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DIVISION 8 WINDOWS AND OPENINGS DIVISION 9 FINISHESDIVISION 22 PLUMBING

HEALTHENE JOY F. ALESNA

DIVISION 8 OPENINGS

• Maintenance & Standards• Doors & Frames • Specialty Doors and Frames• Entrances, Storefront & Curtain Wall• Windows• Roof Windows & Skylights• Hardware • Glazing• Louvers and Vents

1. GLASS AND GLAZING

Glass is a hard, brittle, chemically inert substance produced by fusing silica together with a flux and a stabilizer into a mass that cools to a rigid condition without crystallization.

Foamed or cellular glass is used as rigid, vapor proof thermal insulation.

Glass fibers are used in textiles and for material reinforcement.

Glass block is used to control light transmission, glare, and solar radiation.

1. GLASS AND GLAZING

The three major types of flat glass are the following:

Sheet glass is fabricated by drawing the molten glass from a furnace (drawn glass), or by forming a cylinder, dividing it lengthwise, and flattening it (cylinder glass).

Plate glass is formed by rolling molten glass into a plate that is subsequently ground and polished after cooling. Plate glass provides virtually clear, undistorted vision.

Float glass is manufactured by pouring molten glass onto a surface of molten tin and allowing it to cool slowly.

• Pneumatic nailers and staplers, driven by a compressor, are capable of fastening materials to wood, steel or concrete.

• Power-driven fasteners use gunpower charges to drive a variety of studs into concrete or steel.

Power-Driven Fasteners

2.01 NAILS

2. HARDWARENails are straight, slender pieces of metal having one end pointed and the other enlarged and flattened for hammering into wood or other building materials as a fastener.

2. HARDWARE

2.02 SCREWS

Screws are metal fasteners having tapered, helically threaded shanks and slotted heads, designed to be driven into wood or the like by turning, as with a screwdriver.

2. HARDWARE

2.03 BOLTS

Bolts are threaded metal pins or rods, usually having a head at one end, designed to be inserted through holes in assembled parts and secured by a mating nut. Carriage bolts are used where the head may be inaccessible to the placement of a nut or where an exceptionally long bolt would be needed to penetrate a joint fully.

• Lengths: ¾” to 30” (75 to 760)

• Diameters: ¼” to 1-¼” (6 to 32)

2. HARDWARE2.04 ADHESIVESAdhesives are used to secure the surfaces of two materials together. Always follow the manufacturer’s recommendations in the use of an adhesive. Important considerations in the selection of an adhesive include:

• Animal or fish glues are primarily for indoor use where temperature and humidity do not vary greatly; they may be weakened by exposure to heat or moisture.

• White or polyvinyl glue sets quickly, does not stain and is slightly resilient.

• Epoxy resins are extremely strong, waterproof and may be used to secure both porous and nonporous materials; they may dissolve some plastics. Unlike other adhesives, epoxy glues will set at low temperatures and under wet conditions.

• Resorcin resins are strong, waterproof and durable for outdoor use, but they are flammable and their dark color may show through paint.

• Contact cement forms a bond on contact and therefore does not require clamping. It is generally used to secure large sheet materials such as plastic laminate.

Common types of adhesives:

DIVISION 09 – FINISHES

• Plaster & Gypsum Board• Tiling• Ceiling• Flooring• Wall Finishes• Acoustical Treatment• Painting & Coating

1. CONCRETE SURFACE FINISHES

Stucco is a mortar consisting of cement, sand and water. Hydrated lime is often added to make the mortar easier to work.

1.01 STUCCO OR CEMENT PLASTER FINISH


The color is obtained from exposed aggregate and not by adding coloring material to the mixture.

Facing plaster of I part Portland cement, 1-1/2 parts sand, and 3 parts of special screenings or pebbles of the desired color shall be placed against the forms to a thickness of about 1 inch sufficiently in advance of the body concrete to prevent the latter from coming into contact with the forms.

1.06 EXPOSED AGGREGATE FINISH


1.06 EXPOSED AGGREGATE FINISH

2. GRANOLITHIC and TERRAZZO FLOOR FINISHES

This consists of a topping with a mixture of 1 part cement, 1 part sand and 1 part finely crushed stone. It is called granolithic because fine aggregate chips were originally used in the aggregate.

2.01 GRANOLITHIC FINISH

Terrazzo is a mixture of cement, marble chip aggregates and water laid as a topping or as a wall finish, and ground to a fine, smooth surface.

It is used for floor and bases where durability, resistance to wear, and minimal maintenance are necessary.

2.02 TERRAZZO FINISH

3. TILE FINISHES

Cement tile is manufactured by pressing in moulds a plastic mixture of cement and sand. Surface color of the tile is achieved by the addition of mineral oxide colors.

Thickness of cement tile is 25mm (1”).

The tiles shall be thoroughly soaked in water before laying on a setting bed of cement mortar (1 part of Portland cement to three parts of sand).

3.01 CEMENT TILE FINISH

3. TILE FINISHES

Ceramic tile are small surfacing units made from clay or mixture of clay with other ceramic materials and fired according various processes.

Tiles differ principally in: (1) composition of the body(2) surface finish, that is, glazed or unglazed(3) process of manufacture; and (4) the degree of vitrification or fusion of the tile body after firing, as indicated by the extent to which it absorbs moisture

3.02 CERAMIC TILE FINISH

3. TILE FINISHES

Types of Ceramic Tiles:

a. Glazed interior tilesare non-vitreous product made by the dust-press-process .


3. TILE FINISHES


b. Ceramic Mosaic Tiles

are tiles less than 6 sq. in. in facial area, preponderantly unglazed, and having fully vitrified or fairly dense bodies.

3. TILE FINISHES

c. Quarry tilesare unglazed floor tiles made from natural clays or shales by the plastic method. They are a very durable flooring material, being impervious to moisture, stains and dirt, and are resistant to abrasion .

d. Paversare standard size unglazed tiles resembling ceramic mosaic tiles in composition and physical characteristics but usually having facial area of 6 sq. in. or more. All pavers are weatherproof and are especially suitable for heavy floor service .


4. RESILIENT FLOOR FINISHES

Resilient flooring is manufactured as tile or sheet including: - Asphalt- vinyl- rubber- linoleum, and - cork.

Vinyl, linoleum and rubber flooring are available also in sheet form .

4.01 ASPHALT TILE & SHEET FINISH


4.01 ASPHALT TILE & SHEET FINISH

This consists of thoroughly bonded composition of thermoplastic binder and inert color pigments, formed under pressure while hot and cut to size.


4.02 VINYL TILE & SHEET FINISH

Vinyl flooring is recommended where a colorful, textured, tough, durable, easily maintained, grease-resistant type of finish flooring is required for areas of both light and heavy human traffic.

It may be used for above-grade, on-grade and below-grade floors.

Vinyl flooring should not be used: - for exterior floor surfaces - in areas where specific chemicals that attack vinyl are used


4.03 RUBBER TILE & SHEET FINISH

Advantages of rubber flooring are: - It is the quietest floor possible with the exception of thick cork tile; - its color are more brilliant than those of other types.

Rubber flooring, however, is not as resistant to soap, oil and many household solvents, as vinyl and linoleum


4.04 LINOLEUM TILE & SHEET FINISH

Linoleum can be divided into five classifications: - plain - marbled - spatter - straight-line inlaid, & - molded inlaid.

Linoleum is resilient, waterproof floor covering that consists of a backing covered with a relatively thick layer of wearing surface. This wearing surface is a mixture that contains oxidized

5. WOOD FLOOR FINISHES

5.01 STRIP FLOORING

This type of flooring consists of tongue-and-grooved (T&G) boards 6” or less in width.


5.02 PLANK FLOORING

This type of flooring consists of square-edged boards 8” or more in width as are commonly found in old Spanish- period houses.

Plank flooring is usually faced-nailed.


5.03 PARQUET TILE FLOORING

Also called block flooring, consists of square pieces or blocks which have been built up in several layers like plywood and having a veneered surface, or consists of several parquet strips assembled at the factory to form a tile.

6. CEILING FINISHES

6.01 CEILING BOARD

These are shiplapped boards with a bead running along the center of the board and along the joint, hence it is often referred as beaded ceiling board (B.C.B.) Thickness are 3/8 and ½ in. Widths of boards are 4 and 6 in.

6. CEILING FINISHES

6.02 ACOUSTIC TILE

Acoustic tile is used for ceiling and wall finishes in rooms where it is required to control sound by absorption.

6. CEILING FINISHES

6.02 ACOUSTIC TILE

There are several types of acoustic tile:

a. Cellulose fiber tile. These are made from compressed sugar cane or wood fibers with perforations on the surface of the tile.

b. Mineral wool tile. Felted rock wool with a fissured surface. Mineral wool tile has limited acoustic values, is flame retardant but will not withstand rough usage and cannot be painted.

c. Glass fiber tile. These are made of glass fibers held together by binder.

7. PAINT FINISHES

7.01 TRANSPARENT FINISHES

a. Wood Stains

• Oil Wood Stains Pigments are derived from various earth clays.

• Water Stains These are made from aniline dyes and mineral extracts which have been dissolved in hot water ”.

• Spirit or Alcohol Stain These are mixed with alcohol-solution aniline powders and warmed alcohol.

7. PAINT FINISHES


b. Wood Fillers

• Paste Fillers. Composed of silex (stone dust), japan-drier, linseed oil, turpentine, and sometimes colors ground in oil. Filler is applied with the grain and allowed to dry “flat” for about 10 minutes. It is then wiped off across the grain with burlap or some other coarse material. Paste fillers requires about 24 hours for drying before it can be sanded.• Crack Fillers. Plastic wood putty, stick shellac, etc. They are used for filling nails holes, cracks and dents.

7. PAINT FINISHES


b. Shellac

Shellac is made by refining seed lac and its natural color is orange; white shellac is obtained by bleaching.

Lac is a resin exuded by certain insects in India in the twigs of trees. These twigs with the resin attached are called sticklac and are crushed and washed to produce seed lac.

Shellac is an under or a preparatory coat for varnish and wax finishes.

7. PAINT FINISHES


c. Varnish

In general, oil varnishes are more durable than spirit varnishes. Spirit varnishes are either dammar varnish, mad by treating dammar resins with turpentine, or shellac varnish, made by dissolving white or orange shellac in grain alcohol.

Drying time is from 4 to 24 hours.

7. PAINT FINISHES


d. Lacquer

Lacquer is made synthetically, and is closely related to rayon or nylon fabrics. It requires a special thinner sold by each manufacturer for his own brand.

7. PAINT FINISHES

7.02 OPAQUE FINISHES

a. Paint

Paint is a mixture containing a pigment and a vehicle.

The pigment is that solid, finely ground portion which gives to paint the power to obscure, hide or color the surface.

The vehicle is the fluid portion of the paint. It carries the particles of the pigment in suspension and by the oxidation deposits and hardening binds them to painted surface or by evaporation deposits them thereon.

7. PAINT FINISHES


a. Paint

PIGMENTS:

may be divided into white and colored pigments. The white pigments can, in turn, be divided further into hiding or active pigments and extender pigments.

• Hiding or active pigments are those which when mixed with the drying oil, produces an opaque finishing material. The most widely used active pigment is white lead which, when used alone withlinseed oil, will produce an excellent durable paint. Other active white pigments include: - zinc oxide - lithopone - titanium dioxide.

7. PAINT FINISHES


a. Paint

VEHICLE:

• The vehicle or liquid portion of the paint consists of: - a binder which forms the film - the drier to speed up formulation of the film and - the thinner or the volatile solvent .

7. PAINT FINISHES


a. Paint

Driers:

may be classified into two types: - oil driers, used in powdered or crystalline form such as litharge (monoxide of lead), manganese dioxide, borate; and - liquid driers, inorganic compounds of lead, manganese and cobalt, which are dissolved in turpentine or benzene and which mix readily with the oil at ordinary temperatures.

7. PAINT FINISHES


a. Paint

Thinners

act as a solvent both for the materials of the paint and for the resin in the wood surface thereby providing greater penetration and anchorage in the wood pores. It improves the brushing and spreading qualities of the paint and also hastens its drying by absorbing oxygen from the air and transferring it to the drying oil.

7. PAINT FINISHES


a. Paint

Alkyd-resin or oil-resin emulsion paints

where oil and resin emulsified in water makes a heterogeneous finishing material by an emulsifying agent such as casein.

A great advantage of oil resin paint is that its viscosity can be easily reduced by the addition of water. Water is added as a thinner for the same reason that turpentine or mineral spirits is added to oil paints.

7. PAINT FINISHES


a. Paint

Synthetic latex (rubber-base) paints

is made from synthetic latex which acts as the pigment binder and the film-forming material for the paint.

Latex paint is the preferred paint for the plaster, cement, concrete and masonry

7. PAINT FINISHES


a. Paint

Portland cement-base paints

a water-base paint (where the solvent is water) used for painting concrete and masonry surfaces

Enamel paints

paints which use varnish as a vehicle. They can have either a glossy, semi glossy or matt finish.

Rust-inhibiting paints

protective paints for ferrous metal and are of two types: - priming paint, e.g. red lead, litharge, lead chromate; - finish paints, e.g., lead sulfate and zinc dust.

Division 22 – PLUMBING

• Plumbing Piping• Plumbing Equipment • Plumbing Fixtures• Pool and Fountain Plumbing

Systems• Gas and Vacuum Systems for

Laboratory and Healthcare Facilities

• Plumbing Piping

PLUMBING PIPING

Copper • This piping is available in soft and hard tempers and several weights.

Plastic The most common kinds of plastic piping are:

ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene): a rigid black pipe that is fairly strong and economical.

PVC (polyvinyl chloride): a rigid white pipe that is strong and economical.

CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride): a cream-colored rigid pipe that is very strong and has a chemical resistance similar to PVC.

PE (polyethylene): a flexible tubing that can be snaked through walls and around corners, can bend without breaking when buried in settling soil, and is highly resistant to unusual soil conditions.

PB (polybutane): a flexible tubing that can also be snaked through walls and around corners.

Steel Steel piping is available in galvanized or black types in standard (the most common), extra heavy, and double extra heavy weights.

Cast Iron .This piping is available in standard, ductile iron (stronger and more corrosion-resistant), and high-silica (acid-resistant); it is used for sanitary waste, vent, storm drain, and other non-pressure applications.

• Plumbing Equipment

Lavatories: Small sinks that may be set in counters, hung from walls, or mounted on legs.

Sinks: These are larger lavatories for janitorial, kitchen, and laundry use as well as work sinks in schools and many industrial settings.

Bathtubs: is a bathroom fixture, a tub that you can fill with water for bathing.

Showers

• Plumbing Fixtures

• Plumbing Fixtures

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