articulatory phoneticsand ipa...
TRANSCRIPT
Articulatory Phonetics and IPA Transcription
Sounds of Human LanguageFall 2018
Outline for Today• Review waveform, spectrum, and spectrogram graphs
• Phonetics vs. phonology
• Articulatory vs. acoustic phonetics
• Vocal organs
• Consonant articulation (voicing, place, manner)
• Vowel articulation (tongue and lip placement)
• IPA transcription
Review
• Waveform, spectrum, spectrogramØ What is best visual representation for each type of
sound and why?
• Pure tone
• Complex tone (instrument sound)
• Speech sound
Ø Draw a 100 Hz tone, 60 dB, 4 seconds
• Waveform, spectrum, spectrogram
Phonetics vs. Phonology
• Phonetics—the study of physical speech sounds
• Phonology—the study of the abstract rules and patterns
by which speech sounds are used in different languages
Phonetics—the study of physical speech sounds
Types of Phonetics
• Articulatory phonetics—describe speech in terms of how
speech sounds are made using movements of the
respiratory system and vocal organs
• Acoustic phonetics—describe speech in terms of what we
hear using cues to describe differences in frequency,
amplitude, and time
Articulatory phonetics
Phonemes
Smallest meaningful unit of speech
Ø How do we identify phonemes?
Ø What are the phonemes of English?
Ø Do all languages share the same phonemes?
Two basic types of phonemes
Consonants
Vowels
Obstruction of airflow somewhere in vocal tractFeatures:1. Voicing2. Place of articulation3. Manner of articulation
Little or no obstruction of airflowFeatures:1. Height of tongue2. Frontness/backness of tongue3. Roundness of lips
Vocal organs
Vocal tract
Vocal organs
1. Voicing
Voiced: vocal folds vibrate
Voiceless: vocal folds apart
Articulators
2. Place of Articulation
2. Place of Articulation
Bilabial: between the lips
English: [p], [b], [m]
e.g. “pat,” “bat,” “mat”
2. Place of Articulation
Labiodental: lower lip and upper front teeth
English: [f], [v]
e.g. “fan,” “van”
2. Place of Articulation
Dental: tongue tip or blade and upper front teeth
English: [θ], [ð]
e.g. “think,” “that”
2. Place of Articulation
Alveolar: tongue tip/blade and the alveolar ridge
English: [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [ɹ], [l]
e.g. “tart,” “dart”, “”near”, “sigh”, ”zeal”, “race”, “lie”
2. Place of Articulation
Post-alveolar (or palato-alveolar): tongue blade and back of alveolar ridge
English: [∫], [ʒ]
e.g. “ship,” “measure”
2. Place of Articulation
Palatal: body of tongue at the hard palate
English: [j]
e.g. “yellow”
2. Place of Articulation
Velar: body of tongue at the soft palate
English: [k], [g], [ŋ]
e.g. “car,” “get,” “running”
2. Place of Articulation
3. Manner of Articulation
(Oral) Stop or PlosiveNasal (stop)Fricative
ApproximantLateral (approximant)Affricates
3. Manner of Articulation
(Oral) Stop or Plosive: produced with complete closure of the vocal tract
English: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g]
3. Manner of Articulation
Nasal (stop): complete obstruction in the mouth only, air is allowed to flow through the nose
English: [m], [n], [ŋ]
3. Manner of Articulation
Fricative: air forced through a partially constricted passage in the vocal tract, creating friction
English: [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [∫], [ʒ], [h]
3. Manner of Articulation
Approximant: articulators approach each other but not narrowly enough to create friction, least amount of obstruction of any consonants
English: [ɹ], [j], [w]
Lateral approximant: obstruction at point along center of oral tract, but air flows around the tongue
English: [l]
Affricate: stop + fricative in rapid succession
English: [t∫], [d ʒ]
3. Manner of Articulation
(Oral) Stop or PlosiveNasal (stop)Fricative
ApproximantLateral (approximant)Affricates
Two basic "types" of phonemes
Consonants
Vowels
Complete obstruction of airflow in vocal tractFeatures:1. Voicing2. Place of articulation3. Manner of articulation
Little or no obstruction of airflowFeatures:1. Height of tongue2. Frontness/backness of tongue3. Roundness of lips
1&2. Tongue placement
1. Height2. Frontness/Backness
1. Heed2. Hid3. Head4. Had
5. Father (hod)6. Good (hood)7. Food (who’d)
1. Heed2. Hid3. Head4. Had5. Father6. Good7. Food
1&2. Tongue placement
Rounded—forward movement of the corners of lips
Unrounded
3. Lip placement
1. Heed2. Hid3. Head4. Had5. Father6. Good7. Food
Two basic "types" of phonemes
Consonants
Vowels
Complete obstruction of airflow in vocal tractFeatures:1. Voicing2. Place of articulation3. Manner of articulation
Little or no obstruction of airflowFeatures:1. Height of tongue2. Frontness/backness of tongue3. Roundness of lips
Real-time MRI of speech production
Demos:http://sail.usc.edu/span
Outline for Today• Phonetics vs. phonology
• Articulatory vs. acoustic phonetics
• Vocal organs and articulatory gestures
• Consonant articulation (place, manner, voicing)
• Vowel articulation (tongue and lip placement)
• IPA transcription
Before we begin transciption...
Some letters represent more than one different sound• c: recall vs. receive• g: gear vs. siegeSome letters represent no sounds at all• e: receive, useSometimes two letters represent only one sound• recall, phoneticsSome letters represent two or more sounds at once• tax, useThe same sound can be represented by many different letters• sh: shy, mission, machine, special, caution
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
• A set of symbols used for representing the phonemes and sounds of all languages
• Sounds and symbols have a one-to-one relationship to each other (each symbol represents one sound, each sound is represented by one symbol)
• Symbols arranged in the chart according to their acoustic characteristics and how they are produced
• Consonants and vowels represented on different charts
IPA chart with sound demos:
http://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipa-sounds/ipa-chart-with-sounds/
Consonants
Consonants
Vowels
Vowels
Transcription Practice
/ class /
/k l æ s/
/today/
/t u d eI /
Transcription Practice
• RING
• ACCENT
• JUDGE
• CHURCH
• TENTH
• PEELS
• /b i t⎰/
• /k I k/
• /j ⍷ s /
• /f I ⎰/
• /w eI t/
September 4 Response Journal
• Complete: IPA Transcription Worksheet
• Optional: phonetic exercises (on website)
Ø Thursday topic: acoustic phonetics• Reading on website: Ladefoged Ch. 8
For Thursday
Transcribe your first name into IPA