Edin

burg

h an

d Es

sex

--th

e pa

st

& fu

ture

of A

IJi

m D

oran

Emer

itus P

rofe

ssor

Uni

vers

ity o

f Ess

ex

“Arti

ficia

l Int

ellig

ence

–Re

colle

ctio

ns o

f the

Pio

neer

s”Co

mpu

ter C

onse

rvat

ion

Soci

ety

Lond

on M

eetin

gSc

ienc

e M

useu

m, L

ondo

n11

Oct

ober

, 200

2

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g2

The

Tal

k Pl

an

Life

at t

he E

PU/D

MIP

(196

3/9)

Why

was

the

EPU

/DM

IP th

e wa

y it

was?

Wha

t hap

pene

d af

terw

ards

?

Has

AI f

aile

d?

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g3

Firs

t Con

tact

and

Firs

t Res

earc

hW

hils

t a g

radu

ate

stud

ent i

n bi

omet

rical

stat

istic

s at O

xfor

d un

der N

orm

an B

aile

y, I

spen

t a fe

w w

eeks

at D

onal

d M

ichi

e’s

Expe

rimen

tal P

rogr

amm

ing

Uni

t in

the

sum

mer

of 1

963,

and

br

iefly

vis

ited

agai

n in

win

ter 1

964.

I th

en jo

ined

the

EPU

as a

n R

A in

Oct

ober

196

4. M

y fir

st re

sear

ch ta

sk, s

et b

y D

M, w

as:

How

can

we

auto

mat

e pr

oble

m so

lvin

g in

the

style

of

Sam

uel’s

che

cker

pla

yer (

USA

) rat

her t

han

New

ell,

Shaw

, and

Sim

on’s

Gen

eral

Pro

blem

Sol

ver

(also

USA

)?

Hen

ce th

e “G

raph

Tra

vers

er”…

…

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g4

On

the

side

I w

as …

…..

App

lyin

g Sh

epar

d/K

rusk

al n

on-

met

ric m

ulti-

dim

ensi

onal

scal

ing

to th

e an

alys

is o

f set

s of

arch

aeol

ogic

al a

rtefa

cts

com

pute

r arc

haeo

logy

DM

was

a to

lera

nt e

mpl

oyer

!

(with

arc

haeo

logi

st R

oy H

odso

n)

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g5

Som

e EP

U/D

MIP

Exh

ibits

The

Pass

alon

g Pu

zzle

(196

3)

Min

utes

of t

he F

irst

Rou

nd

Tabl

e M

eetin

g (1

965)

The

Gra

nd O

peni

ng (1

966)

A Pa

rty

(196

7)

Dem

ocra

cy a

t Wor

k! (1

968)

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g6

Pass

alon

g Sl

idin

g B

lock

Puz

zle

By

slid

ing

the

“blo

cks”

, ref

lect

thei

r arr

ange

men

t in

the

horiz

onta

l axi

s

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g7

Min

utes

of t

he

Firs

t Mee

ting

of th

e R

ound

Tab

le(1

965)

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g8

The

Gra

nd O

peni

ng

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g9

A P

arty

(one

of m

any)

1967

But

aty

pica

l, as

no

visi

ting

Am

eric

an

AI r

esea

rche

r or

si

mila

r !

“…on

e lo

ng p

arty

…”

Rob

in P

oppl

esto

ne

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g10

Dem

ocra

cy

at W

ork!

(196

8)

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g11

EPU

/DM

IP S

tyle

Cen

tral

ised

but

Info

rmal

Ratio

nal:

Toug

h on

Non

sens

e

Soci

al: N

atio

nal a

nd

Inte

rnat

iona

l Con

tact

s (es

p.

USA

)

Expa

nsio

nist

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g12

EPU

/DM

IP R

esea

rch

(63/

69)

Lear

ning

(e.g

. MEN

AC

E, B

OX

ES)

Heu

ristic

Sea

rch

(e.g

. Gra

ph T

rave

rser

)

“Age

nts”

and

Ear

ly R

obot

ics

Mul

ti-A

cces

s Sys

tem

s Sof

twar

e (M

iniM

ac,

Mul

ti-Po

p)

Lang

uage

Dev

elop

men

t (Po

p, P

rolo

g)

Mos

t has

(par

tly) s

urvi

ved

the

test

of ti

me

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g13

Oth

er M

ajor

AI I

nitia

tives

of t

hat

Tim

e:D

M R

epor

t to

SRC:

Com

putin

g Sc

ienc

e in

196

4

DM

Roy

al S

ocie

ty v

isit t

o U

SSR

(196

4)

AISB

& A

ISB

New

slette

r (19

64 o

nwar

ds)

Mel

tzer’

s Met

aMat

hem

atic

s Uni

t (19

65)

The

Mac

hine

Inte

llige

nce

Wor

ksho

ps (1

965

onwa

rds)

Alex

And

rew’

s USS

R Su

rvey

196

7

The

AI J

ourn

al (1

970

onwa

rds)

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g14

The

Tal

k Pl

an

Life

at t

he E

PU/D

MIP

(196

3/9)

Why

was

the

EPU

/DM

IP th

e wa

y it

was?

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g15

The

Peop

le“.

.. al

l jun

iors

and

dro

pout

s…”

Don

ald

Mic

hie,

in 1

991,

on

his E

PU te

am

“...

the

noto

rious

col

lect

ion

of a

nom

alie

s and

ecc

entri

cs in

th

e w

artim

e co

de-b

reak

ing

esta

blis

hmen

t at B

letc

hley

…”

Eric

Hob

sbaw

m 1

994,

“Ag

e of

Ext

rem

es”,

p 5

26

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g16

Flec

k’s I

nsig

hts

Jam

es F

leck

, in

his v

alua

ble

1982

his

tory

of

AI,

sugg

ests

that

DM

was

gre

atly

aid

ed

in th

e es

tabl

ishm

ent o

f the

MIP

Dep

t by:

a cl

imat

e of

exp

ansi

on in

the

Uni

vers

ities

the

supp

ort o

f Mic

hael

Swa

nn

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g17

Som

e A

I in

UK

bef

ore

1963

(d

efin

ing

AI b

road

ly)

Off

dut

y ta

lk a

t Ble

tchl

ey P

ark

(ca

1943

)

Turin

g’s N

PL p

aper

(194

7)

The

Rat

io C

lub

(194

9-58

)

Turin

g’s M

ind

pape

r (19

50)

Ros

s Ash

by’s

“D

esig

n fo

r a B

rain

” (1

952

& 1

960)

“Fas

ter t

han

Thou

ght”

(195

3)

Gre

y W

alte

r’s “

The

Livi

ng B

rain

” an

d h

is

pseu

do-T

urtle

s (19

53)

NPL

Sym

posi

um o

n “M

echa

nisa

tion

of T

houg

ht

Proc

esse

s” (1

958)

Mic

hie

on G

ame

Lear

ning

(196

1/3)

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g18

Som

e A

I in

USA

bef

ore

1963

(def

inin

g A

I bro

adly

)

McC

ullo

ch a

nd P

itts (

1943

)

Shan

non

on

Che

ss (1

950)

Dar

tmou

th A

I Wor

ksho

p (1

956)

“Aut

omat

a St

udie

s” (1

956)

New

ell,

Shaw

and

Sim

on’s

GPS

(195

8)

Ros

enbl

att’s

Per

cept

ron

(195

8)

Sam

uel’s

Che

cker

Pla

yer (

1959

)

MIT

AI L

ab fo

unde

d (1

959)

Stan

ford

AI L

ab fo

unde

d (1

962)

“Com

pute

rs a

nd T

houg

ht”

(196

3)

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g19

The

Mem

e St

ream

It’s t

he id

eas t

hat m

atte

r as

they

get

pas

sed

dow

n th

e ge

nera

tions

!

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g20

The

Impa

ct o

f Ble

tchl

ey P

ark

“… m

y w

hole

pro

fess

iona

l life

real

ly w

as fu

ndam

enta

lly

affe

cted

by

thos

e th

ree

year

s [at

Ble

tchl

ey P

ark]

, and

I am

su

re b

y th

e pe

ople

.”

……

…

“ [T

he E

PU] w

as ru

n by

wha

t we

calle

d ‘T

he R

ound

Ta

ble,

’ whi

ch I

set u

p an

d m

odel

ed e

xact

ly o

n N

ewm

an’s

te

a pa

rty.”

Don

ald

Mic

hie

inte

rvie

wed

in 1

991

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g21

Som

e Ea

rlier

Con

nect

ions

Lad

y an

d L

ord

Byr

on

Ada

Ann

e

Judi

th

Wilf

rid

Scaw

en B

lunt

Cha

rles

Bab

bage

Ala

n T

urin

gB

V B

owde

n’s “

Fast

er

than

Tho

ught

”

Don

ald

Mic

hie

Jack

Goo

d

Race

hors

e Br

eedi

ng

30s C

ambr

idge

A

ntho

ny B

lunt

W

Gre

y W

alte

r D

.G.C

ham

pern

owne

V

icto

r R

oths

child

Max

New

man

Mic

hael

Sw

ann

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g22

So w

hat m

ight

hav

e be

en e

xpec

ted

at

the

EPU

?

Soci

al E

nerg

y an

d “U

pper

Cla

ss”

Self-

Con

fiden

ce

Anti-

Con

vent

ion

and

Anti-

Bure

aucr

acy

Prog

ress

ive

and

Anti-

Impe

rial

ist

Thou

ght

Mat

hem

atic

s (an

d m

aybe

poe

try)

And

inde

ed a

ll w

ere

ther

e!

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g23

The

Tal

k Pl

an

Life

at t

he E

PU/D

MIP

(196

3/9)

Why

was

the

EPU

/DM

IP th

e wa

y it

was?

Wha

t hap

pene

d af

terw

ards

?

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g24

Wha

t hap

pene

d af

terw

ards

?

The

grea

t “fa

lling

out

” (c

irca

1970

)

The

Ligh

thill

repo

rt (1

973)

Res

earc

hers

on

the

Mov

e (s

ee F

leck

’s P

aper

)

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g25

Chilt

on A

tlas L

ab

Rese

arch

Fel

lows

incl

uded

:

Jack

Goo

d (to

196

7)

Jim

Dor

an (1

969-

73)

(AI a

nd A

rcha

eolo

gy)

P. O

’Don

ald

(to 1

967)

(G

As/

Alif

e)(Dire

ctor

: Jac

k H

owle

tt)

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g26

Uni

. Ess

ex A

I : (1

973

–ca

. 197

9)

(rec

ruite

d by

Ton

y B

rook

er)

Floo

r 4B

Peop

leRi

char

d Bo

rnat

Mik

e Br

ady

Jim

Dor

an

Pat H

ayes

Bern

ard

Suffr

in

Ray

Turn

er

+ T

ony

Coh

n,Jo

rg S

iekm

ann,

Bob

Wie

linga

, Yor

ick

Wilk

s et a

l

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g27

Early

Ess

ex A

I Res

earc

hFl

oor 4

B Pr

ojec

tsFo

rtran

Cod

ing

Shee

t Pro

ject

Naï

ve P

hysic

s Man

ifesto

The

Evil

Lang

uage

……

….

Wha

t has

surv

ived

the

test

of ti

me?

Pat H

ayes

’ “N

aïve

Phy

sics M

anife

sto”?

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g28

Con

tras

t….

EPU

/DM

IPC

entr

alis

ed w

ith

Stro

ng C

hari

smat

ic L

eade

rshi

p

Atla

s Lab

Indi

vidu

al R

esea

rche

rs

Ess

ex F

loor

4B

Coo

pera

tion

and

Com

petit

ion

in a

con

vent

iona

l ac

adem

ic se

tting

Whi

ch w

as/is

mos

t eff

ectiv

e? N

ot o

bvio

us!

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g29

Late

r AI R

esea

rch

at E

ssex

(1

980-

2002

)Pl

anni

ng

Mac

hine

Lea

rnin

g

Visio

n

Robo

tics

Cons

train

t Sat

isfac

tion

Prob

lem

Sol

ving

Neu

ral N

etwo

rks

Agen

ts

Gen

etic

Alg

orith

ms

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g30

The

Tal

k Pl

an

Life

at t

he E

PU/D

MIP

(196

3/9)

Why

was

the

EPU

/DM

IP th

e wa

y it

was?

Wha

t hap

pene

d af

terw

ards

?

Has

AI f

aile

d?

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g31

AI:

Succ

ess o

r Fai

lure

?M

uch

solid

det

aile

d w

ork,

and

man

y ap

plic

atio

ns

The

“orig

inal

” ap

plic

atio

n, c

hess

(whi

ch in

tere

sted

bot

h B

abba

ge a

nd T

urin

g), h

as g

one

rela

tivel

y w

ell (

cons

ider

on

goin

g m

atch

bet

wee

n K

ram

nik

& D

eep

Fritz

)

But

man

y di

sapp

oint

men

ts a

nd a

wid

espr

ead

feel

ing

that

th

e go

al o

f “re

al”,

gen

eral

inte

llige

nce

rem

ains

far a

way

And

not

muc

h “B

asic

” In

telli

genc

e Th

eory

?(s

ee D

M re

. Lig

hthi

ll re

port)

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g32

AI H

istor

yA

t the

out

set –

Heu

ristic

Pro

gram

min

g v

Log

ic v

AN

Ns

artif

icia

l life

, ani

mat

s, G

As a

nd G

Ps,

agen

ts a

nd m

ulti-

agen

t sys

tem

s

robo

tics,

expe

rt sy

stem

s, A

NN

s, fu

zzy

syst

ems,

csps

,di

stri

bute

d A

I

Gam

e-pl

ayin

g, c

hess

, mac

hine

lear

ning

,

prob

lem

solv

ing,

nat

ural

lang

uage

, pla

nnin

g,

visio

n, h

euri

stic

sear

ch, t

heor

em p

rovi

ng,

perc

eptr

ons,

sem

antic

net

s, fr

ames

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g33

An

Obs

erva

tion

To "

take

off"

idea

s nee

d (a

) ena

blin

g te

chno

logy

and

(b) a

goo

d pu

blic

ist.

Very

ofte

n (c

rude

form

s of )

the

idea

s lo

ng p

reda

te th

e en

ablin

g te

chno

logy

th

ey n

eed

for t

heir

deve

lopm

ent

e.g.

Gen

eral

Pur

pose

Dig

ital C

ompu

ter,

Ches

s Pla

ying

Pr

ogra

ms,

Evol

utio

nary

Com

puta

tion

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g34

AI:

sym

ptom

s of d

isor

der?

Wav

es a

nd F

ashi

ons

Side

way

s Mov

es

Frag

men

tatio

n

Den

ial

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g35

Cau

ses o

f dis

orde

r?To

o m

any

pre-

conc

eptio

ns?

Mud

dled

Met

hodo

logy

?

Car

eer s

truct

ure

and

requ

irem

ents

di

scou

rage

dep

th a

nd p

ersis

tenc

e?

Fund

ing

(now

) too

muc

h or

ient

ed to

sh

ort t

erm

app

licat

ions

?

Oct

ober

11t

h, 2

002

Jim

Dor

an, C

CS

AI M

eetin

g36

Is A

I nev

erth

eles

s bro

adly

on

cour

se?

Has

mat

hem

atic

al lo

gic

been

a d

istr

actio

n?

Cou

ld th

e de

velo

pmen

t of t

he d

igita

l com

pute

r hav

e se

nt

us d

own

a w

rong

road

?

Is th

ere

som

ethi

ng im

port

ant m

issi

ng (e

.g. q

uant

um IP

)?

Will

AI (

and

Cog

nitiv

e Sc

ienc

e) so

on b

e ov

erta

ken

by

bio-

mol

ecul

ar a

ccou

nts o

f cog

nitio

n an

d in

telli

genc

e?

???

Fina

l Que

stio

ns…

.