Art and Literature in Art and Literature in AmericaAmerica

ImmigrantsImmigrants

1815-18601815-1860 Over 5 millionOver 5 million IRISHIRISH

Largest wave of immigrantsLargest wave of immigrants nearly 2 millionnearly 2 million Potato famine in 1845Potato famine in 1845

GERMANSGERMANS 22ndnd largest group of immigrants largest group of immigrants 1.5 million 1.5 million Escape violence, repressions, & failed Escape violence, repressions, & failed

revolutionariesrevolutionaries

NativismNativism

feelings offeelings of hostility towards hostility towards foreignersforeigners

Anti-Catholic: Supreme Order of the Anti-Catholic: Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner, 1849Star Spangled Banner, 1849

Membership was secret and those Membership was secret and those questioned replied “I know nothing”questioned replied “I know nothing”

Became known as the Know NothingsBecame known as the Know Nothings

The Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening

Commitment to organized religion Commitment to organized religion was weakeningwas weakening

1800s revive American commitment 1800s revive American commitment to religionto religion

Salvation through faithSalvation through faithReligion as American CultureReligion as American CultureStart several reform movementsStart several reform movements

AbolitionAbolitionTemperanceTemperance

The MessageThe Message

Individuals must readmit God and Individuals must readmit God and Christ into their daily livesChrist into their daily lives

All could attain grace through faithAll could attain grace through faith

Charles Grandison FinneyCharles Grandison Finney advocate of Second Great Awakeningadvocate of Second Great Awakening Everybody had the capacity for spiritual Everybody had the capacity for spiritual

rebirth and salvationrebirth and salvation Founded modern revivalismFounded modern revivalism Warned against using to politics to change Warned against using to politics to change

societysociety

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day SaintsDay Saints

MormonsMormons Joseph Smith, 1830 Joseph Smith, 1830 Published Published The Book of MormonThe Book of MormonBrigham Young became the leader Brigham Young became the leader

and they moved to Utahand they moved to UtahBuild a kingdom on earthBuild a kingdom on earth

Utopian CommunitiesUtopian Communities

society tended to corrupt human naturesociety tended to corrupt human nature Way to a better life was to separate Way to a better life was to separate

themselves from society and form their themselves from society and form their own utopia, or ideal societyown utopia, or ideal society

Cooperative living and the absence of Cooperative living and the absence of private propertyprivate property Brook FarmBrook Farm Onedia CommunityOnedia Community New HarmonyNew Harmony

ShakersShakers

Religious groupReligious groupSocial & spiritual equalitySocial & spiritual equalityDid not believe in marrying or having Did not believe in marrying or having

children so their group dissolvedchildren so their group dissolved

LiteratureLiteratureRomanticismRomanticism: :

feeling over reasonfeeling over reasoninner spirituality over external rules,inner spirituality over external rules,individual over societyindividual over societynature over environments created by nature over environments created by

humanshumansTranscendentalismTranscendentalism: :

New England writersNew England writersOvercome limits of the mind Overcome limits of the mind Let their souls reach outLet their souls reach out

Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson

Most influential Most influential transcendentalisttranscendentalist

In In NatureNature, 1836,, 1836, communion with communion with

the natural world the natural world

Civil DisobedienceCivil DisobedienceResistance to civil Resistance to civil

gov’tgov’tEncouraged Martin Encouraged Martin

Luther King, Jr. and Luther King, Jr. and GhandiGhandi

WaldenWaldenSimple living; naturalSimple living; natural

The Last of the The Last of the MohicansMohicans

18261826 The Leather The Leather

Stocking TalesStocking Tales Writes about Writes about

West and U.S. West and U.S. adventuresadventures Not about Great Not about Great

Britain = U.S. Britain = U.S. NationalismNationalism

Short stories:Short stories:2 major romances:2 major romances:

The Scarlett LetterThe Scarlett LetterThe House of Seven The House of Seven

GablesGablesDark Romanticism: Dark Romanticism:

guilt, sin, and evil guilt, sin, and evil are inherent are inherent qualities of peoplequalities of people

Textbook authorTextbook authorSpelling reformerSpelling reformer““Father of American Father of American

Scholarship and Scholarship and Education”Education”

Webster DictionaryWebster DictionaryAmerican English (not American English (not

British)British)

Father of the American Father of the American Short StoryShort Story

Legend of Sleepy Legend of Sleepy HollowHollow

Rip Van WinkleRip Van Winkle

Democracy in Democracy in AmericaAmerica

Noticed uniquely Noticed uniquely American ideas:American ideas:IndividualismIndividualismCapitalismCapitalism

Wrote poems and Wrote poems and short storiesshort stories

““The Raven”The Raven”Tell-Tale HeartTell-Tale Heart

Landscape Landscape painterspainters

Mid-1800sMid-1800sRomanticismRomanticismAmerican ArtAmerican ArtGlorified Glorified

American American LandscapeLandscape

Penny PressPenny Press

Inexpensive newspapers Inexpensive newspapers Local news & gossipLocal news & gossip

Specialized MagazinesSpecialized MagazinesAtlantic MonthlyAtlantic MonthlyHarper’s WeedklyHarper’s WeedklyGoedy’s Landy’s BookGoedy’s Landy’s Book