arth 335 week 5 review presentation

Self Portrait (1670-72)Self Portrait (1670-72)

BARTOLOME ESTEBAN MURILLOBARTOLOME ESTEBAN MURILLO

--Born in Seville in 1617, --Born in Seville in 1617, the youngest of 14 the youngest of 14 children children --His parents died and he--His parents died and he was orphaned at age 11 was orphaned at age 11 --Eventually taken in by --Eventually taken in by his older sister; his his older sister; his apprenticeship ended at apprenticeship ended at age 15age 15--He may have spent time --He may have spent time in the Americas in the Americas afterward; no records of afterward; no records of his activity as an artist his activity as an artist until 1640until 1640

JUAN DE VALDES LEAL JUAN DE VALDES LEAL

--Born in Seville, 1622--Born in Seville, 1622

--May have studied under --May have studied under Francisco Herrera the Elder Francisco Herrera the Elder

JUAN DE VALDES LEAL JUAN DE VALDES LEAL

--Stays in Cordoba until 1656, --Stays in Cordoba until 1656, spending his later days there spending his later days there working on the Carmeliteworking on the Carmelite altarpiece.altarpiece.

--Moves back to Seville--Moves back to Seville

MURILLO AND VALDES LEAL: HERMANDAD DE LA CARIDAD MURILLO AND VALDES LEAL: HERMANDAD DE LA CARIDAD


Miguel Mañara,Miguel Mañara,Hermano Mayor of Hermano Mayor of

Hermandad de la Caridad,Hermandad de la Caridad,SevilleSeville

by Valdes Leal (1680)by Valdes Leal (1680)

--Hermandad de la Caridad --Hermandad de la Caridad (Brotherhood of Charity): a (Brotherhood of Charity): a confraternity dedicated to confraternity dedicated to burying the dead—providing a burying the dead—providing a Christian burial for the poor and Christian burial for the poor and indigent. indigent. --Founded in the late 15--Founded in the late 15thth century century by Pedro Martinez to bury the by Pedro Martinez to bury the bodies of executed criminals so bodies of executed criminals so they would not rot in the streets they would not rot in the streets and plazas, or be eaten by dogs.and plazas, or be eaten by dogs.--Earliest surviving record is from --Earliest surviving record is from 1565, recording the initiation of 1565, recording the initiation of 120 new members; the 120 new members; the organization’s Rules of 1578 organization’s Rules of 1578 specify their goal was still burialspecify their goal was still burial of the dead.of the dead.





--Enthusiasm for the organization--Enthusiasm for the organization waned and enrollment was at a waned and enrollment was at a low during the late 16low during the late 16thth and and early 17early 17thth centuries. centuries. --As Seville itself came on hard --As Seville itself came on hard times, and especially as plague times, and especially as plague and famine took a heavy toll,and famine took a heavy toll, interest in the group renewed; interest in the group renewed; over 100 new members were over 100 new members were enrolled from 1650-54 alone, enrolled from 1650-54 alone, and the group attained a and the group attained a new prominence within the city.new prominence within the city.--In 1662 they accepted as a --In 1662 they accepted as a member Miguel Mañara member Miguel Mañara Vincentelo de Leca.Vincentelo de Leca.





Miguel Mañara :Miguel Mañara :--Born into one of the wealthiest --Born into one of the wealthiest families in Seville in 1627.families in Seville in 1627.--As a young man was a --As a young man was a scoundrel, rouge, libertine, and scoundrel, rouge, libertine, and notorious womanizer.notorious womanizer.--When his older brothers die, --When his older brothers die, inherits his father’s immense inherits his father’s immense fortune in 1648.fortune in 1648.





Miguel Mañara:Miguel Mañara:““I served Babylon and the DevilI served Babylon and the Devil. . . with a thousand . . . with a thousand abominations, arrogance, abominations, arrogance, adulteries, profanities, scandals adulteries, profanities, scandals and thefts, whose sins and and thefts, whose sins and crimes are beyond counting.”crimes are beyond counting.”





Miguel Mañara :Miguel Mañara :--Met and married a pious --Met and married a pious woman named Jeronima Carillowoman named Jeronima Carillo de Mendoza; changed his ways de Mendoza; changed his ways and settled down to a tranquil and settled down to a tranquil domestic life.domestic life.--In 1661 his wife died --In 1661 his wife died prematurely; stunned and prematurely; stunned and grieved, he retired to a grieved, he retired to a monastery to spend his time in monastery to spend his time in contemplation. A morbid streak contemplation. A morbid streak took hold of him and he began took hold of him and he began to write on the vanity of worldly to write on the vanity of worldly existence.existence.





Miguel Mañara:Miguel Mañara:--Became known for his extreme--Became known for his extreme piety and, determined to do thepiety and, determined to do the the Lord’s work, returned to the Lord’s work, returned to Seville and applied to the Seville and applied to the Hermandad.Hermandad.--His application was initially --His application was initially opposed, but he was admitted opposed, but he was admitted in 1662, and within a year had in 1662, and within a year had assumed the position of assumed the position of Hermano Mayor, which he held Hermano Mayor, which he held until his death in 1679.until his death in 1679.





--The Hermandad’s activities --The Hermandad’s activities were expanded beyond justwere expanded beyond just burial of the dead. A hospice burial of the dead. A hospice was opened to shelter and feedwas opened to shelter and feed the homeless; an ambulance the homeless; an ambulance service was organized to carry service was organized to carry the sick to hospitals, and later the sick to hospitals, and later the Hermandad would open the Hermandad would open their own infirmary; an their own infirmary; an educational service was educational service was organized to tutor the residents organized to tutor the residents of the hospice and infirmary.of the hospice and infirmary.--The Hermandad’s facilities --The Hermandad’s facilities were expanded; the church were expanded; the church was rebuilt and a new chapelwas rebuilt and a new chapel added, a project directed by added, a project directed by Mañara.Mañara.





--1670: Mañara reports that the --1670: Mañara reports that the construction on the church is construction on the church is finished and already placed finished and already placed within it are “six hieroglyphs within it are “six hieroglyphs that explain six works of that explain six works of charity.”charity.”--The “hieroglyphs” are six --The “hieroglyphs” are six paintings commissioned from paintings commissioned from Murillo, who himself had Murillo, who himself had joined the Hermandad as a joined the Hermandad as a brother.brother.

HERMANDAD DE LA CARIDAD: MAIN ALTAR HERMANDAD DE LA CARIDAD: MAIN ALTAR

--In 1670, after Murillo’s --In 1670, after Murillo’s paintings were installedpaintings were installed on the church walls, theon the church walls, the burial of the dead, theburial of the dead, the 77thth work of charity and work of charity and the Hermandad’s own the Hermandad’s own historic focus, was historic focus, was commissioned as an commissioned as an altarpiece from the altarpiece from the sculptor Pedro Roldansculptor Pedro Roldan and architect Simon and architect Simon Pineda—the subject Pineda—the subject was the Entombment ofwas the Entombment of Christ himself.Christ himself.

HERMANDAD DE LA CARIDAD: MAIN ALTAR HERMANDAD DE LA CARIDAD: MAIN ALTAR

Interior of the church:Interior of the church:A testament to the A testament to the

Acts of Mercy which aActs of Mercy which aCatholic could performCatholic could perform


In Ictu Oculi and Finis Gloriae MundiIn Ictu Oculi and Finis Gloriae Mundiby Valdes Leal (1672)by Valdes Leal (1672)

Miguel Mañara: in 1672, 2 “Hieroglyphs of Las Postrimerias”Miguel Mañara: in 1672, 2 “Hieroglyphs of Las Postrimerias”(the “Last Things”) have been added, and complete the(the “Last Things”) have been added, and complete the

meaning of the church.meaning of the church.

MURILLO AND VALDES LEAL: HERMANDAD DE LA CARIDAD MURILLO AND VALDES LEAL: HERMANDAD DE LA CARIDAD Memento MoriMemento Mori: Reminder of death—death will take us all, so: Reminder of death—death will take us all, sois best to prepare the soul for the next world, rather than beis best to prepare the soul for the next world, rather than be

obsessed with this world. obsessed with this world.

Finis Gloriae MundiFinis Gloriae Mundi(End of worldy glory)(End of worldy glory)

by Valdes Lealby Valdes Leal

MURILLO AND VALDES LEAL: HERMANDAD DE LA CARIDAD MURILLO AND VALDES LEAL: HERMANDAD DE LA CARIDAD Memento MoriMemento Mori: Reminder of death—death will take us all, so: Reminder of death—death will take us all, sois best to prepare the soul for the next world, rather than beis best to prepare the soul for the next world, rather than be

obsessed with this world. obsessed with this world.

““What does it matter if you are What does it matter if you are great in the world, brother, if great in the world, brother, if death will make you the equal of death will make you the equal of the smallest? Go to a bone heapthe smallest? Go to a bone heapthat is full of the bones of the that is full of the bones of the dead, distinguish among them dead, distinguish among them the rich from the poor, the wise the rich from the poor, the wise from the ignorant, the humble from the ignorant, the humble from the mighty. They are all from the mighty. They are all bones, all skulls, and they all bones, all skulls, and they all look alike.”—Miguel Mañara look alike.”—Miguel Mañara




In Ictu Oculi In Ictu Oculi (In the blink of an eye)(In the blink of an eye)


““Regard the saints who occupyRegard the saints who occupythe slopes of the holy mountain,the slopes of the holy mountain,and how, to reach its peak withand how, to reach its peak withgreater speed, they strip greater speed, they strip themselves of all the impedes themselves of all the impedes them from climbing higher. them from climbing higher. Look at the king throwing away Look at the king throwing away his crown, the merchant his his crown, the merchant his wealth, the scholar his books, wealth, the scholar his books, the soldier his arms. Everythingthe soldier his arms. Everythingthat blocks the road is detestedthat blocks the road is detestedby its owner.”—Miguel Mañaraby its owner.”—Miguel Mañara


““If we have the truth before us, itIf we have the truth before us, itis this, and there is no other: theis this, and there is no other: theshroud we will wear must daily shroud we will wear must daily be before our eyes . . . be before our eyes . . . remember that you will be remember that you will be covered by dirt and stepped on covered by dirt and stepped on by all, and you will easily forgetby all, and you will easily forgetthe honors and status of this the honors and status of this life. Remember also the vile life. Remember also the vile worms that will eat your body, worms that will eat your body, and how ugly and abominable and how ugly and abominable you will be in the grave, and you will be in the grave, and how those eyes that are readinghow those eyes that are readingthese words will be devoured these words will be devoured by the earth, and how those by the earth, and how those hands will be devoured and left hands will be devoured and left dry, and how the silks and dry, and how the silks and




finery that you wear today will finery that you wear today will be converted into a rotted be converted into a rotted shroud, your amber into a shroud, your amber into a stench, your beauty and grace stench, your beauty and grace into worms, your . . . greatness into worms, your . . . greatness into the greatest lonelinessinto the greatest lonelinessimaginable. imaginable.

Look into a tomb, enter it Look into a tomb, enter it thoughtfully, look at the lovedthoughtfully, look at the lovedones you once knew. Listen to ones you once knew. Listen to the silence—not a sound can bethe silence—not a sound can beheard, only the gnawing of heard, only the gnawing of termites and worms . . . termites and worms . . . Remember, brother, that this Remember, brother, that this will surely happen to you, and will surely happen to you, and all your being will disintegrate all your being will disintegrate




into dry bones, horrible and into dry bones, horrible and frightening. So much so that thefrightening. So much so that theperson who loves you most person who loves you most today . . . will be shocked to seetoday . . . will be shocked to seeyou the moment after you you the moment after you expire, and whoever knew you expire, and whoever knew you will be shocked and horrified.”will be shocked and horrified.”——Miguel Mañara Miguel Mañara




Finis Gloriae Mundi by Valdes LealFinis Gloriae Mundi by Valdes Leal

““Las Postrimerias”Las Postrimerias”(The last 4 things):(The last 4 things):--Death--Death--Judgment--Judgment--Heaven --Heaven --Hell--Hell

Judgment: Judgment: Heaven and Heaven and Hell are in theHell are in the balance balance

Death Death


Finis Gloriae Mundi by Valdes LealFinis Gloriae Mundi by Valdes Leal

““Las Postrimerias”Las Postrimerias”(The last 4 things):(The last 4 things):--Death--Death--Judgment--Judgment--Heaven --Heaven --Hell--Hell

Ni mas, ni menos—nothing more, Ni mas, ni menos—nothing more, nothing lessnothing less

7 deadly sins vs. items of devotion7 deadly sins vs. items of devotion

THE SEVEN ACTS OF MERCY (MISERICORDIA) THE SEVEN ACTS OF MERCY (MISERICORDIA)

Catholics:Catholics:Justification through goodJustification through goodworksworks

Seven Acts of Mercy:Seven Acts of Mercy:--Food for hungry--Food for hungry--Drink for thirsty --Drink for thirsty --Hospitality to strangers--Hospitality to strangers--Clothes for the naked--Clothes for the naked--Tend to sick --Tend to sick --Minister to prisoners--Minister to prisoners--Bury dead--Bury dead

HERMANDAD DE LA CARIDAD HERMANDAD DE LA CARIDAD

Acts of charity, mercy,Acts of charity, mercy,good works transformgood works transforma death of decay intoa death of decay intoa death of salvation a death of salvation

Life of Man by Jan Steen (c.1665)Life of Man by Jan Steen (c.1665)

Boy blowing bubbles and Boy blowing bubbles and skull: vanitas, insignificance skull: vanitas, insignificance of worldly pursuits, desires of worldly pursuits, desires

DUTCH GENRE PAINTING: MORALIZING MEANINGS DUTCH GENRE PAINTING: MORALIZING MEANINGS


Sleeping Sportsman Sleeping Sportsman by Gabriel Metsu by Gabriel Metsu (c.1660)(c.1660)

““Vogelen” (birds): Vogelen” (birds): slang for sex slang for sex


The Morning Toilet The Morning Toilet by Jan Steenby Jan Steen (1663)(1663)

Candle and open jewelCandle and open jewel box: “Neither does one box: “Neither does one buy pearls in the dark, buy pearls in the dark, nor does one look for nor does one look for love at night.” (periodlove at night.” (period cliché)cliché)

“ “Kous” (stocking):Kous” (stocking): slang for vaginaslang for vagina

She is a prostitute; She is a prostitute; moral about illicit sexmoral about illicit sex

Putting on Putting on stocking stocking

Candle and open Candle and open jewel box jewel box

DUTCH STILL LIFE: MORALIZING MEANINGS DUTCH STILL LIFE: MORALIZING MEANINGS

Still Life by Willem Claesz. Heda (1636)Still Life by Willem Claesz. Heda (1636)

Lemon: looks Lemon: looks but has a bitter but has a bitter

taste; metaphor taste; metaphor for the deceptive for the deceptive nature of worldly nature of worldly

pleasure. pleasure.

DUTCH STILL LIFE: MORALIZING MEANINGS DUTCH STILL LIFE: MORALIZING MEANINGS

Vanitas Still Lifes by Harmen Steenwijck (c.1640s) Vanitas Still Lifes by Harmen Steenwijck (c.1640s)

Transience Transience

Withered branch Withered branch

Burned out pipes Burned out pipes

Snuffed out candle Snuffed out candle

Over-turned glassOver-turned glassHistory book History book

--In a 20+ year career as a --In a 20+ year career as a painter, may not have painter, may not have painted more than 50 works.painted more than 50 works.--Born and baptized in Delft in --Born and baptized in Delft in 1632 1632 --Father owned a tavern (in the --Father owned a tavern (in the same building as their home), same building as their home), designed and sold silk cloth,designed and sold silk cloth, and was registered as a and was registered as a master art dealermaster art dealer--Registered with Guild of St. --Registered with Guild of St. Luke in 1653, dues not fully Luke in 1653, dues not fully paid until 1656. Periodically paid until 1656. Periodically listed as a board member.listed as a board member.

Registry, Guild of Registry, Guild of St. Luke St. Luke

VERMEER: KNOWN DOCUMENTATION OF HIS LIFEVERMEER: KNOWN DOCUMENTATION OF HIS LIFE

--Married in 1653; his wife’s--Married in 1653; his wife’s mother, Maria Thins, had anmother, Maria Thins, had an small but impressive artsmall but impressive art collection.collection.--Apparently had a patron--Apparently had a patron named Van Ruijven, who named Van Ruijven, who had rights of first refusal onhad rights of first refusal on his works. Van Ruijvenhis works. Van Ruijven owned at least 20 Vermeers,owned at least 20 Vermeers, dating from the 1650s to dating from the 1650s to the 1670s. It is believed Vanthe 1670s. It is believed Van Ruijven kept Vermeer on a Ruijven kept Vermeer on a retainer—this is not retainer—this is not specifically documented, butspecifically documented, but Van Ruijven’s cousin had Van Ruijven’s cousin had exactly such an arrangementexactly such an arrangement with Gerard Dou.with Gerard Dou.




--Various loan certificates --Various loan certificates survive.survive.--Vermeer took over his father’s --Vermeer took over his father’s house and tavern, but had house and tavern, but had to rent them out in 1672 and to rent them out in 1672 and move to a smaller house.move to a smaller house.--Dies in 1676, leaving 8 --Dies in 1676, leaving 8 children and various debts; children and various debts; his widow is forced to give his widow is forced to give some of his paintings to a some of his paintings to a baker as a collateral for a baker as a collateral for a bakery bill.bakery bill.



--His widow petitions for --His widow petitions for bankruptcy; various paintings bankruptcy; various paintings seized to cover debts, seized to cover debts, including 26 by a merchant including 26 by a merchant against a grocery bill.against a grocery bill.

Notice of bankruptcy of Notice of bankruptcy of Vermeer’s widow Vermeer’s widow

VERMEER: MORALIZING MEANINGSVERMEER: MORALIZING MEANINGS

Maidservant PouringMaidservant PouringMilk: domesticMilk: domesticvirtue?—women at virtue?—women at choreschores

Nurturing?—milk Nurturing?—milk


Lady Weighing Gold Lady Weighing Gold Scales: vanitas Scales: vanitas

The Last Judgment The Last Judgment

Christ in judgment Christ in judgment

The Saved The Saved The Damned The Damned


St. Michael with St. Michael with scales judging scales judging

souls souls

By Hans MemlingBy Hans Memling(15(15thth century) century)

Takes place of Takes place of St. Michael, bridge St. Michael, bridge

between secular between secular and sacred worlds: and sacred worlds:

as you judge in as you judge in this world, this world,

someday you will someday you will be judged be judged

HAN VAN MEEGEREN: Forgery of Vermeer HAN VAN MEEGEREN: Forgery of Vermeer

Supper at Emmaus Supper at Emmaus

HAN VAN MEEGERENHAN VAN MEEGEREN

Cracks filled in with ink Cracks filled in with ink and grime to look old and grime to look old


Last Supper Last Supper

Original canvas Original canvas

Hand on Christ’s shoulder Hand on Christ’s shoulder

dog dog


Supper at Emmaus Supper at Emmaus Christ’s hand holding Christ’s hand holding bread bread

Christ’s shoulder Christ’s shoulder

Face visible in X-ray Face visible in X-ray of underpaintingof underpainting


Supper at Emmaus Supper at Emmaus

--Supper at Emmaus his first major --Supper at Emmaus his first major forged sale (1937).forged sale (1937).--Sold through a middleman; van --Sold through a middleman; van Meegeren claimed he was offering Meegeren claimed he was offering the painting on behalf of an the painting on behalf of an important family that had it in their important family that had it in their private collection but was now private collection but was now facing financial hardship and facing financial hardship and did not want to be identified.did not want to be identified.--Carefully examined by the leading --Carefully examined by the leading art historian in the Netherlands who art historian in the Netherlands who was completely fooled and was completely fooled and pronounced it a genuine Vermeer. pronounced it a genuine Vermeer. --Sold for over 500,000 guilders --Sold for over 500,000 guilders (equivalent in today’s terms to (equivalent in today’s terms to around $3 million). around $3 million).


Head of Christ Head of Christ

Sold in 1941 for over 400,000 Sold in 1941 for over 400,000 guilders (in today’s terms guilders (in today’s terms around $2 million)around $2 million)


Last Supper Last Supper Sold in 1941 for 1.6 million Sold in 1941 for 1.6 million guilders (in today’s terms guilders (in today’s terms

around $7 million)around $7 million)


Christ and the WomanChrist and the WomanTaken in Adultery Taken in Adultery

Sold to German FieldSold to German FieldMarshal Hermann GoeringMarshal Hermann Goering


Christ and the WomanChrist and the WomanTaken in Adultery Taken in Adultery

Sold to German FieldSold to German FieldMarshal Hermann GoeringMarshal Hermann Goering

--Discovered after World--Discovered after World War II in Goering’s hoard War II in Goering’s hoard of looted art in Austria.of looted art in Austria.--Investigation by Dutch --Investigation by Dutch authorities linked the painting authorities linked the painting to van Meegeren.to van Meegeren.--Van Meegeren was charged --Van Meegeren was charged with collaboration with the with collaboration with the enemy (punishable by death)enemy (punishable by death) for allowing an “original”for allowing an “original” Vermeer, a Dutch “nationalVermeer, a Dutch “national treasure” to fall into the handstreasure” to fall into the hands of the Nazis.of the Nazis.--Faced with the charge of --Faced with the charge of collaboration, van Meegeren collaboration, van Meegeren revealed that the “Vermeers”revealed that the “Vermeers” were forgeries.were forgeries.


Christ Among the Doctors Christ Among the Doctors (painted as a demonstration(painted as a demonstrationwhile van Meegeren was onwhile van Meegeren was on

trail)trail)


--Convicted of fraud for the --Convicted of fraud for the forgeries, sentenced to forgeries, sentenced to prison.prison.--Died in 1947.--Died in 1947.

arth 335 week 5 review presentation

Travel

valdes leal

la caridadmiguel maara

laterthe hermandad

hermano mayor ofhermandad

la caridadmemento mori

maara reports

la caridadin ictu oculi

bartolome esteban murillo