arthropod identification and management in southeastern small fruits
DESCRIPTION
Talk at 2011 Virginia Berry Conference by Hannah BurrackTRANSCRIPT
Arthropod identification & management in southeastern small fruits
Hannah J. BurrackDept. of EntomologyNorth Carolina State University
• Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium– www.smallfruits.org
• NC Small Fruit, Specialty Crop, and Tobacco IPM– www.ncsmallfruitsipm.blogspot.com
• NC Agricultural Chemicals Manual– www.ipm.ncsu.edu/agchem/agchem.html
• eXtension Community of Practice– www.extension.org/grapes– www.extension.org/blueberries
More information - Digital
The Basics: Integrated Pest Management• IPM hierarchically utilizes the tools at hand
to manage crop pests– Using the least disruptive tools first and only
using pesticides when other options have failed to reduce economically threatening damage
The Basics: Integrated Pest Management
Minimize
Monitor
Manage
The Basics: Integrated Pest Management
Minimize
Monitor
Manage
Crop & variety selection, Site
selection, Rotation, planting
date, Nutrition, Preventative
pesticides, etc.
Correctly identify damage and
responsible pests, Track injury and pests over time, Use appropriate
toolsBased on thresholds:
Cultural, Biological, Chemical
The Basics: Integrated Pest Management
Minimize
Monitor
Manage
Crop & variety selection, Site
selection, Rotation, planting
date, Nutrition, Preventative
pesticides, etc.
Correctly identify damage and
responsible pests, Track injury and pests over time, Use appropriate
toolsBased on thresholds:
Cultural, Biological, Chemical
The Basics: Arthropod Biology• How do arthropods damage plants?
The Basics: Arthropod Biology• How do arthropods damage plants?
The Basics: Arthropod Biology
• How do arthropods damage plants?– CHEWING– SUCKING– CONTAMINATION– RASPING– EGG LAYING– VECTORING PLANT
DISEASES
• Depending on developmental strategy (hemi- or holometabolis), life stages may differ in feeding behavior & damage potential
The Basics: Arthropod Biology
• Insect mouthparts
Photos: J. Meyer, ENT 425 Photo: Washington State Univ.
Beetles, caterpillars, grasshoppers & others have chewing mouthparts
Butterflies and moths have sucking mouthparts but are rarely pests
Flies have lapping, sucking
mouthparts but are rarely pests. Their offspring (maggots) may have chewing
mouthparts and can be pests. Spider mites, aphids, leafhoppers, plant
bugs, stink bugs, and others have piercing, sucking mouthparts
The Basics: Injury Identification• Determine the type of injury present
(chewing, sucking, rasping, vector-borne disease, honeydew)
• Determine age of injury– Some injury can be present long after the
insect responsible has left (leaf mines, chewing damage, disease)
– Old injury cannot be cured, management is only justified to prevent additional economic loss
The Basics: Injury Identification• For new injury, assess whether arthropods
present could have caused the injury– Assess via direct observation, sweep netting,
traps, etc.– Management is effective only if the potential
culprits are still present in the crop
Key Arthropod Pests of Small Fruits: Choose Your Own Adventure
Crops and Categories
•Caneberries•Strawberries•Blueberries•Grapes•Invasives
Caneberries: Key Pests
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
TSSM (see Strawberries)
Green June Beetle/Japanese BeetleThrips (?)
Stink BugsRaspberry Crown Borer
Cane BorersStrawberry Clippers
Dormant Bloom Fruiting Harvest Dormant
Strawberries: Key Pests
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Dormant Bloom & Fruiting Harvest Transplant
CutwormsThripsSap BeetlesLygus Bugs
Corn EarwormsStrawberry Clipper
Aphids AphidsTSSMTSSM
Blueberries: Key Pests
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Dormant Bloom Fruiting Harvest Dormant
Fruitworms
Fire AntsThrips
Sharpnosed Leafhoppers
Blueberry Maggot
“Other” blueberry pests
Blueberry Flea Beetle
Grapes: Key Pests
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Dormant Bloom Fruiting Harvest Dormant
Leafhoppers/PD
TSSM
Vine borers
Grape Berry Moth
JB/GJB
Multicolored Asian Lady Beetles
Climbing Cutworms
Grape Flea Beetle
Grape root borers
Grape Phylloxera
Bees & Wasps
Invasives: Key Potential Pests
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Spotted Wing Drosophila
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Spotted Wing Drosophila
A threat to soft skinned fruit
• Why are spotted wing drosophila such a great threat?
Spotted Wing Drosophila
Host RangeCapable of infesting virtually any soft skinned fruit, both crop and non cropWhether SWD actually infests this wide range is unclear
Infestation Timing
Preferentially infest ripe and ripening fruitThere are limited insecticides that can be used during harvest in commercial crops, and we prefer not to use insecticides during harvest whenever possible
DamageDamage is difficult to see until larvae are nearly mature, eggs and small larvae may be missed during sorting
Environment SWD are predicted to thrive in the eastern US
Crop
Total CA farmgate value
($1,000s)
Potential yield loss (%)
Potential CA losses
($1,000s) Blueberries 49,140 40 19,656 Caneberries 179,520 50 89,760 Cherries 194,534 33 64,196 Fresh Strawberries
1,404,678 0 0
Processed Strawberries
140,008
20
28,002
Spotted Wing Drosophila:Potential Commercial Losses in California
http://www.agecon.ucdavis.edu/extension/update/articles/v13n3_2.pdf
Economic information and analyses provided by Frank Zalom and Rachel Goodhue, University of California, Davis
• Host rangeCrop: Strawberry, Raspberry, Blackberry, Blueberry, Grape, Peach, Nectarine, Pear, Plum, Apple, Fig, Persimmon, and possibly other soft skinned fruitNon crop: Pokeweed, thimbleberry, mulberry (Suspected)
Spotted wing drosophila: Host Range
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Range• Current Range
– First detected in central California in late 2008– Rapidly spread throughout the west coast &
western Canada– Detected in Florida in late 2009– Detected in South Carolina, North Carolina,
Louisiana, Utah, Kentucky, Michigan, & Wisconsin in 2010
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Range• Current Range
– NC, SC, and VA monitoring network supported by the Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium
CLIMAX ecological modeling by Martin Damus, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Known and predicted native range, based on temperature thresholds
CLIMAX ecological modeling by Martin Damus, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Potential range, based on temperature thresholds
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Males
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Males
(Some) Native Drosophila spp.
Drosophila suzukii
Native Drosophila spp. Drosophila suzukii
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Females
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Females
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Monitoring Tools
Adult Monitoring Methods Larval Monitoring Methods
Apple cider vinegar baited trap
Sugar test
Yeast & sugar baited trap Salt test
Sweep net Floatation test
Bug Vac
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Monitoring Methods
• Liquid lures– Apple cider vinegar– Yeast & sugar– 6 - 12 oz liquid
• Checked weekly– Sticky card optional
• Various trap types being tested– Homemade traps– McPhail-type traps– Other commercial traps
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Monitoring Methods
4-8 holes 3/16 to ¼ inch in diameter
Yellow sticky card (optional)
Lure (Apple cider vinegar + 1-2 drops dish soap)
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Monitoring Methods
Placement:SWD prefer shady, cool areasAvoid direct sun
Check traps at least weekly!
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Checking traps
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Checking traps
• Male flies are (relatively) easy to see in traps, females are more difficult
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Identification
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Identification
• Male flies are (relatively) easy to see in traps, females are more difficult
• Male flies are (relatively) easy to see in traps, females are more difficult
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Identification
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Larval Sampling
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Larval Sampling
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Larval Sampling
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Larval Sampling
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Larval Sampling
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Larval Sampling
• Larvae cannot be identified easily to species– Sample only sound fruit– Monitor for adults– If using sugar test or dissecting fruit, hold larvae & pupae at
room temperature until they emerge as adults and identify
Spotted Wing Drosophila: 2010 Action Plans
• Monitoring - NCSU monitoring will continue, grower & volunteer monitoring (with NCSU support) encouraged
• Sanitation - Dispose of culls off site even if SWD has not yet been detected
• Monitoring and ID workshops to be held in NC, SC, and VA in early summer– First workshop 24 March at the Piedmont Research station– Contact Hannah for more information
For more information…
• SWD*IPM at Oregon State Universityhttp://swd.hort.oregonstate.edu/
• NC Small Fruit, Specialty Crop & Tobacco IPMwww.smallfruitsipm.blogspot.com
• Hannah [email protected]
Return to Invasives
• Currently found in NJ, PA, VA, MA, MD, DE, NC
Invasives: Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Photo: Debby Wechsler
• Wide reproductive host range• Tree fruit widely attacked• Possible caneberry damage
observed in 2010
Invasives: Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
• Identification
Invasives: Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
• Pest status in caneberry unclear
• Control will be difficult• NCSU led project beginning in
2011
Invasives: Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Return to Invasives
Strawberries: Spider Mites
• Twospotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) are the most common economically important pest of strawberries in the southeast
Adult Female Diapausing Adult Female
Adult Maleand Eggs
Strawberries: Spider Mites
• TSSM are also economically significant pests of caneberries & grapes
http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/eb1959e/eb1959e.pdf
http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/comhort/nooksack/ipmweb/Insec_4_Sheet.html
Strawberries: Other Mites• Cyclamen mites(Phytonemus pallidus) and
Carmine mites (Tetranychus cinnabarinus) may also occur in NC– Distribution in SE not clear
Cyclamen mites Carmine mites
Strawberries: Spider Mite Management
Strawberries: Spider Mite Management
Strawberries: Spider Mite Management with thresholds
b
a
Strawberries: Spider Mite Monitoring
• Monitoring– Sample 10 mid tier leaflets/acre for
fields < 10 acres, 5 leaflets/acre for fields > 10 acres
– Observe with 10x hand lens or use mite brush/microscope
• Thresholds– CA research
• 5 mites/leaflet, early season• 10 mites/leaflet, fruiting
– FL research• 2 mites/leaflet
Return to Strawberries
• Several species of stink bugs may be present in SE blackberries– Brown SB– Green SB– Brown marmorated?
• Direct feeding damage & contamination
Caneberries: Stink Bugs
• Brown, green, and other stink bugs can be present• Acrosternum hilare (green)• Euschistus servus (brown)• Nezara viridula (SGSB)
• Fruit damage unclear, contamination
Caneberries: Stink Bugs
• No threshold or scouting procedures
• Only broad spectrum insecticide registered/recommended
Caneberries: Stink Bugs
Images from Laura Maxey & Doug Pfeiffer, Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic University
Caneberries: Stink Bugs
Images from Laura Maxey & Doug Pfeiffer, Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic University
Caneberries: Stink BugsReturn to Caneberries
Raspberry cane borerRed necked cane borer
Caneberries: Cane Borers
Raspberry cane borer• Adults appear in June, eggs hatch
in July, larvae overwinter in cane
• Girdling 1/2 apart, 4-6 inches below growth point
• Tips wilt
• As the larvae moves down the cane, the entire cane can die
Red necked cane borer• Adults feed and mate on
leaves and lay eggs only in primocanes (May-June)
• Larva girdles cane• Girdling produces gall in July-
August• Larvae overwinters in pith• Gall predisposes canes to
winter injury
Caneberries: Cane Borers
Rednecked Cane Borer (RNCB)• Adults feed and mate on leaves and lay
eggs only in primocanes (May-June)• Larva girdles cane• Girdling produces gall in July-August• Larvae overwinters in pith• Gall predisposes canes to winter injury
Damaged
RNCB Management• When not to treat for cane borers
– During winter, if < 5% galled canes • Prune off galled commercial canes and nearby wild
canes at ground and burn canes to kill RNCB larvae– Mid June, at end of RNCB egg laying period
• Cut off blackberry primocanes at the soil surface (Walton 1951)
– Reduced galling by > 83 percent
Methods: cultural control confirmed
• Hypothesis: avoid galls on primocanes emerging after RNCB egg laying during May and June
• Date primocanes pruned to ground:• May 15• June 15• July 15
• Record number of galls at leaf drop (Nov.)
RNCB Galling Differs By Cane Removal Date for Primocane-bearing Blackberries
Cane removal date No. RNCB galls/plot Yield
May 15 3.1a Fruit
June 15 1.4b Fruit
July 15 0.6c No fruit
Prob. F > P < 0.0001
Source: Johnson and Rom, unpublished data
Return to Caneberries
Raspberry Crown Borer
Raspberry Crown Borer
Pupal skin emerges in Sept. - Oct.
Eggs on underside of leaves
Larva overwinters in cane below soil
(WSU photo)
Adults mate
Laying egg
Raspberry crown borer• When to treat for RCB• Late fall & early spring• Scout for RBC damage in July and adult moths in
September (on primocanes)
• What are we treating in fall & early spring?
Return to Caneberries
Japanese beetles feed on both foliage and fruit.
Injured plants are more attractive.
Beetles feed from top of plant down (keep in mind while scouting).
Conventional materials provide good control, but can flare other pests (mites).
Caneberries: Japanese Beetle
Images from Donn Johnson, grapes
Caneberries: Japanese BeetleReturn to Caneberries