arthropodschapter 36 chapter 36 phylum arthropoda section 36.1 video
TRANSCRIPT
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ArthropodsChapter 36
Chapter 36
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Phylum Arthropoda
Section 36.1
Video
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Arthropods•Examples: lobsters, crabs, spiders,
millipedes, centipedes, insects
•Arthropod means “jointed foot”▫Appendages: body segments with
jointed extensions Used in feeding, moving, & mating
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Characteristics:
•Exoskeleton▫Protection, support, prevents desiccation▫3 layers excreted by epidermis
•Compound eye▫Optic nerves send impulse to the ventral
nerve cord
•Open circulatory system
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Molting:•Periodic shedding of the exoskeleton
to allow growth•Few day process to develop hard
exoskeleton – extremely vulnerable times!
•Hormone, pressure, and enzyme induced▫enzymes digest old exoskeleton while
synthesizing new one
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Evolution:•545 million years ago
▫All from a common ancestor•Tagmata: fused segments that
perform a specialized function of modern arthropods
•5 subphlya
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Classification: 5 Subphyla1. Trilobita:
▫ (trilobites) • Extinct!
2. Crustacea: ▫ (shrimp, lobster, crayfish, pill bugs,
barnacles) 3. Chelicerata:
▫ (spiders, scorpions, ticks, horseshoe crab)
4. Myriapoda: ▫ (centipedes, millipedes)
5. Hexapoda: ▫ (insects, springtails)
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Subphylum Crustacea
Section 36.2
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General Information:•“Crusta” means shell•Most are aquatic •Defining characteristic = 2 pairs of
antennae•Exoskeleton:
▫Made up of chitin (protein) or CaCO3
▫Carapace has waxy coating▫16 to 20 body segments that fuse to form
tagmatas
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General Information:•Many have mandibles
▫jawlike mouthparts•Usually each segment has at least 1
pair of appendages•Open circulatory system•Many respire with gills (aquatic only)•Nauplius
▫Free swimming larvae
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Crustacean Diversity•Aquatic:
▫Plankton – collection of small animals that drift near the surface of the water Copepods (crustaceans) are a part of
plankton▫Water flea▫Barnacles▫Shrimp▫Lobster▫Crabs▫Crayfish
•Terrestrial: Isopods▫Pill and sow bugs▫Lose water quickly
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Crayfish•Decapods – “ten feet,” five pairs of
legs
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THIS IS WHAT WEWILL BE DISSECTING– WEAR CORRECT SHOES!
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External Structure•Two major sections:
▫Cephalothorax: two tagmata Head – 5 segments Thorax – 8 segments posterior to head
Carapace – dorsal exoskeleton▫Abdomen:
7 segments Telson – 7th segment,
flat paddle at posterior
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Appendages:•Antennules – touch, taste, equilibrium
•Antennae – touch, taste
•Mandible – chewing
•Maxilla – manipulate food, draw water over gills
•Maxilliped – touch, taste, manipulate food
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•Cheliped (claws) – capture food, defense
•Walking legs – locomotion over solid surfaces
•Swimmeret – create water currents, transfer sperm (male), carry eggs and young (female)
•Uropod – propulsion during tailflips
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Digestion:
•Digestive System: mouth esophagus stomach enzymes secreted by digestive gland intestine & digestive gland anus
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Respiration:•Respiratory System:
▫gills Base of each walking leg under carapace Diffusion of gases
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Excretion:•Excretory System: green glands
▫Acts like a kidney▫Eliminate excess water due to
hypotonic environment
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Circulation:•Circulatory System:
▫open system baths organs in hemolymph▫Pumping organ: heart (dorsal)
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Neural Control:▫Brain = pair of ganglia above esophagus▫Ventral nerve cord▫Sensory hairs on exoskeleton▫2,000 light sensitive units on each eye▫Statocyte at base of antennae for
balance
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Reproduction:Sexual: mate in fall
▫Male’s first 2 hollow legs transfer sperm
▫Female holds sperm until eggs laid, then fertilize; mated previous fall
▫Eggs laid in spring (100)▫carried by female on swimmerets 6-
8 weeks; “berried”
•regenerate missing parts
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Female
Male
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Subphyla Chelicerata & Mryiapoda
Section 36.3
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Subphyla Chelicerata
•Examples: spiders, scorpions, mites, horseshoe crab
•Typically 6 pair of appendages▫1st pair = chelicerae (modified pincers or
fangs)
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Class Arachnida:•Arachnids include spiders, scorpions,
mites, and ticks•Cephalothorax has 6 pairs of jointed
appendages:▫ one pair of chelicerae (pincers or
fangs)▫ one pair of pedipalps (aid in holding
food & chewing)▫Four pairs of walking legs
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Anatomy of a spider:•Chelicerae = modified fangs•8 simple eyes•Spinnerets = produce silk
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Respiratory System•Book lungs = paired sacs with parallel
folds•Tracheae = system of tubes carrying
air directly to tissues▫Air in through spiracles in exoskeleton
Some have one or the otherSome have both!
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Excretory System•Malpighian tubules = hollow
projections of digestive tract▫Collect body fluids & waste▫Waste leaves as feces▫Helps conserve water in spider
•Coxal glands = organ that removes wastes & discharges through openings at base of legs
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Feeding:•Use webs to capture prey•Inject venom to paralyze animal
•Two harmful spiders to humans = black widow & brown recluse
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Reproduction:1. Transfer of sperm to tip of pedipalps2. Sperm place into seminal receptacles
on female3. Male flees to avoid being eaten4. Eggs fertilized as passed out of
female5. Fertilized eggs into silken case6. Female carries eggs or attaches to
plant7. Young spiders hatch in two weeks
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Scorpions•Large, pincerlike pedipalps in forward
position•Large stinger on last segment of
abdomen curled over body▫Hunt insects & spiders at night▫Inject venom into prey
video
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Mites
•Completely fused cephalothorax & abdomen
•Many are free living, some are parasitic•Causes mange in dogs
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Mangy mutts
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Chiggers•Larvae of harvest mites•Break vertebrae skin, feed on blood•Causes swelling & itching•Can attack humans
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Ticks•Many parasitic•Pierce host’s skin, feed on blood•Transmits bacteria & microorganisms
▫Lyme disease▫Rocky Mountain spotted fever
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Subphylum Myriapoda•Myriapods = “many feet”•Examples: millipedes & centipedes•First animals on land•Segmented bodies•Live in damp environments
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Class Diplopoda•Examples: millipedes•Round bodies•Appendages:
▫Two pair of legs on each segment▫Short antennae▫Two groups of simple eyes
•When threatened: coil up & secrete noxious fluid with cyanide
•Food source: decaying plant material
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Class Chilopoda•Example: Centipedes•Flat bodies•Appendages:
▫Long, jointed legs▫Poison claws▫Long antennae▫Two clusters of simple eyes
•Prey = earthworms, insects, NOT humans!
Video