arterial blood gas interpretation
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
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ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS
[ABG]
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BLOOD Blood is a connective tissue
BLOOD CONSIST OF PLASMA
(55%) AND CELLS (45%).
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FUNCTIONS Transport respiratory gases Transport nutrients Act as a vehicle (hormones & vitamins)
Drainage of waste productsMaintenance of water balanceMaintenance of acid equilibriumRegulation of body temperature
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COMMON TERMINOLOGIES
ACIDS: Acid is a substance which when dissolved in water undergoes or splits into a hydrogen ion and anion.
BASES: Base is a substance which undergoes dissociation in water to give a hydroxyl ion and a cation.
SALTS: Salt is a substance which when dissolved in water dissociate to release a cation and anion neither of which is a hydogen ion nor a hydroxyl ion.
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PH PH is the hydrogen ion
concentration in any solution.
1________________7________________14
Acid Base
Normal Blood PH- 7.35 – 7.45 mEq/L
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BUFFER Buffer is a substance which is capable of converting strong acid into weak acid and strong base into weak base & does not undergo rapid ionisation & thereby does not contribute to alteration of pH.
THREE SYSTEMS: 1.Buffer system 2.Respiratory system 3. Renal system
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BUFFER SYSTEMS
1. Carbonic acid bi-carbonate system2. Sodium salt of di-hydrogen and mono-hydrogen phosphate3. Protein buffer system
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NORMAL ABG VALUES
pH PaO2 PaCO2 HCO3- Base excess SaO2
7.35 - 7.45 80 - 90 mm/Hg 35 – 45 mm/Hg 22-26 mEq/L +2 95 - 100%
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INDICATIONSCardiac FailureRenal or Hepatic FailureMechanical ventilationDiabetic KetoacidosisRespiratory Failure Or Dysfunction.Sepsis and burnsPoisoningCardiopulmonary surgeryCardiac pulmonary exercise testingOxygen administration
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CONTRAINDICATIONS:
Patients on anticoagulant & those with coagulopathies.
Obstructing thrombus in the artery. Patients with poor collateral flow.
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PROCEDURE OF ABG ANALYSIS Arterial puncture sites:Wrist :most common site used.Radial arteryBrachial arteryFemoral arteryDorsalis pedis artery
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EQUIPMENTS USED:Sterile Gloves
Heparinized syringe (2ml)Alcohol SwabsGauze piecesTape or PlasterPatient Label Ice bag or box.
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ALLEN’S TEST
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AFTER-CARE
Applies pressure to the puncture site for
10-15 mins to stop the bleeding.The patient should rest quietly while
applying the pressure to the puncture site.
Then place a dressing over the puncture.
Health care workers will observe the patient
for the signs of bleeding or circulation problem
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COMPLICATIONSHematomaHemorrhageArteriospasmNosocomial BacteraemiaDistal IschemiaNumbness of HandSepsis Infection of health care worker.
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UNCOMPENSATED ABG VALUES
pH PaCO2
HCO3
Respiratory acidosis
Normal
Respiratory alkalosis
Normal
Metabolicacidosis
Normal
Metabolicalkalosis
Normal
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COMPENSATED ABG VALUES
pH PaCO2 HCO3-
RespiratoryAlkalosis Normal
MetabolicAlkalosis Normal
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