KRISHNA MIYAPURAM

Fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence

Course Topics

What you have Learnt So far?Intelligent AgentsProblem Solving

Using Search Techniques

Knowledge Representation First-order/Predicate Logic Production Rules Logic programming (Prolog) Slot and Filler Structures

(Machine) Learning Bayesian Networks Connectionist Networks Reinforcement Learning

Applications of AI Natural language processing Expert Systems Cognitive Robotics

(Perception & Action)

Resources

Course Policies - Fall 2014

Total Assessment = 50%Topical seminars (2), Peer teaching = 10%Class Participation, Lecture summaries ,

Take-Home Assignments = 10%Project (Term paper &/ Presentation) = 10%Quizzes (surprise / planned) = 10%End semester Exam = 10%

Lecture Outline

Overview of AIHistoryApplications

Artificial Intelligence Tasks

Name a few Artificial Intelligence Tasks

Artificial Intelligence Tasks

Mundane Tasks Perception: Vision, Speech Natural Language: Understanding, Generation, Machine

Translation Common Sense Reasoning Robot Control

Formal Tasks Games: Chess, Backgammon, Checkers (Go) Mathematics: Geometry, Logic, Integral calculus, Proving

properties of programsExpert Tasks

Engineering: Design, Fault finding, Manufacturing planning Scientific Analysis, Medical Analysis, Financial Analysis

Artificial Intelligence Tasks

General Learning and Perception

Specific Playing chess Proving mathematical theorems Writing poetry Driving a car on a crowded street Diagnosing diseases

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Attempt a definition of Artificial Intelligence

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things which, at the moment, people do better.

Dimensions of Artificial Intelligence

Thought Process and Reasoning Systems that think rationally Systems that think like humans

Behaviour Machines that acts like humans Machine that acts rationally

A machine that __ is an intelligent

machine

Thought Process and Reasoning

Systems that think rationally Function by rules Cannot make mistakes Logical thinking: Correct premises necessarily lead to

correct conclusions Interruptions, distractions, emotions

Systems that think like humans Begin with a theory of human thought process Express the theory as a computer program If the program’s input – output behaviour matches

corresponding human behaviour, then there is some evidence that some of the program’s

mechanisms could also be operating in humans

Behaviour

Thought Process and Reasoning Systems that think rationally Systems that think like humans

Behaviour Rather than endowing machines with the ability to think like humans,

get machines to act like humans, to do what we do Without necessarily being concerned with whether the machines are doing

it in the same way as humans Building a machine that acts rationally

An agent is just something that acts A rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve

the best outcome under uncertainty, the best expected outcome

It is not necessary to take into account the components of human behaviour (or human thought) Notoriously difficult to quantify and recreate in a program

Setting the Stage for Artificial Intelligence

The beginningsHistorical background:

19th Century The Jaquard Loom Charles Babbage: difference & analytical engines

20th century Alan Turing John von Neumann

Schoty, The Russian Abacus

We use fingers on our hand and devices such as abacus to keep track of numbers and numerical operations more than what could be readily held in our

working memory

The Human Computers

The women of the Computer Department at NACA High-Speed Flight Research Station are busy with test flight calculations.

The computers were responsible for accurate calculations on the research test flights made at the Station.

There were no mechanical computers at the station in 1949.

The Jacquard Loom

Intricate design is weaved onto a fabric

The patterning of the fabric woven is dictated by a program that specifies which threads of the warp (length-wise) and the weft (cross-ways) strands should go over and under the shuttle.

It made used of punched cards: a set of cards with holes in them arranged in the desired pattern

Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

Alan Turing (1912 – 1954)

John von Neumann (1903 – 1957)

The Machine Performs

Early Programs The Logic Theorist The General Problem

SolverExpert Systems

MYCIN Deep Blue (Chess)

The SOAR projectConnectionism

Neural Networks

Natural Language processing Semantic Information

processing SHRDLU Script Applier

MechanismRobotics

Speech Recognition Robot Vision Animats,, projects Cog,

Domo, Kismet, …

Herbert Simon & Alan Newell