(900-3,400) (300-1,000) (100-500) (500-2,000)

(1,000-

4,100)(100-500)

2009 (400-1,700) (1,700-6,800)(1,000-

3,800)(900-3,600) (700-2,900) (200-900) (100-600) (500-1,900) (900-3,900) (100-500)

2010 (400-1,800) (1,900-7,500)(1,400-

5,200)

(1,000-

4,100)(900-3,500) (200-900) (300-1,000) (600-2,200) (900-3,900) (100-400)

2011 (500-1,900) (1,800-7,300)(1,000-

4,000)

(1,100-

4,200)(800-3,300) (300-1,100) (200-900) (600-2,300)

(1,000-

4,000)(100-400)

2012 (500-2,100) (2,000-8,000)(1,200-

4,600)

(1,100-

4,400)

(1,200-

4,800)(400-1,400) (100-600) (700-3,000)

(1,000-

4,100)(100-600)

2013 (500-1,900) (1,800-7,300)(1,000-

4,000)

(1,000-

4,100)(800-3,100) (300-1,200) (300-1,000) (500-2,200)

(1,000-

4,200)(100-400)

COPD

HZ GZ FS DG JM SZ ZS ZQ HK ZH

2004 (100-400) (600-1,800) (400-1,100) (300-1,000) (200-700) (100-300) (100-400) (100-500) (200-800) (30-100)

2005 (100-400) (500-1,700) (300-900) (300-900) (200-600) (80-300) (80-200) (100-500) (200-800) (30-90)

2006 (100-500) (500-1,700) (300-1,000) (300-900) (200-700) (70-200) (70-200) (100-500) (200-800) (30-100)

2007 (200-500) (600-2,000) (400-1,200) (300-900) (300-1,000) (80-300) (60-200) (200-500) (200-900) (40-100)

2008 (100-500) (700-2,100) (400-1,100) (300-1,000) (300-900) (80-300) (40-100) (100-500) (300-900) (40-100)

2009 (100-500) (600-2,000) (400-1,100) (300-1,000) (200-800) (60-200) (40-100) (100-400) (200-800) (30-100)

2010 (100-500) (700-2,200) (500-1,500) (300-1,100) (300-900) (60-200) (80-200) (200-500) (200-900) (30-90)

2011 (100-500) (600-2,100) (400-1,200) (300-1,100) (300-900) (80-300) (70-200) (200-500) (200-900) (20-80)

2012 (100-600) (700-2,300) (400-1,300) (300-1,200) (300-1,200) (100-300) (40-100) (200-700) (200-900) (40-100)

2013 (100-500) (600-2,100) (400-1,100) (300-1,100) (200-800) (90-300) (80-200) (100-500) (300-1,000) (30-90)

IHD

HZ GZ FS DG JM SZ ZS ZQ HK ZH

2004 (300-600) (1,300-2,900) (800-1,800) (800-1,800) (600-1,400) (300-600) (400-900) (500-1,100) (900-2,000) (100-300)

2005 (300-600) (1,200-2,700) (700-1,500) (700-1,700) (500-1,100) (300-600) (200-500) (500-1,100) (900-2,000) (100-200)

2006 (300-700) (1,200-2,800) (800-1,800) (700-1,600) (600-1,300) (200-500) (200-500) (500-1,100) (900-2,000) (100-200)

2007 (400-800) (1,400-3,100) (900-2,000) (700-1,700) (800-1,900) (300-600) (200-400) (500-1,200) (1,000- (100-300)

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2,000)

2008 (400-800) (1,500-3,300) (900-1,900) (800-1,900) (800-1,800) (200-500) (100-300) (500-1,100)(1,000-

2,200)(100-300)

2009 (400-700) (1,400-3,200) (800-1,900) (800-1,800) (700-1,500) (200-500) (100-300) (500-1,000)(1,000-

2,000)(100-300)

2010 (400-800) (1,600-3,500)(1,200-

2,600)(900-2,000) (800-1,800) (200-500) (200-500) (600-1,200)

(1,000-

2,000)(100-200)

2011 (400-800) (1,500-3,400) (900-2,000) (900-2,100) (800-1,700) (300-500) (200-500) (600-1,200)(1,000-

2,100)(90-200)

2012 (400-900) (1,700-3,700)(1,000-

2,200)

(1,000-

2,200)

(1,100-

2,400)(300-700) (100-300) (800-1,600)

(1,000-

2,200)(100-300)

2013 (400-800) (1,500-3,400) (900-2,000) (900-2,100) (700-1,600) (300-600) (200-500) (500-1,200)(1,100-

2,300)(100-200)

LC

HZ GZ FS DG JM SZ ZS ZQ HK ZH

2004 (30-200) (200-900) (100-600) (100-600) (90-500) (40-200) (60-300) (70-300) (100-600) (20-80)

2005 (30-200) (200-900) (100-500) (100-500) (70-400) (40-200) (40-200) (70-300) (100-600) (10-70)

2006 (40-200) (200-900) (100-600) (100-500) (80-400) (30-200) (30-200) (70-300) (100-600) (10-70)

2007 (50-300) (200-1,000) (200-600) (100-500) (100-600) (30-200) (30-100) (80-400) (100-600) (20-100)

2008 (50-300) (200-1,100) (100-600) (100-600) (100-600) (30-200) (20-80) (70-300) (100-700) (20-90)

2009 (40-200) (200-1,000) (100-600) (100-600) (90-500) (30-100) (20-100) (60-300) (100-600) (10-80)

2010 (40-300) (200-1,100) (200-800) (100-600) (100-600) (30-100) (40-200) (70-400) (100-600) (10-70)

2011 (40-300) (200-1,100) (100-600) (100-700) (100-500) (30-200) (30-100) (70-400) (100-600) (10-60)

2012 (50-300) (200-1,200) (100-700) (100-700) (100-700) (40-200) (20-100) (90-500) (100-700) (20-100)

2013 (50-300) (200-1,100) (100-600) (100-700) (90-500) (40-200) (40-200) (70-400) (100-700) (10-70)

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Table S3: 95% confidence interval of hospital admission and outpatient visit due to exposure to PM10 (×100)

Admission

×100 HZ GZ FS DG JM SZ ZS ZQ ZH

2004 (0-44) (0-340) (0-200) (0-150) (0-92) (0-160) (0-93) (0-31) (0-33)

2005 (0-53) (0-390) (0-200) (0-170) (0-96) (0-180) (0-100) (0-33) (0-36)

2006 (0-67) (0-480) (0-260) (0-210) (0-120) (0-220) (0-130) (0-42) (0-45)

2007 (0-81) (0-510) (0-280) (0-240) (0-120) (0-240) (0-130) (0-47) (0-49)

2008 (0-94) (0-580) (0-320) (0-270) (0-140) (0-270) (0-150) (0-61) (0-56)

2009 (0-110) (0-700) (0-370) (0-310) (0-170) (0-290) (0-170) (0-69) (0-63)

2010 (0-110) (0-740) (0-400) (0-330) (0-190) (0-330) (0-200) (0-70) (0-71)

2011 (0-98) (0-740) (0-380) (0-290) (0-170) (0-300) (0-190) (0-71) (0-63)

2012 (0-110) (0-800) (0-400) (0-310) (0-190) (0-340) (0-200) (0-75) (0-69)

2013 (0-120) (0-840) (0-420) (0-330) (0-210) (0-360) (0-210) (0-85) (0-75)

Visit

×100 HZ GZ FS DG JM SZ ZS ZQ ZH

2007 (0-2,700) (0-10,000) (0-6,800) (0-7,400) (0-3,600) (0-8,000) (0-2,700) (0-2,100) (0-5,000)

2008 (0-3,200) (0-12,000) (0-7,700) (0-8,400) (0-3,900) (0-9,000) (0-3,100) (0-2,300) (0-5,400)

2009 (0-3,900) (0-15,000) (0-9,500) (0-10,000) (0-4,800) (0-10,000) (0-3,800) (0-2,700) (0-5,900)

2010 (0-3,800) (0-15,000) (0-9,600) (0-10,000) (0-4,900) (0-11,000) (0-4,100) (0-2,600) (0-6,100)

2011 (0-3,500) (0-15,000) (0-9,300) (0-9,600) (0-4,500) (0-10,000) (0-3,800) (0-2,800) (0-5,900)

2012 (0-3,900) (0-16,000) (0-10,000) (0-10,000) (0-5,000) (0-11,000) (0-4,100) (0-2,900) (0-6,400)

2013 (0-4,200) (0-16,000) (0-10,000) (0-11,000) (0-5,400) (0-12,000) (0-4,500) (0-3,200) (0-7,000)

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Table S4: Calculated morbidity sensitivity for population and crude morbidity rate

a: Keep the population the same with that in 2004 during the 10 years period.b: Keep the crude morbidity rate the same with that in 2004 during the 10 years period.

Table S5: The uncertainty of PM2.5 caused premature mortality over the PRD region (95%)

Resulta PM2.5b RRc

2004 36,000 (27,000-42,000) (16,000-51,000)2005 33,000 (22,000-38,000) (14,000-46,000)2006 34,000 (26,000-40,000) (15,000-48,000)

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Admission VisitCon-Popa Con-Rateb Con-Popa Con-Rateb

2004 39,000 39,000 \ \2005 43,000 39,000 \ \2006 51,000 46,000 \ \2007 53,000 46,000 2,100,000 2,100,0002008 58,000 49,000 2,300,000 2,200,0002009 65,000 55,000 2,600,000 2,500,0002010 66,000 56,000 2,600,000 2,500,0002011 63,000 50,000 2,400,000 2,200,0002012 67,000 49,000 2,600,000 2,200,0002013 71,000 50,000 2,800,000 2,300,000

2007 38,000 (27,000-43,000) (17,000-53,000)2008 39,000 (27,000-45,000) (17,000-54,000)2009 36,000 (26,000-42,000) (16,000-51,000)2010 42,000 (30,000-49,000) (18,000-59,000)2011 40,000 (28,000-47,000) (17,000-56,000)2012 45,000 (29,000-54,000) (19,000-64,000)2013 40,000 (28,000-47,000) (17,000-57,000)

a: Calculated total premature mortality caused by PM2.5 over the PRD region.b: The uncertainty of total mortality derived by 20% of error in satellite retrieved PM2.5 data. c: The uncertainty of total mortality derived by the range of RR used in this study.

(a)

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(b)Figure S1. Inter-annual variation in spatial distribution of the satellite-retrieved and ground-observed (a) PM10 and (b) PM2.5 concentration in the PRD from 2004 to 2013.

(a) (b)Figure S2. Evaluation of the satellite-retrieved annual (a) PM10 and (b) PM2.5 against ground measurement in the PRD from 2004 to 2013.

8

(a)

9

(b)Figure S3. Inter-annual variation in the average of ground-observed (a) PM10 and (b) PM2.5

concentration at all available stations in each studied city.

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