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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS

1. Introduction . The world is presently resting on the cusp of technological

revolution. As with any promising new military technology, expectations often

exceed the eventual reality of performance, once the complexities of the

operating environment and enemy actions are brought to bear. Furthermore, the

utility of any military technology is largely dependent on its effective integration

into existing military organizations, is a way that combines it with other

capabilities and harnesses it with military aims. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the

subject which deals with creating intelligent machines which can think and act

like humans. These high end technologies are changing the facets of modern

battlefield environments.

2. Artificial intelligence is finding new avenues in the military and numerous

applications are being developed. The induction of these technologies are

facilitating military decisions, minimizing human causalities and enhancing the

combat potential of forces. Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a field of intense

interest and high expectations within the scientific and defense technology

community. This focus of activity is well deserved as Artificial intelligence holds

the promise of dramatically changing, if not revolutionizing, the design of military

systems. This is especially true in war time environment when data availability is

high, decision periods are short, and decision efficiency and effectiveness are an

absolute necessity. Artificial intelligence in Revolution Military Affairs (RMA) are

wide and varied encompassing numerous areas including smart weapon system,

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advanced communications, precision munitions, information processing and

networks, strategic planning, tactical decision making, logistic and supply

systems, battle space management, unmanned aerial platforms, training

simulators and automated security system.

3. Aim . To study evolution of Artificial Intelligence in military applications, its

existing status, future potential and impact on future warfare with special

relevance to revolution in military affairs.

4. Scope . The research will be covered in the following sequence:-

a. History/ Evolution of AI.

b. Applications of AI.

c. Military Use of AI.

d. Concept of RMA and AI.

e. RMA and Applications of AI.

f. RMA, Artificial Intelligence and Pakistan Army

g. Recommendations.

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PART – I

HISTORY AND APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

5. History/ Evolution of Artificial Intelligence

a. Origin of AI . The origins of Artificial Intelligence usually incorporate

the theories proclaimed by several ancient Greek philosophers and

scientists. Although, arguments can be made that the Egyptians1

originally garnered that stake with the advancements they made

around 800 B.C. The 20th century produced the revolution of formal

logic with Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead’s Principia

Mathematica2. The true driving factor of AI came in the 1940’s with

the creation of the electronic computer. Advancements in computer

theory and computer science led to advancements in AI as well.

b. Present Day Status . From 1993 until the turn of the century, AI

has reached some incredible landmarks with the creation of

intelligent agents. Intelligent agents basically use their surrounding

environment to solve problems in the most efficient and effective

manner. In 1997, the first computer (named Deep Blue) beat a

world chess champion. In 1999, humanoid robots began to gain

popularity as well as the ability to walk around freely. Since then, AI

has been playing a big role in certain commercial markets and

throughout the World Wide Web. The more advanced AI projects,

1 Buchanan, Bruce G. A (Very) Brief History of Artificial Intelligence. AI Magazine 26(4): Winter 2005, 53–60. 2 Gardner, Martin. Logic Machines & Diagrams. NY: McGraw-Hill, 1958.

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like fully adapting commonsense knowledge, have taken a back-

burner to more lucrative industries.

6. Applications of Artificial Intelligence . Artificial Intelligence paradigms

are used to mimic the behavior of humans in a limited way. These include tools

such as symbolic logic, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)3, fuzzy systems,

evolutionary computing, Intelligent Agents and probabilistic reasoning models. In

conventional programming methodologies, explicit logic and numerical

calculations are provided to solve a problem. In contrast, an ANN mimics some

biological systems by solving problems using training and learning to generalize

for new problems. Artificial Intelligence paradigms have been used successfully

to solve problems in many disciplines including business, management,

engineering design, medical diagnosis, decision making and web-based

systems.

a. Autonomous Devices . Artificial Intelligence may only get

developed to a certain level due to the threat humans feel as

computers get more and more intelligent. Robotics is one of the

facets of autonomous devices, they can be termed as Mechanical

AI. It is also a lot more complicated, since the data the robot is

receiving is real-time, real-world data, a lot more complicated that

more software-based AI programs have to deal with.

b. Expert Systems . By the early 1980's an "expert systems" industry

had emerged, and Japan and Europe dramatically increased their

funding of AI research. The field did not grow as rapidly as 3Gabriela, Prelipcean. New Ideas on the Artificial Intelligence Support in Military Applications

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investors had been led to expect, and this translated into some

temporary disillusionment. Today developers can build systems

that meet the advanced information processing needs of

government and industry by choosing from a broad palette of

mature technologies. Sophisticated methods for reasoning about

uncertainty and for coping with incomplete knowledge have led to

more robust diagnostic and planning systems.

(1) Intelligent Vacuum Cleaner . An artificial intelligent vacuum

cleaner goes around the house, remembering the layout of

the house after a few trial runs. It even memorizes the areas

that tend to be dirtier.

(2) Writing an Essay . As you write your essay, the program

will automatically correct spelling according to the context of

the sentence, just like a human corrector would do. It

naturally analyzes your document for grammar errors, and

alerts you of such errors.

(3) Researching the Net . An AI-powered search engine finds

web pages given your natural language search requirements

(4) Security . The security system is linked up to a computer,

running an image recognition package. When something

crosses the field of view of the camera, the computer

analyzes and compares its results to the pictures in the

database. If it doesn't recognize the 'face' an alarm is

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sounded, and the police are alerted with a picture of the

potential burglar.

c. Artificial Neural Networks . Neural Networks4 philosophy is based

on the concept of a neuron as a unit for information storage and

mapping input to output. This building block of human awareness

encompasses a few general capabilities. Basically, a biological

neuron receives inputs from other sources, combines them in some

way, performs a generally nonlinear operation on the result, and

then outputs the final result. These networks need to be capable of

an infinite number of responses. Applications of this type include

the "intelligence" behind robotic movements. Few other applications

are described in subsequent paras:-

(1) Face recognition . This includes the process in which an

image is being given as an input to the system. The process

first decides that if there is a face in the system. The neural

network identifies the area of the image where there is a

face so we go on to give that portion of the image to the data

base with which we have to match the system. The desired

profile may be given to the output.

(2) Character Recognition . Character recognition is another

area in which neural networks are providing solutions. Some

of these solutions are beyond simply academic curiosities.

4 Jonansson, Stefan. Neural Network with Military Applications, 25 October 2005.

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HNC Inc., markets a neural network based product that can

recognize hand printed characters through a scanner.

(3) Image Compression . A number of studies have been done

proving that neural networks can do real-time compression

5and decompression of data. These networks can reduce

eight bits of data to three and then reverse that process

upon restructuring to eight bits again. However, they are not

lossless. Because of this losing of bits they do not favourably

compete with more traditional methods.

(4) Signal Processing . Neural networks' promise for signal

processing has resulted in a number of experiments in

various university labs. Neural networks have proven

capable of filtering out noise. Widrow's MADALINE was the

first network applied to a real-world problem. It eliminates

noise from phone lines.

(5) Financial Systems . Neural networks are making big inroads

into the financial worlds. Banking, credit card companies,

and lending institutions deal with decisions that are not clear

cut. They involve learning and statistical trends. The data

from these forms is now being used by neural networks

which have been trained on the data from past decisions.

5 A. Khashman and K.M. Curtis, "A Novel Image Recognition Technique For 3-Dimensional Objects", IEEE Int. Conf. (DSP'97), Santorini, Greece, 1997.

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(6) Servo Control . Controlling complicated systems is one of

the more promising areas of neural networks. Most

conventional control systems model the operation of all the

system's processes with one set of formulas. To customize a

system for a specific process, those formulas must be

manually tuned. It is an intensive process which involves the

tweaking of parameters until a combination is found that

produces the desired results.

(7) Language Processing . Language processing encompasses

a wide variety of applications. These applications include

text-to-speech conversion, auditory input for machines,

automatic language translation, secure voice keyed locks,

automatic transcription, aids for the deaf, aids for the

physically disabled which respond to voice commands, and

natural language processing.

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PART - II

7. Artificial Intelligence in the Military . The military and the science of

computers has always been incredibly closely tied - in fact, the early

development of computing was virtually exclusively limited to military purposes6.

The very first operational use of a computer was the gun director used in the

Second World War to aid ground gunners to predict the path of a plane given its

radar data. AI in the military is defined as any system which uses the help of

“intelligent” machines to complete tasks. Few application in the military are

appended below:-

a. Robotics . There is currently a large amount of research work going

in the vast fields of autonomous robotics7. These devices will be

equipped with limited processing capabilities and will thus singularly

not be able to successfully reach the end result. Thus having

multiple devices, each performing a separate function, intermediate

results can be integrated to achieve a final solution. According to a

report the US military will have approximately 30% of the Army

comprised of robotic forces by approximately 2020.

b. Surveillance Systems . Recent operations in conflict areas around

the world have made the need for accurate image processing and

fast target detection for military systems more obvious. The

computational cost is kept to a minimum through using a fast edge

detection operator combined with the power of a successfully

6 McCorduck, Pamela. Machines Who Think. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman, 1979 7 Dwarkadas J. Sanghvi. Autonomous Robotics, College Of Engineering, Vile Parle, Mumbai. 17th August, 2006

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trained neural network that recognizes only one correct scale for

the entire image, out of the many available scales possible in scale

space.

c. Weapon Platforms . The future war is based on information and

knowledge resources as the main combat information warfare,

information warfare against the characteristics, combined with high-

tech precision guided weapons8 in the application of analysis of

precision-guided weapons in future wars in the direction of

development. Precision-guided weapons in the direction system,

network, intelligent, stealth technology, while also moving toward

integration, multi-purpose direction, focusing on the improvement of

cost-effective, future wars will gradually become the basic fire.

d. Simulators . There are at least three major categories of simulation

users in the military—those that are training individual combatants

or leaders and teams; those that are performing analyses of

systems, doctrine, and tactics for purposes of acquisition and

advanced development; and those that are addressing questions

associated with improving command and control and the

interoperability of joint forces.

(1) Live Simulations . Live simulations are least dependent on

accurate models of human behavior because in these

exercises, real humans operate real equipment. The

8 Wang Wang Yu. Precision-guided weapons in the information warfare of the Development Trend Analysis.

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aspects that are simulated involve weapon firing and how

hits of different types of ordnance are measured and

recorded.

(2) Virtual Simulations . Virtual simulations are

characterized by real humans operating simulated

equipment in simulated environments. These simulations

use a full range of multimedia technology and computer

software to replicate weapon and system functions in real

time with a suitable level of fidelity for interactive training with

humans in the loop.

(3) Constructive Simulations . It involves simulated people

operating simulated equipment, usually not in real time.

Real people provide inputs that set limiting values on

parameters, but they are not involved in determining the

outcomes. All human behavior in the event flow comes from

models.

e. Decision Making Systems . Military decision making demands an

increasing ability to understand and structure the critical information

on the battlefield. As the military evolves into a networked force,

decision makers should select and filter information across the

battlefield in a timely and efficient manner. Human capability in

analyzing all the data is not sufficient because the modern

battlefield is characterized by dramatic movements, unexpected

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evolutions, chaotic behavior and non-linear situations. The Artificial

Intelligence (AI) ingredient permits to explore a greater range of

options, enabling the staff to analyze more possible options in the

same amount of time, together with a deeper analysis of these

options.

f. Information/ Intelligence Processing Systems . The concept

of information processing systems needs to exploit the advances in

Information Technology for providing all weather surveillance,

collation and instant dissemination of this information to facilitate

increased battlefield transparency. Image interpretation for target

identification and classification. Artificial Intelligence techniques

could automate the extraction of low-level map features from

imagery. The systems are basis of concept of fusion centres.

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PART - III

CONCEPT OF RMA AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA)

8. RMA is defined as “A major change in the nature of warfare, brought

about by innovative application of new technologies which, combined with

changes in military doctrine and operational/organizational concepts,

fundamentally alters the character and conduct of military operations.”9 The

concept is defined in the USA Department of Defence’s Annual Report to

Congress as “A Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) occurs when a nation's

military seizes an opportunity to transform its strategy, military doctrine, training,

education, organization, equipment, operations, and tactics to achieve decisive

military results in fundamentally new ways.”10 It is combination of military

thinking of officers, military technology, military equipment, strategic theories,

force structure and the fast development of information technology11. RMA is the

product of socio-economic and technological developments. It is organic and

timely combination of advanced weapon systems, new military theoretical guide

and suitable force structure12. The application of new technologies into significant

number of military systems combines with innovative operational concepts and

organizational adaptation in a way that fundamentally alters the character and

9 Lieutenant Colonel Muhammad Azeem Asif, “RMA – Shaping the Contours of Tomorrow’s

Warfare”, The Citadel, Vol. 3/2000, p 70-82. 10 William S. Cohen, Secretary of Defense, Annual Report to the President and the

Congress,1992. 11 Zhang Hui “The New Ideas in Study of RMA” The Journal of PLA, NDU, 1998,p.67. 12 Zhu Gaungya, ed, p.62.

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conduct of a conflict13. 10. This is further substantiated by Doctor Burkhard

Theile, he says, “A Revolution in Military Affairs is triggered by two crucial

factors: the technological aspect and doctrine. The process of technology –

doctrine – operational concept – organization is long and can be seen as an

evolutionary process. The outcome may be revolutionary. Combined with a

drastic change in military doctrine, operational concepts and organization, this

alters the fundamental character of military operations.”

Forms of RMA

9. The current RMA could take one of the following forms14:-

a. Single System RMA . In this type, a single technology influences

the RMA. An example is the nuclear revolution and gunpowder

revolution.

b. Combined System RMA . In this category, a collection of military

systems is put together in new ways to achieve revolutionary

effects. The inter-war innovations of armoured warfare by the

German army, amphibious warfare by the US Marine Corps, carrier

warfare by the US Navy, and strategic bombing by the US Army Air

Forces have been characterized as "Combined System RMA."

c. Integrated System RMA . The different systems, when joined with

their accompanying operational and organizational concepts, will

become integrated systems. Evidence suggests that the revolution

unfolding today, that is to say current RMA, is neither a combined-

13 Andrew Krepinevich, “Military Strategy” Chapter 1 p.7. 14 Jeffrey McKitrick and Dale Hill, “The Revolution in Military Affairs – Battlefield of the Future”,

[Online] Available http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/battle/chp3.html.

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system nor a single-system RMA but an integrated-system RMA.

The outlook is for the rapid evolution of new technologies

eventually leading to the development of several advanced military

systems. In contrast to developments during the interwar period,

this system-of-systems approach will aim to take advantage of the

cumulative effect of employing each of the new capabilities at the

same time.

Relation of Future RMA with AI 15

10. Precision Strike . Precision strike is the ability to locate high value, time

sensitive, fixed and mobile targets, to destroy them with a high degree of

confidence, with minimized damage and no chance of enemy counter strikes.

Effect of precision strike was demonstrated in Gulf, Kosovo and Afghan Wars.

Dramatic increase in capabilities to strike, a strategic target demonstrates the

importance of this concept.

11. Information Warfare . This is the category of warfare related to

information systems, their capabilities and their effects on military organizations

and operations. It is the struggle between two or more opponents to control the

information battle space. At national level, it is a new form of strategic warfare. At

the military operational level, it may contribute to major changes in conduct of

war.

12. Dominating Manoeuvre . Manoeuvre has always been an essential

element in warfare, but RMA potentially presents the ability to conduct

15 Jeffrey McKitrick and Dale Hill, “The Revolution in Military Affairs – Battlefield of the Future”,

[Online] Available http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/battle/chp3.html.

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manoeuvre at global scale, on a much compressed time scale and with greatly

reduced forces. It can be defined as positioning of forces – integrated with

precision strike, space warfare and information war operations, to attack decisive

points, defeat the enemy’s centre of gravity and accomplish war objectives.

13. Space War . It is the exploitation of space environment to conduct full

spectrum, near real time, global military operations. It involves dominating the

space, to deny its advantages to the adversary and to use it to implement one’s

own command, control, communications, reconnaissance, air defence and

weather forecasting.

14. Full Dimensional Protection . This is necessary to retain freedom of

action in modern battlefields. It involves both active and passive protective

measures against all threat forms to remain viable; to strike at will, at enemy

sensitivities. Greater stealth and jamming technologies will contribute to this end.

15. Focussed Logistic . It means reducing the logistic load to only the

essential requirement in shortest possible time, at the fastest speed and in the

correct quantity. The concept of "focused logistics" to meet the demands of

operations will be responsive, flexible, and precise" through the fusion of

information, logistics and transportation technologies. The goal is to be able to

track and redirect assets even while enroute, and to provide support in hours or

days rather than weeks. 16

16 Mr.Lothar Ibriigger (Germany), “The Revolution in Military Affairs” (online) Available http://www.naa.be/publications/comrep/1998/ar249stc-e.html.

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PART - IV

16. RMA and Applications of Artificial Intelligence

a. Robotics . Robotics is in many respects is Mechanical AI. It is used

in number of applications. The movies like Terminator, Robocop

and I Robot are few examples. These robots at present performing

duties in battle field in Iraq and Afghanistan and are likely to replace

human soldiers.

b. IED Detection, Jamming and Neutralizing . New systems are

using IMT to elevate C-IED skills beyond basic detect-locate-

destroy IED competencies and into the arena of decision-making

and other more complex skills. It’s more of the methodologies of

what is the insurgent’s mindset for doing these types of things so it

can predict that order of magnitude, or that level of prevention that

is needed in order to detect or avoid those IEDs.

c. Revolution in Military Logistics . The dynamic nature of battlefield

requires logistics to acquire a number of capabilities that it currently

does not have especially in LIC. Underlying a distribution based

system, real–time situational understanding, anticipatory and

precision logistics, seamless logistics system, and streamlined

acquisition are a wide array of advanced technologies that must be

researched, developed, applied, and acquired through AI and it

must provide predictive capability to the logistician. This is the only

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way to relieve the reactive burden currently imposed upon the

logistician.

d. Airborne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS) . The use of

radar on an AI aircraft is also optimized. If they can, they will use

Range While Scan and Track While Scan where the conditions

require. If they’re launching a Semi-Active Radar Homing missile

(SARH), which requires a constant radar lock from the launching

aircraft to reach the target, the AI will wait until the last moment

before switching to Single Target Track (STT), a radar mode

sounds an alert in the targeted aircraft’s cockpit, warning of

impending attack.

e. Command and Control Systems . In essence the Command and

Control System is modeled in software so we need to understand

what it is Command and Control is the exercise of authority and

direction over available resources towards the accomplishment of

some objective. It has a number of different aspects:-

(1) Data collection and monitoring.

(2) Decision-making.

(3) Planning and scheduling.

(4) Team formation, coordination, control and communication,

all taking place in real time in highly dynamic environment.

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(5) Command and Control systems provide an infrastructure for

the management of information and resources in a complex

dynamic environment.

(6) Command and Control system provides the ‘glue’ that binds

everything together.

f. RPVs/ UAVs . Unmanned aerial vehicles17 have been stars in

Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. The employment

of Predators in the war against global terrorism offered lot of

different capabilities, the Predator has been used in joint-combined

operations. The integration between conventionally piloted aircraft

and UAVs "was outstanding" during the Iraq. Predator pilots would

identify a target and would drop (ordnance) on the target. UAVs

obviously have the endurance to stay in an area a lot longer than

fighter aircrafts.

g. Fusion Centers (Info Collection and Processing) . The manual

information processing system is not suitable for future conflicts for

two main reasons. Firstly, the dynamics of battlefield will demand

near real time combat intelligence which the system cannot provide

even if it is fully streamlined and it works at its peak efficiency.

Secondly, the proliferation of sensors and fluid battlefield situation

will generate enormous volume of information which will be

humanly impossible to process. It is therefore imperative to develop

a fully automated system for data processing which can receive 17 http://usmilitary.about.com/cs/weapons/a/uav.htm?rd=1

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information from directly interfaced sensors, carry out target

identification and situation assessment and present to commanders

a cohesive picture of battlefield in near real time. Multi Sensor Data

Fusion (MSDF) based on AI is very critical for analyzing the

accuracy and the confirmation of the collected information. With the

emergence of AI technologies and related software, the emphasis

has gone on developing fully automated surveillance systems so

that the response time is reduced and meaningful combat

information is available in near real time. It will also facilitate the

exchange/transfer of information and data within the various sub

systems of the decision making system. Some of the automated

process carried out at the surveillance centre are :-

(1) Surveillance planning.

(2) Sensor management.

(3) Multi Sensor Data Fusion (MSDF).

(4) Target Identification.

(5) Situation Assessment.

(6) Artillery Target Intelligence.

(7) Counter Bombardment (CB) process.

(8) Enemy Artillery situation assessment.

(9) Direction of Own Arty Fire (DOOAF).

(10) Post Strike Damage Assessment (PSDA).

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h. Simulators . Simulation advances will transform military planning

and training. Today, virtual reality simulations can enable soldiers

to train in high fidelity mock-ups, at substantial reduction in risk and

spending. There is a need to exploit a range of tools and products

that will enhance the Army’s capabilities in the domains of training,

development, acquisition and decision support.

i. Tactical Sensor . Possible applications of these tactical sensors

are unobtrusive micro audio bugs and video recording devices with

high capacity data storage to plant at likely meeting places of

terrorists, over ground agents and sympathizers, unattended micro

ground or air sensors which can be placed in advance and remotely

activated on required basis and micro sized energy devices which

can power unattended sensors / audio / video devices and a host of

other applications in remote areas or places which require

extremely light weight power sources like light weight man portable

radars, missiles, UAVs and other systems.

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PART - IV

17. RMA, Artificial Intelligence and Pakistan Army . The apparent success

of high tech systems in the ongoing wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, are indicative

that the war is undergoing a profound transformation. Technology is

fundamentally changing the face and nature of warfare. The opportunities offered

by these new emerging technologies are boundless. There is a need to

concentrate on those technologies that are important to Pakistan Army for its

modernization requirements.

a. Target Evaluation and Weapon Assignment System (TEW A). It

is a new system developed by the collaboration of Air Defense and

CARE institute. A network of radars and associated guns on a

shared network locates a hostile aerial target and automatically a

gun is assigned to neutralize the target. Moreover this is entirely

done automatically and the commander’s are also given the update

on Laptops.

b. Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance . Pakistan Army

is in the process of establishing ISR capability. Induction/

indigenous production of UAV/RPV platforms in one step in this

direction. These are being used very effectively in war against

terrorism. These systems are being used for acquisition of

information/ intelligence about militant and their hideouts for

effective engagement.

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c. Network Centric Warfare . Office Automation System being

implemented by Pakistan Army is indicative of her resolve to

become a network centric army in near future. The system is being

integrated with sensor grid and response grid, which are two

important components of the system. Recent war games and war

on western front has also witnessed integration of all available

means for battle field transparency and effective response.

d. Fusion Centers . For successful operations Fusion Centers have

been established for integration of data, thus facilitating decision

makers for timely decisions, weapon platforms for selection of

engagement means and post operation analysis. These Fusion

Centers have been established in Military Operations Directorate

and at Corps Headquarters.

e. Simulators . Simulators are being used for training of soldiers and

crew for optimum utilization of different platforms. This helps in

conservation of effort, resources and infrastructure. These are still

in embryonic stage and can be used in Pre Induction Training.

f. Anti IED Doctrine . Pakistan Army has constituted a forum to

develop a strategy to counter IED. This will not only help in

neutralizing IED in the target area but will also help in safeguarding

assets in cantonments. Artificial Intelligence can be effectively used

for comprehensive response.

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PART- VI

18. Recommendations

a. War Gaming AI Based Systems . To improve decision making

skills, speed and accuracy of response of commander, war gaming

software and simulators must be procured or developed. EME and

MCS can be assigned the responsibility to carry out feasibility of

these projects. As an interim measure off the shelf system for

induction in National Defense University, Command and Staff

College and other Schools of Instructions can be considered.

b. Joint Collaboration . Field of Artificial Intelligence is new and

most of the research is done in the developed countries therefore, it

would be beneficial to jointly undertake projects. Pakistan has high

end human resource and thus can contribute significantly.

c. AI Awareness in the Army . As a first step there is a dire need

to promote understanding about massive scope of AI in real battle

field situations. Most people confuse AI with war gaming software’s

and tactical simulators in which real-time data and situation is not

considered. Officers should be introduced with this new dimension

of planning in a comprehensive manner through study periods and

demos.

d. National Artificial Intelligence Complex . To congregate

effort there is a need to establish a National Complex for

development of projects. This will help to promote understanding of

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simulators, quantifying requirements of hardware, software and

technical expertise for integration of AI in present C4I System and

organize Indigenous development of AI software and simulators.

The body will coordinate with various arms and services and private

companies for indigenous development of AI applications for

battlefield planning besides conducting test/trials of domestic and

foreign AI systems and making recommendations for procurement

of AI systems.

e. Evaluation/ Test and Trials . A joint venture of Air-Defense

and ‘CARE institute’ developed an Intelligent Autonomous System

for Engagement of Aerial Targets by AD guns called ‘TEWA’ -

Target Evaluation and Weapon Assignment. It is recommended the

same system be employed and further improved upon for other

fighting arms as well. Similarly DMOS as US origin system used for

evaluation of operational plans in the Pakistan Army 2009 war

games should also be extended and used for real time situations

for Command and Staff College and National Defense University.

f. Design and Implementation. As a proof of concept the system

can be initially implemented for a tank squadron or for an infantry

company. A completely autonomous system should be developed

for a small unit based on the same concept of US BCTs (Brigade

Combat Teams) which are self sufficient infantry units that have

met great success in Iraq and Afghanistan Operations.

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g. Use of Simulators for Pre Induction Training . To minimize

the human causalities and better train soldiers and crew, simulators

can be used at training centers. Virtual reality environment helps in

training in near real time situation thus helping troops in quick

reflexes.

h. Research and Development . The engineering universities can

be assigned projects in the realm of artificial intelligence. This will

help in indigenous production of these systems. This will help in self

reliance and cost effective systems.

i. Pilot System . With higher echelons the complexity of design

increases. It is therefore recommended that a bottom up approach

be used to design an indigenous system at Company or Platoon

level (Squadron level in case of Armor) as a proof of concept.

j. Promoting Indigenous Development . Nowadays powerful

computer hardware is available to everyone in almost every part of

the world at affordable prices thus facilitating indigenous dev of

hardware and software applications for military purposes. It is

therefore recommended that indigenous development of simulators

and applications for military training must be promoted through

integral military resources and private companies.

k. Human Resource Training . Technical expertise in AI field is

seriously lacking and only a handful of AI specialists are currently

serving in Army. It is therefore recommended that measures be

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taken to promote the field and to educate more officers in masters

and PhD both in the field of AI, otherwise we will always be lagging

and be dependent on foreign elements for requisite development

and subsequent maintenance of the system.

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Conclusion .

19. It is to be understood that in the present and future warfare, AI led

technology will play a decisive role on the battlefield. There are major in the

integration of acquired AI based technology and its development. These

challenges range from general understanding and technical expertise to financial

cost and compatibility. There are a number of different projects being worked on

right now around the world, by some of the world’s finest scientist and computer

experts striving for technological advancements in Artificial Intelligence,

development will progress with new barriers being broken between human and

machine in near future. The suitability and applicability of the said field in various

domains including military has provided enough impetus for the research in the

field of Artificial Intelligence to thrive at magnificent rate. Being a competitive

world army, we also need to evaluate and adopt to the changing scenario of

Future Battle field and that is possible only if we venture hard and deep into the

AI domain vis-à-vis practically implementing the behavioural models for

technological advancement.

RESTD

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29

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