Artificial Intelligence and Neural Network Tools for

Cooperative Learning

Artificial Intelligence and Neural Network Tools for

Cooperative Learning

Paul CRISTEA and Adina FLOREA“Politehnica” University of Bucharest

Spl. Independentei 313, 77206 Bucharest, Romania, Phone: +40-1-411 44 37, Fax: +40-1-410 44 14

e-mail: pcristea@dsp.pub.ro

International Workshop ICL99 Interactive Computer Aided Learning - Tools and Application

Villach, Austria, 7-8 October 1999

1. Introduction2. Learning modalities3. System architecture4. Agent specification

4.1. Tutor agent

4.2. Tutor assistant agent

4.3. Learner personal agent5. Steps towards a user comprehensive model6. Conclusions

1. Introduction2. Learning modalities3. System architecture4. Agent specification

4.1. Tutor agent

4.2. Tutor assistant agent

4.3. Learner personal agent5. Steps towards a user comprehensive model6. Conclusions

• Professional qualification is no longer a Professional qualification is no longer a life-long achievementlife-long achievement

• Complex knowledge and skills have to be Complex knowledge and skills have to be transmitted and acquired efficientlytransmitted and acquired efficiently

• Open and Distance Learning will play a Open and Distance Learning will play a continuously increasing role.continuously increasing role.

• Intelligent educational tools can bring the Intelligent educational tools can bring the flexibility and adaptability required to flexibility and adaptability required to actively support the learner.actively support the learner.

Basic paradigms:

• Intelligent Human-Computer Interaction

• Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)

Learning in the system: Cooperative learning by interaction between student and tutor/expert or inside the group of learners

Organization: Group of learners assisted by artificial agents with active role in the learning process.

Tutor: Human or artificial agent

Structural features:

• Set of tools to assist the learner at several levels of the knowledge acquisition process.

• Personalised model of the trainee

Combine the traditional style of teaching with the problem-based style:• learning by being told, • problem solving demonstration, • problem solution analysis, • problem solving, • creative learning

Knowledge transfer Skill development

Learningby being

told

Problemsolvingdemo

Solutionanalysis

Problemsolving

Creativelearning

Level of learner’s active participation

Problem SolvingKnowledge Base (KB)

InformationAgent

TutorAgent

Tutor AssistantAgent

1st Learner'sPersonal Agent

HumanTutor

nth Learner'sPersonal Agent

Tutor KB

Learner1 KB

Learnern KB

TutorAgent KB

Human

Learner 1

Human

Learner n

WWW

Human-human communication through network

Agent-agent interaction Agent access to KB

Human-agent interaction Search of info sources

Human access to KB

Legend

Module for accessing learningresources and managinginteractions:- Problem Solving KB- Selection of relevantknowledge- Coordination activities

Module to respondto learner requests

and needs

Module to selectlearning modalities

and to adapt tolearner profile

Control Module

CommunicationModule

Tutor Agent KB: Knowledge to access

PSKB Methodological Knowledge on how to

adjust to learnerprofile

ProblemSolving

KnowledgeBase (PSKB)

Tutor Agent

Otheragents

Module for accessing learningresources and managinginteractions: - Problem Solving KB - Coordination activities

Module responsiblefor monitoring tutoractions and guiding

Module to extract:- tutoring knowldege- tutoring strategies- creative learning experiences

Control Module

CommunicationModule

Tutor KB: Knowledge to

retreive elementsfrom PSKB

Training history Elicited tutoring

knowledge

ProblemSolving

KnowledgeBase (PSKB)

Tutor Assistant Agent

Otheragents

Module for accessing learningresources and managinginteractions: - Problem Solving KB - Coordination activities

Module responsiblefor monitoring

learner actions andrequests

Module to developthe learner profile

Control Module

CommunicationModule

Learner KB: learnerhistory and learnerprofile

ProblemSolving KB

Learner Personal Agent

Otheragents

No purely empirical approach to modelling. Even the definition of attributes/features & the selection of the relevant ones in a given context are actually theory driven, explicitly or not.

Prototype model of the learner • Encodes general theoretical knowledge in the field of learning. • Can not be used directly in practice - rigid and biased: • Large variability in human personality and in human behaviour, • The essential traits are context-dependent.

Customised model by using empirical data - sets of examples collected for the given user, while interacting with the system.

New refined theory If tuning parameters can not adapt the model to user's profile, new features are extracted from data and added to the model.

No systematic way to empirically identify the domains of the feature space that are not properly represented in a set of examples. • The available collection of examples is never large enough to cover all the possible classes in an unbiased manner, to avoid spurious correlation when elaborating a model. • Small sets of exceptions may be poorly represented or even ignored. The underlying theory• helps eliminate irrelevant features, • guides the selection of relevant examples to scan of the input space,• gives confidence in the solutions produced. A purely theoretical approach may be brittle, i.e., • can yield dramatically incorrect results for exceptions, • scores of instances that fall in the limits of validity domain are treated correctly (abrupt degradation). Exhaustive theories may become intractable • The domain of validity must be restricted.• Compromise scope - accuracy.

Combined use of theoretical knowledge and experimental results allows:• Incomplete and/or incorrect theoretic knowledge, keeps the model in the range of an acceptable approximation.• Incomplete or noisy experimental data inherent ability to recover from errors. The user model being developed uses a hybrid approach: • Artificial Intelligence (AI) -- symbolic representation of theory, • Neural network (NN) -- sub-symbolic representation of data.

NN has the ability to represent "empirical knowledge", but but behaves almost like a black box:• Information expressed in sub-symbolic form, not directly readable for the human user• No explanation to justify the decisions in various instances, forbids the direct usage of NNs in learning/teaching and safety critical areas• Difficult to verify and debug software that includes NNs.

Extraction of the knowledge contained in an NN allows the portability • to other systems in symbolic (AI) and sub-symbolic (NN) forms, • towards human users.

AI and NN approaches are complementary in many aspects • can mutually offset weaknesses and alleviate inherent problems, • able to exploit both theoretical and empirical data - hybrid aproach, • efficient to build a fault tolerant and adaptive model, • help discover salient features in the input data.

First phase. The system operates using statistics about: • which buttons were selected by the lerner when using the system, • in which order, • which error messages have been generated. The system is trained to use this input to offer advice in the form of • access to some additional data and information, • additional reading, • recommend or trigger an interaction with the human tutor.

Subsequent phase. The system uses: • error databases, • special interest databases, • preference databases,including the input from a human tutor. The output helps identifying some profile of the user, defined roughly by the set of classes the user belongs to. This influences the future interaction of the system with the user, e.g., changing the type and level of the exercises presented to the user.

Next step. The system includes some voluntary feedback learners, offered to all the other learners, to help conveying original ideas and generate groups of interest.

Increase of tutor "productivity“. The system is a useful assistant, not a replacement of the human tutor. The work done traditionally by two or three tutors could be accomplished in this approach by only one assisted tutor.

The basic contribution of this research is twofold:

• Identification of several Learning Modalities that combine traditional teaching with “problem-centred” learning to better motivate the student and to increase the efficiency of the learning process,

• Conception of a Collaborative Distance Learning System in which human and artificial agents collaborate to achieve a learning task.

The Tutor Agent tries to replace partially the human teacher, in assisting the learners at any time of their convenience.The development of the learning system is a collaborative effort to develop a novel intelligent virtual environment for ODL at “Politehnica” University of Bucharest. The system is currently under development; several components written in Java are already functional.

To test the system, we are concurrently developing learning materials on: • Sorting Algorithms, • Resolution Theorem Proving, • Neural Networks, • Advanced Digital Signal Processing.

The distributed solution has the advantage of creating an ODL environmentthat can be joined by any interested learner.

The system is an effective response to the • the increased demand for cooperation and learning in today's open environments, academic and economic, • the necessity of developing effective learning tools that can be smoothly integrated in the professional development process and with company work.

Care is taken to prevent such an approach to generate an "elitist" system. The system is designed to enhance the specific features of each user, without increasing the differences between users in what concerns the level of understanding or the ability to creatively use the acquired knowledge.