artribune israel #0

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INSIDE EXPO2015 VENICE BIENNALE: INTERVIEW WITH TSIBI GEVA ISRAEL: THE ART MAP DESIGN MUSEUM HOLON COLORFOOD ISRAEL ALL OVER THE WORLD BIMESTRALE - POSTE ITALIANE S.P.A. SPED. IN A.P. 70% - ROMA - COPIA EURO 0,001 ISSN 2280-8817 U๏ฌƒcio culturale Ambasciata di Israele - Roma I S R A E L number 0 summer 2015 trilingual year i

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Per la prima volta, Artribune applica il proprio modello editoriale al di fuori dell'Italia. In concomitanza con la doppia partecipazione di Israele a Expo Milano 2015 e alla 56. Biennale d'Arte di Venezia, il magazine guarda in questo numero di lancio alla scena artistica e culturale israeliana, presentandola al pubblico internazionale in tre diverse lingue.

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Artribune Israel #0

INSIDE EXPO2015

VENICE BIENNALE: INTERVIEW WITH TSIBI GEVA

ISRAEL: THE ART MAP

DESIGN MUSEUMHOLON

COLORFOODISRAEL ALL

OVER THE WORLD

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ISSN 2280-8817

U๏ฟฝcio culturale Ambasciata di Israele - Roma

I S R A E L

number 0 summer 2015 trilingualyear i

Page 2: Artribune Israel #0

The natural

Openyour vegetarian

art restaurantfranchise

vegetarian food & art since 1979

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โ€œOur bodies

are our gardensโ€

William Shakespeare

โ€œI nostri corpi

sono i nostri giardiniโ€

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pagina artribune MARGUTTA Arcimboldo copia.pdf 1 16/04/15 08:54

Page 3: Artribune Israel #0

The natural

Openyour vegetarian

art restaurantfranchise

vegetarian food & art since 1979

il Margutta

choice

Lib

era

inte

rpre

tazi

on

e d

i "Fl

ora

" Giu

sep

pe

AR

CIM

BOLD

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ilmargutta.com

โ€œOur bodies

are our gardensโ€

William Shakespeare

โ€œI nostri corpi

sono i nostri giardiniโ€

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M

Y

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MY

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pagina artribune MARGUTTA Arcimboldo copia.pdf 1 16/04/15 08:54

Page 4: Artribune Israel #0

www.artribune.com

directorMassimiliano Tonelli

vice-directorMarco Enrico Giacomelli

editor in chiefGiorgia Calรฒ

news editing & project managementSanta Nastro

contributorsChristian Caliandro

Elazar CohenRaphael Gamzou

Hadas MaorSanta Nastro

Daniel ReichelRonit SorekAldo SpinelliCarlo Spinelli

Arianna TestinoGiulia Zappa

graphic designAlessandro Naldi

translationsChristian Caliandro

Sarah Kaminski

referees - honour committeeGalia Bar Or

Marisa Fox BevilacquaMartina Corgnati

Ruti DirektorGalit Gaon

Drorit Gur ArieAvi LubinAya Lurie

Hadas MaorEdna Moshenson

Alfredo PirriRaffaella Sciarretta

Ronit Sorek

Artribune Israel - Issue Zerois published with the support of

zero issue

Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Israel Pavilion Expo Milano 2015

U๏ฟฝcio culturale Ambasciata di Israele - Roma

Embassy of Israel โ€“ Cultural Department

coverTsibi Geva, Archeology of the Present,

The Israeli Pavilion at the 56th International Art Exhibition

la Biennale di Venezia, 2015. Photo: Elad Sarig

published by Artribune srl via Ottavio Gasparri 13/17

00152 Roma - [email protected]

printed by CSQ - Centro Stampa Quotidiani via dellโ€™Industria 52

25030 Erbusco (BS) - Italy

direttore responsabile Marco Enrico Giacomelli

for advertising and [email protected]

Architecture, eco-sustainability, the fields of tomorrow. The focus dedicated to Expo 2015 and to the Israeli Pavilion begins with the words of the journalist Daniel Reichelโ€ฆ

Art to eat. History of food (in Israel), of its relationship with art and other aspects. An overview of โ€œedibleโ€ artworks from Futurism to Giuseppe Stampone.

Hadas Maor leads you in the curatorial concept behind Tsibi Gevaโ€™s exhibition. The Biennale focus, โ€œinside the Pavilionโ€, continues.

Already famous all over the world, Israeli design has also a museum. In Holon, near Tel Aviv, it is โ€œbig and strongโ€. Giulia Zappa writes about it.

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โ€ฆwhile Elazar Cohen, Commissioner of the Israeli Pavilion at Expo 2015, explains its contents and its political and international dimension in an interview by Giorgia Calรฒ.

The difference between food and fashion? You canโ€™t eat the models and food doesnโ€™t need to wee-wee every five minutes. Dan Levโ€™s words, in this chat with Giorgia Calรฒ.

Tsibi Geva, the artist representing the Israli Pavilion at the Venice Biennale, tells about himself and his work in an interview by Giorgia Calรฒ.

Christian Caliandro guides us in a Israeli tour, searching for art spaces. Among Museums, public and private institutions, galleries and non-profit spaces, with a map of Israeli art.

The whole art agenda, with prizes and exhibitions in Israel, in Italy and all over the world. Arianna Testino traces the route of the next season.

Some of his artworks based on iconic images from Israeli culture: Gal Weinstein is an artists constantly trying to stay as curious as possible. Working without distinction with installation, sculpure, and video. An interview by Santa Nastroโ€ฆ

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am happy to present this new publishing project that sees, once again, the col-laboration between Italy and Israel.Artribune, the famous Italian free press dedicated to the contemporary art with its many aspects from visual arts to design, from architecture to cinema, from fashion to food, laun-ches today this new, ambitious project.It is the Israeli version of Artribune that will have the same modalities of distribution, page layout and content management of the original magazine, but with a look on the Israeli artistic and creative scenario. Indeed, Artribune Israel is a magazine of contemporary art and culture that tells the vibrant scene of Israel, paying attention both to what happens in the country and to the experiences that bring the Israeli creativity throughout the world.Which best occasion to present the pilot number of the magazine than the two international showcases of Milan EXPO 2015 and of the Venice Biennale, hosting the respective Israeli Pavilions?In this way, an international cooperation starts, that launches the free press at the same time in Italy and in Israel, hoping that this could become a fundamental vehicle for the communication of the exciting cultural scene that the country is currently living. For these reasons the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs has sustained the project and its authors from the very beginning, wishing them good luck for the realization of this mission.

AmbAssAdor

deputy director GenerAl

HeAd of tHe division for culturAl And scientific AffAirs

isrAel ministry of foreiGn AffAirs

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EDITORIAL6

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he Israeli Pavilion joins the most advanced technologies to thousand-year old traditions, celebrating the research spirit and the curiosity of Israeli people. The Pavilionโ€™s logo is inspired to the prayer for the Peace and the Justice in the Psalm of King David (Psalm 85-12) and reflects through a graphic interpretation of the word โ€œtruthโ€ (ืืžืช) the key concepts, the colors and the creative energy of a people that made the desert flourish: "Truth springs from the earth and righteousness looks down from heaven." Only the one who searches and spreads the truth will see the fruit of his success. The concept of the search for truth is deep-rooted in the Hebrew culture and is expressed in the study of the Torah. Thanks to the values, to the teachings and to the study method of the sacred texts the Israeli society was able to discuss and interrogate reality with the aim of innovating and advancing. In this way, the Start Up Nation is born.In Hebrew, the word โ€œtruthโ€ (ืืžืช-emet) is composed by the first letter of the alphabet, Alef, by the central one, Mem, and by the last one, Tav: this gives an important significance to the alphabet itself. But this is not the only concept of our history connected to the themes of Expo 2015.According to the Jewish tradition, every seven years the fields have to rest: it is prohibited to plant, cultivate, reap or pick fruits, in order to let the nature restoring its rhythms. The schmita (ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”), the sabbatical year of the soils of Israel that falls this year is an example of how the Jewish culture has always been careful to the farming sustaina-bility. It is truly symbolic that the schmita Expo 2015 coincides with the responsible message promoted by Expo.Besides, we remember that the Jewish agriculture tradition imposes to dedicate a portion of soil at the edges of the fields to the poors: the concept of donation (Tzdaka) has not to be an end in itself but strictly connected to the justice (Tzedek), the justice of an altruist and open economy and society.It is with this spirit of sharing, justice and truth that in Expo 2015 the Ministry of the Foreign Affairs and the Israeli Goverment make available the results of the technological and scientific research. To let prosperate the fields of tomorrow, for a better future. From Israel, at the service of manking.

GenerAl commissioner

isrAeli pAvilion โ€“ expo milAn 2015

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EDITORIAL 7

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am proud of presenting this new publishing project signed by Artribune. A challeng-ing work that had a long time of gestation, if we think that the first meeting about it between me and Massimiliano Tonelli was in 2012. Three years have passed, the necessary time to structure at its best a magazine that wants to talk to a country that is so complex in its multicultural and multidisciplinar dimension.

Artribune Israel is born with the will to offer a transversal look at the great creative season that the country is living in the last years. The long-awaited presentation of the Israeli pavilions for the Milan EXPO 2015 and for the Venice Biennale, the prizes that confirmed the excellence of the Israeli authors in different fields โ€“ from literature to cinema, from exhibitions to the great events organized in foreign coun-tries that allowed the viewers to know artists and entire collections from the most important museums of the country, are only some of the treated topics. Indeed, this issue tells also about what happens in the nation, about the extraordinary excitement that involves museums, gal-leries, non-profit spaces and academies, within an art system able to present and represent the Israeli creativity in all its forms and aspects.

This is the mission of Artribune Israel, a valid means to know new and differ-ent cultural and creative realities, with the witty attitude and the attentive gaze that characterize Artribune from its birth.An article on the Israeli Pavilion at the EXPO 2015 in Milan opens this issue. The Universal Exposition, defined by Walter Benjamin โ€œthe place of commoditiesโ€™ celebrationโ€, returns to Italy after more than a century from the first presentation in Milan in 1906, with a really universal subject as nourishment. An interview to the commissioner Elazar Cohen follows, to understand projects and expectations of the Israeli Pavilion. We speak about the Pavilion at the Venice Bi-ennale through the words of the protagonists, with an interview to Tsibi Geva, followed by an article signed by the Pavilionโ€™s curator, Hadas Maor. These articles, as the following ones, tend to delineate a portrait of the Israeli research, high-lighting its historical relevance and its relationship with the Western investigations.In this sense the work of a young reality as the Italy Israel Foundation for the Culture and the Arts, wanted by the Ministries of the two countries to promote the cultural exchange expressed in the creative excellences, must not be undervalued. Also the work of the Cultural Department of the Israeli Embassy in Italy, that together with the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs believed in this project from its very beginning, has a fundamental role in conveying the cultural dialogue in every aspect. The same has to be said for the Italian Embassy in Israel, that through the Italian Institute of Culture is able to bring all the creativity that the โ€œBelpaeseโ€ can offer.Therefore, the relationships between Italy and Israel are constant and lasting with the aim of underlining the cultural exchange between these two countries, not only geographically close. In these terms, Artribune Israel intervenes in a scenario able to value international voices oriented to support and promote Israeli contemporary art.

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EDITORIAL8

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hy does a magazine of art, culture and creativity that is still, somehow, a start-up decide to expand internationally in a country like Israel? Artribune was born in April 2011, and during four year has established itself at a national level as an innovative publishing case, especially thanks to the ability of succeeding not only in its sector of pertinance (the traditional art publishing) but also in adjacent fields. In these 48 months we became contentsโ€™ providers for public institutions (the Province of Rome), we re-alized applications for smartphone together with big private patrons (the recent app dedicate to street art made in collaboration with Toyota), we launched an international platform dedicated to the job offers and searches (http://jobs.artribune.com), we planned and conveyed the cultural contents of a corporation like GTECH-Lottomatica and we projected and managed the website of the SkyArte broadcaster. We worked also with important in-

stitutions realizing special issues and dedicated publishing projects. We showed ous skills non only in our profession, but also as complete communication partners, and we did this in years that for Italy were and are charac-terized by a terrible economic crisis.In spite of all this and of all our countryโ€™s criticalities, the necessity of ex-panding our model outside of Italy was alway present. Why Israel? What kind of reasoning led us to this result? First of all, the commitment of Gior-gia Calรฒ who had this intuition three years ago and who developed it per-sistently; in the second place, there was the intention of our firm to expand internationally in a different and peculiar way compared to other art maga-zines. Therefore, no London, New York or Berlin. We decided from the very beginning to orient ourselves towards destinations with specific character-istics: a vibrant creative, artistic and productive activity; a not so developed publishing activity; a proximity with Italy; a good economic growth. In this

sense, Israel emerged as the perfect destination for a cultural and entrepreneurial expansion of our model and of our brand. The contents of this zero issue โ€“ that has to be read as a call for all the economic realities of the country that want to support the following issues โ€“ demonstrate this aspect: we had the privilege of describing a country with very few equals in Europe and in the Mediterranean area in regard to the creative excitement. Hereafter, we want to do it periodically, thanks to Artribune Israel, and thanks to your closeness.

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EDITORIAL 9

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The desert and the bar-ren earth will exult; the desert will rejoice and bloomโ€, the prophecy

of Isaiah says. A few words that sum up the commitment and the ambition cultivated by the Israeli farmers during decades: to create life in Eretz Israel, also where the climatic conditions would have suggested to many to desist.

The lack of water and of natu-ral resources, the dryness of the terrain, the heat are some of the obstacle that Israeli farmers and scientists faced and face still now. But the adversities were an in-centive to find some answers, to look at the future and to build the progress, to realize the โ€œFields of Tomorrowโ€, as said by the title chosen for the Israeli Pavilion, among the protagonists of the Expo Milano 2015. For its capac-ity of opening new ways in the world of agriculture, thanks to technological innovation and to a constant scientific research, this issue is at the center of the Israeli

Pavilion: a 2400 meters space, projected by the Israeli architect and realized by the team Avs, an example of how the Hebraic State has become one of the most advanced countries in the culti-vation techniques, in the eco-sustainable production and in the saving of water resources.

The Israeli presence at Expo was con-ceived to rep-resent โ€œthe nature of the Israeli people, never resigned to the reality but aimed at do-ing everything possible to improve itโ€, as Elazar Cohen, Israeli general commis-sioner at the Milan international exposition, declared. The first representation of this concept is the structure of the pavilion (pro-moted by the Israeli Ministry of the Foreign Affairs and sponsored

by the Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael โ€“ Jewish National Fund, KKL-JNF) the fulcrum of which are the sev-enty meters (twelve in height) of the vertical field: a cultivated row with a strong visual impact that

will change color during the months, following the

rhythm of nature. This vertical field,

as Knafo ex-plains, โ€œis com-posed by culti-vable modular units. Every form contains

a computerized system of drop

irrigation that op-timizes the growing

conditions of the plants. Wheat, rice and corn, the main vegetable alimentary resources, will grow on the vertical field creating a mosaic of textures, per-fumes and colorsโ€. It is not only a fascinating aesthetic proposal. The project presents to the view-er โ€“ developing it โ€“ the concept

of Vertical Planting, that is spread-ing in different parts of the world but that in the Mediterranean area is still relatively unknown. It is a method of cultivation that allows to savw and optimize the territory and the water. โ€œImagine a future where food can be cultivated on the buildingsโ€™ faรงades โ€“ Knafo declare in a recent interview to archipanic.com โ€“ the technology Vertical Planting will allow to ar-chitecture to become an active part in the production of energy, in the treatment of the grey waters (domestic waters from showers, bathtubs and washbasins), in the purification of the air in the build-ings, and these fields will be built mostly with recycled materials.

A sustainable urban life will encourage the people to produce their own food and to cultivate vegetables and herbs inside their own living spacesโ€. So, the ver-tical field of the Israeli Pavilion fully reflects the concept of the Milan edition of Expo, โ€œFeed the Life, Energy for the Planetโ€, ori-

The Israeli presence at Expo was conceived to represent โ€œthe nature of the Israeli

people, never resigned to the reality but aimed at doing

everything possible to improve itโ€

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FIELDS OF TOMORROW the Israeli Pavilion at Expo 2015

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FIELDS OF TOMORROW the Israeli Pavilion at Expo 2015

FOCUS EXPO MILANO 201510

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ented towards a redefinition of food production functional to nourish people and sustainable for the planet.

Letโ€™s get back to the Pavilion placed in the very heart of Expo, in the crossing between Cardo and Decumano โ€“ the major roads of the great Milan exhibition โ€“ where the Italy Pavilion rises and where the four sinuous sculp-tures by Daniel Libeskind are positioned (renamed Expo Gates or also Expo Trees, and realized by the famous architect together with Siemens). The Israeli space is geographically at the center of the attention and is divided into four areas: in the wainting room, the visitors are entertained by ex-hibitions that use technology to create, in the definition of Elazar Cohen, 2.0 magics. Interactive performances side by side to vid-eos projected on the wall that in-teract with the viewer. Then, the first part of the exhibition tells the story and the lives of three genera-tions of farmers. A temporal path

will show how the dream of David Ben Gurion of making bloom the desert of Negev (covering 13.000 of the total 22.000 square kilome-ters of Israel, more that half the surface of the country) has been a possible project in only three generations. All thanks to a primary sector in a continuous evolution that uses hugh tech to attract new generations, as Yoram Kapul-nik, director of the Volcani Center, one of the Israeli avant-garde centers for agricul-ture, explained. Mi-dor le-dor, from generation to genera-tion (as recited by the Haggadah od Pesach, the story of the He-brew Easter), there was a passage oriented to make the exploitation of the scarce resources economi-cally and ecologically sustainable.

There was the will to build

a know-how that, for example, made the Hebraic State a leader in the drop irrigation, a technique that avoids the waste of water during this delicate phase of the cultivation and that is told inside

the Pavilion. The visit continues with a video clip of a

forest planted by the Keren Kayemeth

LeIsrael, envi-ronmenta l i s t Hebraic organi-zation founded in the manda-tory Palestine

that has plated 240mln of trees in Israel. โ€œThe

KKL โ€“ Rug-gero Gabbai,

presidents of the Expo Commis-sion of the Milan City Council, remembers โ€“ sponsored half of the Israeli Pavilion and 300 of its delegates, from different coun-tries of the world, will come in September in Milan to visit itโ€.

Third step of the Pavilion, a

huge dark room where lights project in the sky a virtual field and videos dedicated to four avant-garde projects, among which the application of digital and satellite technologies to the management of the fields and an innovative project of irriga-tion in Africa. The last space is dedicated to taste, with the res-taurant that proposes a sample of the heterogeneous Israeli food, the result of many cultures and traditions of the diverse He-brew migrations present in the country (where more than 120 nationalities that live together). From Russia to Marocco, from Poland to Iran, the flavors are protagonists with a space dedi-cated also to the Hebrew Italian cookery.

So, the Israeli Pavilion wants to be an experience that in-volves all the senses, from the eyes to the taste, as like as a space of reflection to continue to work and invest in the โ€œFields of Tomorrowโ€.

From Russia to Marocco, from Poland

to Iran, the flavors are protagonists with a space dedicated also to the Hebrew Italian

cookery.

The lack of water and of natural resources, the dryness of the terrain, the heat are some of the obstacle that Israeli farmers and scientists faced and face still now. But the adversities were an incentive to find some answers, to look at the future and to build the progress, to realize the โ€œFields of Tomorrowโ€, as said by the title chosen for the Israeli Pavilion, country among the protagonists of the Expo Milano 2015. The entire story in an article by Daniel Reichel

FOCUS EXPO MILANO 2015 11

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The title of the Israeli Pavilion is โ€œFields of Tomorrowโ€. Why this choice?

This title was chose by the AVS group, the winner of the compe-tition to build, project and create all the Pavilionโ€™s contents. I would like to tell you what is behind the title.You have to know that Israel, given its dimension and its scarce natural resources, is not a global supplier as Canada, Russia or Ukraine. Israel can supply the needs of the local population, but cannot engage in an international export. But what we can do is to give ideas and innovations to the world. We can offer innovative services, that do not depend on the earth or on the number of the people, or on the quantity of wa-ter, but on the attitude and on the values of the Israeli people, that date back to thousands years ago.I tell you a story. A person asked me to talk about the Pavilion giv-ing an image of Israel as a young

nation. Not that I disliked the idea, but it disturbed me in some way. Soon after, I saw a photo-graph of a Israeli young man with talled and tefillin (prayer objects worn only by men, ndr) praying at the Wailing Wall, and I thought โ€œhe is a young man under 28 years but he is usying 3000 years old objectsโ€. Then I understood that this is exactly the idea that I want to convey in the Pavilion, the idea that moves Israel: a young nation that could not look at the future if it was not so strongly connected to its past, to its history.Generally, after the military ser-vice the Israeli young people want to travel, make some life experiences. The world, the fu-ture is open to them, and they

are able to catch it because they have something behind their shoulders: a past made of history, of study of precepts and values. So, returning to your question, โ€œFields of Tomorrowโ€ is projected towards the future and in the

Pavilion we want to demon-strate that this direc-

tion doesnโ€™t begin now, in the pre-

sent, but 3000 years ago. This is our idea of T o m o r r o w. History is es-sential to the

futureโ€™s devel-opment.

The Pavilion, con-

ceived by David Knafo, oc-cupies 2400 square meters. How is it structured?The form of the Pavilion retraces the geography of the State of Is-rael, long and narrow. Knafo had the idea of creating a 60 meters vertical field that covers almost

the entire pavilion, 100 meters high. This space/corridor has been an architectural challenge and we tried to face the problem exactly as it happens in Israel, a reduced territory where we need to find the necessary space for tourism, architecture, agricul-ture, transports, etc. We started to work on the heights in order to solve these problems of space. The pavilion was conceived ex-actly in this way: we cultivate in vertical clearing the space under-neath and dedicating it to other activities; it will be divided into three rooms ready to receive the visitor. In this way we exploited the entire space, its whole vol-ume and not only the surface.

Which kind of messages and visions the pavilion wants to communicate? Which event, from your point of view, is able to influence the Israeli opinion? A few months ago, during the presentation of the pavilion, you stated that the objective is

A nation that hosts young people from all over the world, characterized by a heterogeneous

population

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FIELDS OF TOMORROW Interview to Elazar Cohen, commissioner of the Israeli Pavilion

FIELDS OF TOMORROW Interview to Elazar Cohen, commissioner of the Israeli Pavilion

FOCUS EXPO MILANO 201512

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to โ€œshow the truce face of Israel, instead of the one appearing on newspapers.โ€One of the reasons for our rel-evant investments in Expo is that of showing the different aspects of Israel. We would like to change the attitude of the public towards us. The first news of Israel in the newspapers or on TV are about politics, often in its negative dec-lination; then we receive posi-tive news like culture, technol-ogy, tourism, etc. We would like to change the sequence of these news: Israel must be identified with its qualities. Therefore, our aim is to show the many faces of this country, a na-tion that hosts young people from all over the world, characterized by a heterogeneous population composed by different ethnic groups and religions that live to-gether in peace. There are Rus-sians, Bedouins, Ethiopians, Muslims, Christians. We have to underline the cosmopolitan and colored side of this land.It is sufficient to look at the new Israelโ€™s logo: the used color indi-cate the dialogue between Israel and the rest of the world. Israel is not an isolated country; it is a very important part of this world, and its cooperation is required by many countries, in different sec-

tors: farming, academy, science, business. The Israelis travel in the world, the world comes to visit Is-rael: these are our objectives, to demonstrates that this society is open, โ€œmultifacetedโ€, liberal, wel-coming, very advanced and with a very ancient history. It is not a bunker in the desert with the cannons pointed towards the en-emies as unfortunately someone imagines. In the pavilion, besides eco-tech, agriculture and sustain-ability, a part is dedicated to food, as the theme of the Expo requests. There will be also โ€œColor-foodโ€, a photo-graphic exhi-bition by Dan Lev. Could you please tell us something about it? In principle, we want to demostrate that also food in Israel is advanced. Food is generally considered traditional: when we talk about food we usually think about the motherโ€™s or grand-motherโ€™s kitchen. We have a cookery of many โ€œmothersโ€ and โ€œgrandmothersโ€: there is food

from Syria, from Italy, from Mo-rocco, from USA, etc. Dan Levโ€™s exhibition interprets the diver-sity of the Israeli food in a very visible way: the color. So, the Moroccan food is yellow, the Ital-ian one is red, the Syria none is colored, and so on. Therefore, it is through colors that we can see the different Israeli cookings.

The Israeli Pavilion is posi-tioned beside the Palazzo Italia: is it a wanted choice, or a casual one? Which are the relation-ships with Italy? We are honored to be in a cen-tral place, so close to Italy. It is a great honor, but also a great responsibility. For this reason, we want to create a pavilion with appropriate contents for this location, and we hope that our neighbors will like what we are doing. The proximity of the two pavilions represents in a good way the accordance between Italy and Israel, not only at a governative level. The relation-ships between the two countries overstep the formal institutions, because they are relationships between two civil society. The dimension of these connections

concerns many sectors: the academic one, the tour-

ist one, the scientific one and also the

political one. Almost four-teen years ago we signed a very important agreement, and

we are very ac-tive in different fields. So, the

proximity be-tween the pa-

vilions reflects the one between the societies.

The title of Expo is โ€œFeeding the Planet, Energy for Lifeโ€. A title that perfectly fits with the mis-sion that Israel is pursuing: let

bloom a land that owns scarce natural resources. What do you expect from the other partici-pating countries?In my opinion, every country in-terprets this general theme accord-ing two its own characteristics: I can imagine gigantic countries like Canada or Ukraine that liter-ally feed the planet with their own cultivations. These cases are obvi-ously very different from Israel that, given its dimensions and the scarcity of water, faced its need through technology. In this way, we valued very much the natural resources preserving them. Today, the world is starting to pay a lot of attention to this type of operations. If we think, for example, about the use of water, now today everyone is talking about saving the resources and to use them in an intelligent way: we have thought about it for a long time.

The 2015 Expo coincides with the Venice Biennale. As you know, this year Tsibi Geva was chosen to represent the Israeli Pavilion. After many editions dedicated to videoartists, a painter/sculptor and a kind of, letโ€™s say, traditional art, come to the front of stage. What do you think about it?As Tsibi Geva shows in his paint-ing, I am persuaded that we can create a dialogue between Israeli and Palestinian people. Through his artworks, Tsibi reflects Is-raeliโ€™s reality, but in peace. It is what we want to recreate in our pavilion, the Israel reality that contains many diversities.

A wish to accompany this new challenge?We Sephardic Jews raise a prayer during the nights until dawn, starting 49 days before Yom Kip-pur (day of penance for the Jewish people, ndr). A prayer says: โ€œOur Lord in the skies bring peace to the world and give fullnessโ€. This is our wish to the world.

Through his artworks, Tsibi reflects Israeliโ€™s

reality, but in peace. It is what we want to recreate

in our pavilion

โ€œThe first news of Israel in the newspapers or on TV are about politics, often in its negative declination; then we receive positive news like culture, technology, tourism, etc. We would like to change the sequence of these news: Israel must be identified with its qualities.โ€ The Israeli Pavilion at the Expo told by Elazar Cohen, General Commissioner

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The Futurists in their Fu-turist Food manifesto (1920) and in the Mani-festo of Futurist Cooking

(1930) gave relevance to the form and to the color of the courses. For the Italian avantgarde, the dishes became โ€œcomplex savo-ry sculptures, where the origi-nal harmony of form and color nourishes the eye and excites the fantasy before tempting the mouthโ€. In this sense, your work is conceptually Futurist, isnโ€™t it?An aware approach to food fol-lows an itinerary of the senses. The first one is the sight: you see the food with your eyes, perceiv-ing its colors and its consistency. Then the sense of smell; you find the taste only at the end. In Colorfood the viewer doesnโ€™t face a simple dish, but an art-work: we see a research made of inspiration and creativity, that starts from a color and an image and tells a story to reach another image. In Colorfood, I wanted to draw attention to the Chefs when they express their creativity out-side the traditionally intended dish. If the Manifesto of the Fu-

turist Cooking wants to underline this wayโ€ฆ then yes, my work is conceptually close to Futurism.

The relationship between art and food is a very ancient ques-tion, that philosophy posed with Plato. Today this issue is more alive than ever, and it tests the chefsโ€™ creative skills. We often interrogate ourselves about the aesthetics of the food and about the artโ€™s status in the age of technical reproduction. In your opinion, is cooking really a form of art?As I said, the idea of Colorfood is to bring food where it can be art, that is to say outside the plate. For example, I do not consider as art the food porn, the spec-tacular and glamour visual pres-entation of cooking and food. Colorfood gives to the chefs an abstract stage to express their creativity as artists, not (only) as

cooks. This is the key and the connection between food and art in Colorfood: the chef is the actor of the opera.

Your first shooting was made in march 2014, a year ago. How much remains and what has

changed during the pro-cess, in respect to

the initial idea of Colorfood? From the very first photo-graphic shoot-ing for Color-food nothing

changed in the approach to the

project. We were always and will be

faithful to the original idea. Colorfood was very en-riched thanks to the Chefs that collaborated, with great partici-pation and comprehension and enthusiasm. All of them used the occasion of creating a special, abstract work that could repre-sent a window, also an intimate one, to their world and to their food.

Every photograph proves the personal idea of beauty of the chefs portrayed by you. The fa-mous chef Gualtiero Marchesi, considered the founder of the new Italian cookery, states that โ€œnice is goodโ€. Do you agree with him?Goodness and beauty are not the concepts and the terms related to Colorfood. We are at a deeper level. We are talking about inspi-ration, creation, fantasy, dream, interior world, love and memory.

I like very much the idea that behind the image of a dish there is an image that inspired the dish itself. For example, citing some of them: the volcano of Bonetta Dellโ€™Oglio, the portrait of U Giancu, the sunflowers of Avi Steinitz, the Kate Mossโ€™ por-trait of Efrat Enzel. Where do the single inspirations come from?First of all, the inspiration comes from the Chefsโ€™ private world. It can be a memory, a landscape, an artwork. It can belong to daily life, or to the past. It can be a mes-sage tied to the political agenda or it can be related to the domain

If the Manifesto of Futurist Cooking wants to underline this wayโ€ฆ

then yes, my work is conceptually close to

Futurism.

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DAN LEV COLORFOOD

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of dream and fantasy. This is the very core. For me, it is important to show to the public the crea-tive process that precedes and accompanies the final work. In this sense, the image that func-tions as an inspiration is as im-portant as the photograph that I shoot, because they are the two extremes of the creative process. Israeli food is extremely dif-ferent from the Italian one, so based on its roots: instead, the Israeli one is heterogeneous, rich of contaminations coming from every part of the world. Did you consider the cultural differ-ences in your photographs?This is a really important and interesting question. I am sure that the public could barely dis-tinguish the nationality of the Chefs from my photographs. But focusing on the images chosen by themโ€ฆ then all the cultural differences emerge. It is an invi-tation to consider the exhibition also in this perspective.

The Italian cultural identity could be summarized, in the

global imaginary, with โ€œartโ€, โ€œdesignโ€, โ€œfashionโ€, and โ€œfoodโ€. With which terms you would identify the Israeli culture?Now that you ask me, I real-ize that I would identify some terms to describe well both Is-raeli cultur and food: โ€œhistoryโ€, โ€œJudaismโ€, and โ€œrootsโ€, but I would undoubt-edly add โ€œhi-techโ€. Also the words that you used fot the Italian cultural iden-tity are able to describe the Israeli one. Itโ€™s non coincidence that Italy and Is-rael successfully col-laborate in these sectors.

I know that you often trans-form your studio in Tel Aviv in a home restaurant to host private dinners where food is narrated with images. It is a very social idea, that is in some way con-nected to the latest Milan ten-dency conceived by the galler-ist Rossana Ciocca: the public

is invited, through the social networks, to a dinner with all the guests dressed in white (the color as a central element re-curs here). Do you know about these urban dinners, and what do you think about them?I know these social tendencies

and I think that, in the end, the food is al-

ways the truly glue and the reason for success. It is not a nice framework or a particular set-ting that make

special these meetings.

You have a past experi-

ence as a fashion photographer. Did you find differences or simi-larities between glamour photo-graphs and gastronomic photo-graphs?The great difference between food photography and fashion pho-tography is that you canโ€™t eat the models and that food doesnโ€™t need to wee-wee every five minutes.

Today the haute cuisine is con-sidered a particular form of de-sign, and often (as you demon-strated) it builds a relation with art when it has a communica-tive and relational motivation, in addition to the creative one. In your point of view, will the future food design be an artis-tic language, as today happens with photography, videoart and performance?I think that Colorfood has intro-duced a new universal language of food and art. For this reason, after Expo we will move from country to country and we will involve chefs all over the world. Being original is more and more difficult, because it seems that everything has already been in-vented and realized. But if you take something that already ex-ists, and you merge it with other elements changing the point of view you can still create some-thing new and fresh. If food de-sign will become the next artistic language, this will depend on the originality and creativity of a art-ist or of a designer.

Being original is more and more difficult, because it seems that everything has already

been invented and realized

Colorfood is an artistic project conceived by the Israeli food photographer Dan Lev and by the Creativity Lab ICPO for the Israeli Pavilion at Expo Milano 2015. The exhibition is composed by 34 couples of photographs, each one portraying the dish of a famous chef (17 Italians and 17 Israelis), which were asked to realize a food artwork, starting from an image and drawing inspiration from a color. In the shootings with the chefs, conceived as authentic happenings realized in Italy and in Israel, Dan Lev represents and idea of food mixing with art, revealing affinities and differences between the culture and the tradition of the two countries, without neglecting all the phases of the preparation, from the idea to the creation, from the tasting to the โ€œmise en placeโ€.We interviewed Dan Lev, asking him some questions about the birth and the realization of this project.

Dan Lev Food Photographer

Shooting Antonello Colonna Shooting Giancarlo Morelli Shooting Tommaso Fara

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Chef: Israel Aharoni Color: Purpleinspiration Image: Dan Lev Styling: Gil Atlan

Chef: Shaul Ben Aderet Color: Blueinspiration Image: Eli Bochbut Styling: Talia Gon Assif

Chef: Haim Cohen Color: Red inspiration Image: Dan Lev Styling: Ilit Engel and Dan Lev

Chef: Efrat Enzel Color: White inspiration Image: Corine DayStyling: Diana Linder

Chef: Tom Franz Color: WhiteIspiration Image: Tom Franz Styling: Diana Linder

Chef: Guy Gamzo Color: OrangeIspiration Image: Guy Gamzo Styling: Guy Gamzo

Chef: Victor GlogerColor: YellowIspiration Image: Salvador Dali Styling: Keren Barak

Chef: Yaron KestenbaumColor: Green Ispiration Image: Yaron Kestenbaum Styling: Yaron Kestenbaum

Chef: Erez Komerovski Color: WhiteInpiration Image: Dan Lev Styling: Erez Komerovski

Chef: Shaily Lipa Color: BrownInpiration Image: Dan Lev Styling: Dalit Russo

Chef: Omer Miller Color: BlackInpiration Image: Omer Miller Styling: Rotem Nir

Chef: Aviv MosheColor: WhiteInpiration Image: Dan Lev Styling: Dalit Russo

Chef: Segev Moshe Color: WhiteInpiration Image: Segev Moshe Styling: Segev Moshe

Chef: Avivit Priel AvichaiColor: OrangeInpiration Image: Jackson PollockStyling: Oria Geva

Chef: Ido ShapiraColor: RedInpiration Image: from the book โ€œFresh Fruitsโ€ Styling: Talia Gon Assif

Chef: Avi Steinitz Color: YellowInpiration Image:Eti Chen BryerStyling: Dalit Russo

Chef: Daniel Zach Color: GreenInpiration Image: Itiel Zion Styling: Talia Gon Assif

Israeli & Ita lian ChefsPhoto by Dan Lev

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Chef: Francesco Apreda Color: Red Inspiration Image: image taken from the web Styling: Dalit Russo

Chef: Enrico BartoliniColor: PurpleInspiration Image: Paolo ChiodiniStyling: Dan Lev e Ilit Engel

Chef: Heinz Beck Color: PinkInspiration Image: Inka & NiclasStyling: Dalit Russo

Chef: Cristina BowermanColor: Flesh-colouredInspiration Image: Dan Lev Styling: Dalit Russo

Chef: Francesca Castignani Color: YellowInspiration Image: Luigi Caputo Styling: Dalit Russo

Chef: Antonello Colonna Color: RedInspiration Image: Marco DeloguStyling: Dalit Russo

Chef: Carlo CraccoColor: Ocher (yellow earth)Inspiration Image: Alessandro RuggleStyling: Carlo Cracco

Chef: Iside De Cesare / Color: Yellow Inspiration Image: image taken from the web Styling: Dan Lev e Ilit Engel

Chef: Bonetta dellโ€™OglioColor: GreenInspiration image: taken by internetStyling: Dalit Russo

Chef: Tommaso Fara Color: Blue Inspiration Image: Dan Lev Styling: Dan Lev e Ilit Engel

Chef: Victoire Gouloubi Color: Brick RedInspiration Image: Bunella Rossi Styling: Dan Lev e Ilit Engel

Chef: Aurora MazzucchelliColor: White, Yellow and Red Inspiration Image: Mazzucchelli FamilyStyling: Dan Lev e Ilit Engel

Chef: Giancarlo Morelli Color: YellowInspiration Image: Giancarlo Morelli Styling: Dan Lev e Ilit Engel

Chef: Davide OldaniColor: YellowInspiration Image: Maurizio GalimbertiStyling: Dan Lev e Ilit Engel

Chef: Fausto Oneto, aka U Giancu Color: Rainbow Colors Inspiration Image: Dan Lev Styling: Dan Lev e Ilit Engel

Chef: Emanuele PolliniColor: BrownInspiration Image: Alda MeriniStyling: Emanuele Pollini

Chef: Luigi Taglienti Color: Black and WhiteInspiration Image: Manuela VanniInspiration Song: Crรชuza de mรค by Fabrizio De AndrรฉStyling: Luigi Taglienti

Israeli & Ita lian Chefs

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It is relevant for our discourse to start from the biblical pas-sage, that lets us understand how food has always been

an essential part of a land where the cultural tradition is based on the observance of principles, and many of them concern food like bread and wine. Independently from the rules that move Juda-ism, Israel project itself as a na-tion whose contemporary spirit is nurtured also with the awareness of its heritage, a food is undoubt-edly part of it.We start with this reflections our investigations of some interna-tional examples of creative prac-tices in the relationship between art and food, with artists using food in different ways: we real-ized that, in some cases, it is very difficult to recognize a rigid dis-tinction between the single disci-plines. After all, today we speak very often about food design, and chefs are considered as artists, as shown by the recent shoot-ing with Carlo Cracco, realized within a series of events dedi-cated to the connection between design and food in Italy and in

Israel (#ITALY#FOOD#DESIGN, Tel Aviv-Holon march 2015). In 2007 the Spanish chef Ferran Adriร  was the first chef invited to participate to Documenta12, and probably he was thinking of the Manifesto of Futurist Cooking (1930), with all its anticipations.Firs of all, food is a con-vivial experience and many artists have exploited this peculiarity. Letโ€™s think to Felix Gonzalez-Torres. The Cu-ban artist, died almost twenty years ago, devel-oped a research focused on a public-private concept that involves the viewer, making available for him piles of candies, chocolates and chewing gums (Untitled, Placebo, 1991; Untitled, Placebo - Landscape - for Roni, 1993). The artist of-fered in this way the artwork to the public as a โ€œconvivial giftโ€, as Nicolas Bourriaud defined it [Es-thรฉtique relationelle, 1998]: the

priority is in the relation with the public manifested through the re-action. We find the relational at-titude also in the work of the Ar-gentinian artist Rirkrit Tiravanija, who describes his installations as โ€œsharing platformsโ€: his perfor-mances are soups cooked inside

museums and galleries all over the world.

And this approach characterize also the works of the Italian Ga-briella Cian-cimino: the food becomes

the platform of a dialogue with

the other, through the sharing of cook-

ing and the exchange of recipes. She realized a relevant performance in this sense at the American Academy in Rome in 2009: There were a man from Palermo, a man from Rome and an American; the third said to the others: โ€œTell me your food and I will tell you who you are!โ€.Talking about the convivial expe-rience, we recall Piero Manzoniโ€™s

historic performance, Consump-tion of the Art (June 21, 1960): af-ter having signed with his finger some hard-boiled eggs, the artist offered them to the viewer who entered in conceptual commun-ion with the work.During the 1960s, we have to mention obviously the Pop Art, that succeeded in removing from food its primary role and mak-ing it become only a commercial good, symbol of consumerism: Andy Warhol, with his iconic Campbell Soup cans, and Claes Oldenburg, with his monumen-tal sculptures of pies, ice-creams and hot dogs, ironic symbols of the over-fed American society. In Dรผsseldorf, we remember the restaurant that Daniel Spoerri opened in 1968, coining the term โ€œEat Artโ€.But we all know that food can also become an obsession: the body ingesting, slowly or raven-ously, becomes subject and ob-ject, mean of expression and rep-resentation of the discomfort of an existential condition. Marina Abramovic in her video The On-ion (1995) is portrayed in close-up

First of all, food is a convivial experience and many artists have

exploited this peculiarity. Letโ€™s think to Felix Gonzalez-Torres

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ART AND FOOD A LOVE STORY

while she is eating a raw onion, symbol of the pain and suffering of life. In the work The Book of Food by Vanessa Beecroft, today among the protagonist of the Italian Pavil-ion curated by Vincenzo Trione, the artist took note of the meal eaten every day. Ten years after, Beecroft realizes VB52, setting in the Castle of Rivoli a seven-hour performance that shows fashionโ€™s and foodโ€™s fetishism. The mod-els, impassive in the fixed pose, were seaten alongside with ladies of the Piedmontese aristocracy: half-naked around a long crystal table, they took part to a banquet characterized by the color of the dishes. In this case, the food be-comes blank: its distribution and the rigid tone of its colors make it plastic and unnatural, but cer-tainly beautiful and very glamour.Speaking about the Venice Bi-ennale, Michelangelo Pistoletto presented the project Love Dif-ference-Artistic Movement for an Inter-Mediterranean Politics at the 51st edition: the recipe of an ice-cream with the taste of halva, the sesame paste diffused in the

Middle-East countries and in the Balkans, is shared with the logic of free knowledge.The relationship between art and food, in design, fashion, cinema and many other aspect, is sum-marized in the exhibition curated by German Celant at the Milan Triennale, that opened in april as the first of-ficial Expo event. Arts&foods, set by Italo Rotaโ€™s studio, is a gi-gantic show on seven thou-sand square meters present-ing hundreds of artworks, from the Marcel Duchampโ€™s cases to the Frank Gehryโ€™s fishes, in different artistic practices connected to food from XIXth century until today. Always in Milan, Giuseppe Stam-poneโ€™s solo show at the Prome-teo Gallery of Ida Pisani, entitled Emigration Made Pavilion 148 (until June) deliberately coincides with Expo and is conceived as the 148th pavilion of the interna-

tional exhibition. With the ironic and playful mode of his work, Stampone investigate the theme of the โ€œstrangerโ€: in particular, in the pen drawing portraying the famous autarchic poster by Gi-acinto Mondaini with the child that holds the bread with a fear-

ful look and the phrase โ€œDo not take away

the bread to our workersโ€™ chil-dren. Buy Ital-ian productsโ€. S t a m p o n e replicates the poster in differ-

ent languages changing also the

somatic aspect of the little girl, depending on

the nationality. So, these workers become the symbol of protection-ist strategies originating in the Fascist advertising, that we find again today in the idea of a socio-political border and of multiple levels of control implied by it.Bread is interpreted in an op-posed way by the Israeli artist Shahar Marcus, who concludes

this overview. His means are organic materials as pasta and bread, perishable products that symbolically indicate the nature of art and life, a metaphor of the human primary need.Waiting to find Marcus in septem-ber at the Expo Israeli Pavilion, with a site-specific installation that will employ thousands of loafs, we can see the video Sabich (2006), able to summarize with irony the local food culture. Mar-cus documents in a performative action the preparation of an enor-mous portion of a typical Israeli street food: on a gigantic bread that lies on the floor, the artist makes a series of gestures that recall Jackson Pollockโ€™s action painting. The sauces substitute the paint and the process of ab-stract expressionism becomes a vernacular physical activity. This humorous artwork undermines the classical image of the artist, and in a totally absurd way blurs the distinction between creative process and daily experience. As Marcus says: โ€œFood allows me to turn perishable substance into immortal artโ€.

Bread is interpreted in an opposed way by the Israeli artist Shahar Marcus, who concludes

this overview

โ€œA land flowing with milk and honeyโ€, this is the biblical description, and we must not consider it only as a metaphor. A study of the Jerusalem Hebrew University has found the first apiary found in an archaeological excavation in the ancient Middle East, able to produce half a tonne in a year during the biblical period, in the land of Israel. This is the story of a convivial experience that conquered art.

ARTFOOD: EVOLUTION IN ISRAELI ART AND IN KOSHER FOOD. MUTATION AND TRANSFORMATION OBSERVED FROM TWO POINTS OF VIEW Heraclitusโ€™ enlightening prophecy, โ€œeverything moves and nothing staysโ€, has been perfectly chewed and digested by contemporary art. Can we โ€œplantโ€ the panta rei anagram in order to find the continuous change, becoming, evolution? If before we saw only a pipe, Magritte bypassed the obstacle stating: โ€œThis is not a pipeโ€. Change is evolution. But it i salso another type of change, more immediate and superficial: the artwork changing in front of the viewer. All you have to do is to invert the order of the factors, and the artistic result is always the same: if the viewer is moving, also a simple sculpture reveals its hidden parts. And a painting hanging on the wall? During the 1950s Yacoov Agam, an Israeli artist who lived in Paris, realizes his first artworks mutating their form and color in front of the public. The object is static, while the different angles of the look change its perception. The geometric figures are fragments painted on vertical strips, mounted on the background with an angle of 60 degrees. On the left we see an image, on the righ another, with a kaleidoscopic continuity. Developing his technique, Aram succeeded in making even flatter the paintingโ€™s surface with his Agamographies, lens print on plastic that continue to present different image in conjunction with the angle of perception. The same transparencies invite to taste the Tiramisรน rivisitato alla fragola con sorbetto alle fragoline di bosco of the Italian Simone Zanoni, an astonishing chef at Versaillesโ€™ Trianon Palace, honored with two Michelin stars, who opened also Rafael in the XVII arrondissement of Paris: this is the first kosher restaurant oriented towards the haute cuisine (http://lerafael.fr/). From Agamโ€™s A to Zanoniโ€™s Z the step is really short: both in Paris, both expressions of a culture and of a continuous movement, with the allusions and illusions that kosher eyes and palate love to share.

Carlo and Aldo Spinelli

Shahar Marcus, Sabich, 2006, video

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You are a polyhedric art-ist, your work is mainly a pictorial one, but you create also monumen-

tal installations, sculptures, vid-eos. What will you present in this occasion? Which is the way you have chosen to represent Is-rael?The idea came out of my interest for objects, for finding objects. An exhibition made only of painting would not fit perfectly the pavil-ion. First of all, I had to face the modernist architecture, similar to that of many Israeli buildings from the beginning of the 1950s. Somehow this was the first chal-lenge: trying to understand what I could do in this occasion, raising the pavilionโ€™s potential and mak-ing it more appropriate to this situation. I decided to create a combination of sculpture, paint-ing and architecture, builiding a relationship between the whole pavilion and the gigantic external installation that totally absorbs the building and that iteracts with

the internal space.This idea comes from past expe-riences where I confronted the local architecture, as for exam-ple in Jerusalem, Haifa, Berlin, New York. But here it is the first time that I realize a site spe-cific installation in the outside and in the inside, creating a sort of defense territory, a ref-uge. The anxie-ty of isolation is a typical Israeli one.

So, did you choose not to interact with the pavilionโ€™s structure? I have the feeling that you worked on the re-planning of the space, deregulating the materials and the forms? No, on the contrary: I interacted with the pavilion changing its aspect, creating a new space, covering walls and building new

ones. A new architecture. All of this comes from Israel: the bricks, typical modules of the lo-cal buildings, that I didnโ€™t paint and alter in any way. So, I created a completely square space in the

inside, the ideal situation for my installations.

The pavilion is articulated in some huge paintings that function as an introduction to the monu-

mental, wall i n s t a l l a t i o n s .

The objects are the real protagonists.

These are found objects, accumulated in an apparently chaotic but well studied hoard: they tell the history of a country, a way of life, and are recogniz-able simulacra of a shared nar-rative. Which is the relationship between the objects and the sto-ries they represent?

I realized a sort of warehouse, full of gathered objects. This is also a typical Israeli concept: if you walk in the streets of Tel Aviv, you realized that there are a lot of entries that contain objects. Of-ten these are high storages, under the roof; they are called Boydem, a term derived from Yiddish, I think. Here I recreate precisely an Israeli depot, where all the objects are gathered in the lower floor, and you can see the inside through the glass. We realized it in the most authentic way, faith-ful to reality. The exhibition is a mix of many things: I used the Lattices that used to be minimal and empty, if you remember the MACRO show, and now are full of stuff, are stor-ages of abandoned objects. A part of the space is set up with 64 new or second-hand windows, some of them painted. They also re-flect very much the architecture of Tel Aviv and of Israel; they are the typical plastic or aluminum windows, simple and useful, ab-

I interacted with the pavilion changing its

aspect, creating a new space, covering walls and

building new ones

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We announced the news on Artribune after his nomination: Tsibi Geva represents Israel at the Art Biennale 2015. His brother had the same honor with the 1993โ€™s national pavilion. A unique case in the history of Venice Biennale: two brothers invited to represent their country in twenty years. We met Tsibi Geva in Venice

solutely unfashionable. And they represent very well what we call โ€œspontaneous-vernacular archi-tectureโ€, realized not by profes-sionals but by people who find objects and use or reuse them. Also in this case I built every-thing by myself, in my studio in Yaffo: during three-month work, I measured every single piece, comparing it with the pavilionโ€™s walls, and combining all the el-ements. The paintings in the exhibition were chosen because they also speak the vernacular language: every work is made of different parts that come from diverse sources and moments, and that I afterwards assembled together.

I find very interesting the fact that the objects are contained within the Lattices, iron gratings with different patterns that we saw already in the past. The grid is a recurring element in your work, represented in paintings and in three-dimensional pieces.

It is the symbol of the modern-ist ambition in the field of visual arts, as Rosalind Krauss stated in a famous 1978 essay. What is the grid from your point of view? As any other pattern, the grid is a form that structures itself on division and on organization; it is an empty space (horror vacui) systematized by a linear division. It r e p r e s e n t s the modernist value of flat-ness opposed to perspective and depth. I use the grid and the other pattern as means for representing the idea of territory, as exemplary and ideological methods through which we are able to perceive a specific space, as it is shown in the Lattice video.In this sense, my research con-siders the grid a method of or-

ganization of the abstract tra-dition; at the same time, I see the grid in its political mean-ing: the network, the enclosure, the block. Forms that represent the reclusion and the inability

of moving towards and within a determined

space. Tell me again about the ob-jects. You said to me that all the materials come from Is-

rael: why? You could have found

the same things also in Italy.

It is very important that every-thing comes from Israel because we are talking about a typical Israeli mentality. Besides, I meta-phorically represent the instinct of keeping everything because there was a moment when we didnโ€™t have much, or we had

nothing, and so it is better not to throw anything, it is better that somewhere there is this stuff. What I made was taking the ob-jects that I found and that we donโ€™t need, what we do not want to see, what we remove and deny, and putting them in plain view, in front of the public. In this sense, my work is an archaelogy of the present, of what exists today, what we use every day, visible everywhere.

Speaking of which, it is interest-ing that the pavilionโ€™s title Ar-cheology of the Present seems to introduce the theme chosen by Okwui Enwezor All the Worldโ€™s Futures, about past and present and a global view of the future. Do you want to tell something more about it?Archeology of he Present is a paradoxical title, an oxymoron. Archaeology is the past, but in this case the term alludes to the catastrophic situation of the pre-sent, that can be considered as

I metaphorically represent the instinct

of keeping everything because there was a

moment when we didnโ€™t have much

Tsibi Geva Shutter W

all, 2015, wood, alum

inum, plastic, glass, canvas, plaster, tin, Form

ica, installation view,ph. E

lad Sarig

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an archaelogical tomb. The title describes also an anthropologi-cal conception of the objects as witnesses of an age, of a political or mental situation. My project is structured arount to different modes of work: the attempt of creating an order, and of high-lighting the whirl, the erosion and the collapse of the structures and of the means that merge one each other.

Do you face in this project the issues that you develop in your work, like the dialogue between the Israeli and the Palestinian people, and the cultural identity? I believe that it is there, in some way. You can find the typical ob-jects of the Palestinian society, and there are Arab terms that rep-resent some works. For the installation and for every part of it, I used blocks, wooden pieces, reused objects; I impro-vised, representing that sense of instability and anxiety that is typical of our daily existence. And

that somehow reflects the Middle East situation.The Israeli Pavilion at the Bien-nial was often represented in the last years by videoartists, like for example Michal Rovner, Guy Ben-Ner, Sigalit Landau, Gilat Ratman in the last edi-tion. Why a painter was chosen this year, in your opinion?There were not always videoartists, although this form of art is very cutting-edge now, especially in Israel. I can say that this yearโ€™s choise was made by a commission of five people, artists and curators. As you know, every year the stand-ards and the direction change: this time an announcement was published on an art magazine and everyone could participate; I

think that there were 68 propos-als. Obviously, I am very happy with the result. Anyway, I pre-sent also a video, Lattice: I used it as an essential part of the in-stallation, that fits perfectly with

it. The video was shooted in 2003 in the center of

Yaffo, and portrays the daily life in a

mixed zone of Jews and Ar-abs from the terrace of the building where the

that hosted the exhibition had

its seat.

Do you have a gallery at the moment?

No, I do not work with any gallery at the moment: it is my choice, because I want flexibility and I do not want to be in commercial situation; I want to be completely independent. I worked for more than fifteen years with Annina

Nosei, then she closed her gallery and we remained good friends. I prefer to work with museums, especially after my solo show at the Tel Aviv Museum in 2008, fol-lowed by the Ashdod Museum, the American University Muse-um in Washington, the MACRO in Rome etc.I exhibited my work in many mu-seums and alternative spaces, and this is my way of being independ-ent. I have to admit that I like to work with galleries, especially in Israel, but for me it is very impor-tant to move and react to specific situations or places and not being managed by a commercial idea. I am critical towards what is hap-pening today in the art market: I think that it is very problematic, and it will worsen; the market controls art and most of all it con-trols its essence, especially the young artists, which are oriented towards an artistic direction de-termined by what the market thinks or wants. And this is a very bad situation.

There were not always videoartists,

although this form of art is very cuttingedge now,

especially in Israel.

TSIBI GEVABorn in 1951 in the Ein Shemer kibbutz, son of the famous ar-chitect Cuba Geber, since 1989 Tsibi Geva is an art teacher at the University of Haifa and at the Department of Art of the Beit Berl College. Geva was chosen by the Selection Committee of the Ministry of Culture of Israel, composed by Amnon Barzel (president), Philip Rantzer, Dalia Levin, Dalia Manor and Joseph Berger. Among the motivations of this choice, his thirty-year ca-reer (the Tel Aviv Museum dedi-cated a huge retrospective to him in 2008), and his attention to the theme of the cultural identity. The pavilionโ€™s curator is the tal-ented Hadas Maor, born in 1968, who signed the following article deepening Gevaโ€™s work and the pavilion entitled Archeology of the Present.The famous architecture by Zeev Rechter built in 1952, then modi-fied by Fredrik Fogh in 1966, is completely absorbed from the outside by an installation formed by hundreds of tires, while inside it is a revelation in the concep-tion of a sculpture that crosses the space. If the space has the concrete solidity of things, the in-stallation penetrates it: the three ambients of the pavilion, and the stairs that connect them, acquire a real consistency thanks to the artworks that allow the pass through physical and imaginary grids.

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Archeology of the Pre-sent, Tsibi Gevaโ€™s project for the Israeli pavilion at the 56th In-

ternational Art Exhibition โ€“ la Biennale di Venezia, is a new, site-specific installation encom-passing the thematic and formal characteristics that have come to define Gevaโ€™s work over time. The project extends over the ex-terior of the pavilion as well as in its interior, destabilizing famil-iar divisions between inside and outside, the functional and the representational, high and low, abandoned, found, and modi-fied elements. Gevaโ€™s work raises self-reflexive artistic concerns and epistemological questions, as well as political and cultural questions pertaining to locality and immigration, hybrid identi-ties, existential anxiety, ephem-erality, and existence in an age of instability. The viewerโ€™s inter-action with the project begins while approaching the pavilion, which is entirely enveloped by

hundreds of used black tires. Tightly bound to each other with cable ties and other improve sed means, the tires form a thorny, prickly protective layer of sorts that both absorbs and repels contact. The pulsating pat-tern created by the tire walls is formed by an interplay between mate-rial presence and absence, and the en-tire structure is transformed into a sculptural event on a scale that exceeds famil-iar dimensions, disturb-ing the visual and subjective experience of the viewer. Even as one approaches the structure, it remains difficult to determine whether it is a solid, impenetra-ble block or a hollow container โ€“ an interior that can be observed and perhaps even entered.The tire walls enveloping the

pavilionโ€™s exterior make use of a common everyday object to create an environment charged with layered spatial possibilities: they allude to the political con-text, in which a tire may func-

tion as a protective object capable of absorbing

shocks while also constituting a sign of protest and serving as an impro-vised, read-ily accessible

weapon; at the same time, they

also relate to the installationโ€™s architectural

and artistic context. These used tires, which are impregnated with a distinct odor, form an organized network of holes imbued with a protective potential, while simultaneously attesting to a state of danger, constituting a powerful material presence, and communicating

a charged, urgent visual and po-litical statement. Over the years, Geva has created various instal-lations based on the use of tires, but these were always exhibited in closed, interior spaces. In this case, the displacement of the artistic action from the interior to the buildingโ€™s exterior walls transforms the entire pavilion into a sculptural object. This strategy enhances the architec-tural dimension of the work and the sculptural power stemming from it, while producing a decep-tive spatial and conceptual vac-illation between the real and its semblance, between an alleged origin and the tribute or fabrica-tion presented by the work. The enclosure of the pavilion through the construction of block walls overlain by tires creates a series of undefined, intermediate spaces that can only be perceived from within the building. These are enclosed storage spaces that may be viewed as tributes to, or echoes of, the typical Israeli boi-

The project extends over the exterior of the pavilion as well as in its

interior, destabilizing familiar divisions between inside

and outside

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TSIBI GEVA ARCHEOLOGY OF THE PRESENT Hadas Maor, Curator of the Israeli Pavilion at the 56th International Art Exhibition - la Biennale di Venezia, presents the project of the artist Tsibi Geva. Entitled Archeology of the Present is a new, site specific installation encompassing the thematic and formal characteristics that have come to define Gevaโ€™s work over time.

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dem (the Yiddish word for attic or crawl space) โ€“ a relatively in-accessible domestic space locat-ed in an attic, under the roof, or in a niche within an apartment, and used to store old or rarely used objects. Up until the 1980s, every Israeli apartment included a boidem located in an overhead space in the corridor or kitchen.In the context of the current in-stallation at the pavilion, these intermediate spaces function as storage spaces for subjective awareness and memory. They are filled with an accumulation of doors, shutters, metal lattices, wooden boards, flattened card-board boxes, found and aban-doned objects, artworks, furni-ture items, personal souvenirs, and more. The presence of these spaces facilitates a process of ac-cumulation that results in excess and in the entanglement of func-tional, circumstantial, emotional, and existential concerns. They operate within the pavilion like a back yard of sorts, where eve-rything that has been repressed and denied is cast away, only to resurface over and over again. Across from these storage spaces, facing the entrance to the pavil-

ion, is a long block wall made entirely of gray cement blocks, a common construction material in Israel. This wall, which is char-acterized by a patterned, repeti-tive structure, constitutes an ad-ditional layer of circumscribing, separating and blocking. Extend-ing above it is a large wall of win-dows overlooking the back of the pavilion, which reveals the interior side of the tire wall envel-oping the build-ingโ€™s exterior. This invasion of the interior by the exte-rior, which be-comes evident the moment one enters the pavil-ion, ruptures and fragments the a-temporal illusion of self-enclosure created by the white cube. Moreover, the windows overlooking the tire wall are ordered within a re-petitive metal grid. This Western, modernist, Mondrian-like pattern seems to overlay the disrupted, rounded, softened grid of the tire wall, so that they are visually in-

tegrated into one another in an almost inextricable manner. As the viewer transitions to the pavilionโ€™s intermediate level, he comes upon a tall, long shutter wall covered entirely by closed shutters and opaque panels made of various materials, which come together to form a mosaic of sorts. The wall is present in

the space as a represen-tation of vernacular

architecture1 โ€“ unrestrained, urgent, im-mediate, and above all cir-cumstantial. This palpably material en-

tity rises from floor to ceiling

โ€“ overlooking the space, overflowing

onto the adjacent wall, and constituting a gigantic partition that bespeaks its own potential invasion or penetration. The wallโ€™s surface constitutes a mes-merizing topographical expanse that playfully engages with the pattern of the grid while com-bining, in an entirely non-hierar-chical manner, found, new, old,

painted, and modified shutters, opaque windows, stretches of fabric, and more. The shutters are arranged so that the viewer is ob-serving their closed, exterior side, which is usually oriented towards the public sphere, while creating a deceptive vacillation between painting and sculpture, interior and exterior, front and back. The installation disrupts the relations between the different elements constituting the wall and their categorical status in the world, while creating a powerful impres-sion of an insurmountable obsta-cle, a powerful and total impasse. On the pavilionโ€™s upper level, the viewer comes upon a large lattice installation. In contrast to Gevaโ€™s early installations, where the lat-tices were arranged in long rows with no exits, like cold, threat-ening, empty cages, here they contain various objects โ€“ empty flower pots, mattresses, used furniture items, old television sets, and more. This installation imitates a conventional logic employed in the Israeli urban sphere, where lattices serve as an improvised, minor extension of the interior, a temporary stor-age space where necessary and

This Western, modernist,

Mondrian-like pattern seems to overlay the disrupted, rounded, softened grid of the

tire wall

Tsibi Geva, T

ire Walls, 2015, T

ires, cable ties, found materials, ph. E

lad Sarig

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unnecessary objects are piled up indiscriminately.Gevaโ€™s work is based on differ-ent types of obstructions, which always contain gaps and holes through which the gaze can pen-etrate, but the body cannot pass. The layout of the project within the pavilion space creates sharp transitions between experiences of blockage, discomfort, and spa-tial ambiguity and between in-timate, poetic moments, so that fragility and crudeness, lyricism and violence, are inextricably intertwined. The installationโ€™s different focal points create en-claves that offer support for the overwhelming anxieties arising from within. These enclaves pro-vide a semblance of protection, which is in fact nothing but an il-lusion: The tire walls are incapa-ble of offering protection against an actual attack; the spaces on the entrance level offer only a tempo-rary refuge or hiding space; the displaced lattices no longer serve to expand an interior space or of-fer protection, but rather consti-tute an obstruction in space that

cages in their contents; and the shutter wall embodies the poten-tial of penetration.The keffiyeh, terrazzo tile, win-dow, shutter, lattice, and block wall are all accepted signifiers that serve to create a separation between the private and pub-lic spheres, interior and exte-rior, concealment and exposure, while partaking of a vo-cabulary of concepts and elements that have popu-lated Gevaโ€™s work over the years. At the same time, their pres-ence in this specific project is โ€“ as it has in fact always been โ€“ fragmentary. They are present as bits and pieces of a home that no longer exists, or which may potentially come into existence in the future, yet not as the vestiges of an actual, concrete house. The concept of home, which repeatedly resurfaces in

Gevaโ€™s work over the years, thus remains, in the end, a locus of distilled longing; an unrealized dream about a coherent, unques-tioned identity.Geva is a political artist in the deepest sense of this term. The political dimension of his work, however, is cumulative; it is re-vealed and understood in the

process of observing the works and becoming

acquainted with them โ€“ rather than striking one directly, in one instant. Although his approach to

painting is fundamentally

conceptual, the works them-selves are im-bued with a

surprisingly expressive charge, and his entire work process is predicated upon the creation of a dialectical tension between contrasts and the combination of different arenas of discourse and

action. This combination always attempts to remain hybrid, am-biguous, multicultural and non-uniform, and simultaneously opens up onto artistic questions as well as cultural and political ones. His work involves the col-lection of signs in the world, and he can even be described as op-erating in the space between ar-cheology, anthropology, and art. Yet he does not gather informa-tion about a distant and foreign other. The forms and objects present in his work partake of a lived, highly specific, imme-diate reality, while attesting to the catastrophic dimension that suffuses it. His work is pervaded by the impossible complexity of Israeli-Palestinian existence in this place, and is imbued with a painful, sober and harsh aware-ness. It strives to deconstruct the fundamental concepts of place, culture, and identity that shape our life and actions, and to touch upon the most sensitive question of all: the question of this placeโ€™s belonging to its inhabitants, to both Palestinians and Israelis.

Geva is a political artist in the deepest

sense of this term. The political dimension of his work, however, is

cumulative

1. Vernacular architecture is characterized by an absence of planning and by the use of local materials and traditional technologies to create buildings that tend to evolve over time, in a manner reflective of the surrounding environment, culture, and history.

* The full text by Hadas Maor, titled โ€œVernacular Art,โ€ appears in the exhibition cata-logue Tsibi Geva: Archeology of the Present, and can be downloaded at israelipavilion2015.tsibigeva.com

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ART SPACES IN ISRAEL A VIBRANT SCENE FOR A YOUNG NATIONIsrael, a young nation with a very ancient tradition, was able to project itself on the international scenario during the last years as an extremely dynamic reality, forge of artistic and creative ideas, able to orient itself with decision towards the future and to connect the visual research with the fields of innovation and cultural industries.

Tel Aviv, with its sur-roundings, is naturally the fulcrum and the center of this drive, with

more than 150 art places among galleries, museums, foundations and non-profit spaces. The most important of them is the famous Tel Aviv Museum of Art, opened in 1932 and hosted in the current building from 1971; the museum includes also a space in the heart of the city, the Helena Rubinstein Pavilion for Contemporary Art, dedicated to temporary exhibi-tions. The spectacular adjacent wing of the TAM (Herta  and Paul  Amir  Building), projected in 2011 by the architect Preston Scott Cohen, hosts a collection of Israeli contemporary art, tempo-rary exhibitions, a photographic selection and the library. Among the summer events, from May 15 to September 5 the museum directed by Suzanne Landau presents the unmissable group show This Place, with 12 pho-tographic journeys through the country and the West Bank real-ized between 2009 and 2013 by Frรฉdรฉric Brenner and other 11 authors invited by him: Wendy Ewald, Martin Kollar, Josef Koudelka, Jungjin Lee, Gilles Peress, Fazal Sheikh, Stephen Shore, Rosalind Fox Solomon, Thomas Struth, Jeff Wall e Nick Waplington. The exhibition, por-traying the complexity of these lands, is curated by Charlotte Cotton, chief ot the Photography Department of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. 14 km north of Tel Aviv we find

the Herzliya Museum of Contem-porary Art: opened in 1965 and directed in the last year by Aya Lurie, it is dedicated to Israeli and international contemporary art and focuses on researches able to offer different points of view on the social and political situa-tion. Among the summer shows we recommend Temporary Relo-cation: Art Residency Programs New Exhibitions (May 30-August 15), realized in collaboration with the Kunst im Tunnel Exhibi-tion Space of Dรผsseldorf. Twelve artists (Angela Fette, Christoph Knecht, Sebastian Mejia, Jens Pecho, Leunora Salihu, Alexan-der Wissel, Rafram Chaddad, Uri Gershuni, Nir Harel, Alma Yitzhaky, Barak Ravitz, Gil Yef-man) have been selected for their residencies between 2012 and 2014, in Dรผsseldorf and Tel Aviv, were they lived and work for months. South of Tel Aviv there is the Design Mu-seum Holon that โ€“ together with the Israeli Center for Digi-tal Art (hosting the exhibition A Piece for Two Floors and a Corridor by the sound artist Am-non Wolman until June 27), the Israeli Cartoon Museum, the Holon Institute of Technology and the Holon Mediatheque โ€“ makes of this industrial town with 200.000 residents one of the main places in the whole country

for the spreading of contempo-rary languages as lifestyle and as privileged look on the world. The Petach Tikva Museum of Art is located east of Tel Aviv: opened in 1964 and dedicated to Israeli and international contempo-rary art, when it was reopened in 2004 it enlarged its collection adding artworks by young au-thors. The exhibition program faces a wide range of issues (from Israeli cultural sphere to the global contemporary society), promoting innovative approach-es that represent the curatorial focus for the museumโ€™s director Drorit Gur Arie.Last but not least, the Petach Tikva Museum of Art hosts (until June, 13rd) Agro-Art. Contemporary Agriculture in Israeli Art, curated

by Tali Tamir: ineteen artists including Avital Geva,

Gal Weinstein and Ayelet Zohar

speak about the Israeli-Zionist farming ethos, seen from a contemporary p e r s p e c t i ve

and thinking about how it has

changed in the last decades.

The other important insti-tutional space is the Israel Mu-seum Jerusalem, celebrating this year the fiftieth anniversary of its foundation with a very rich pro-gram of exhibitions and events. Among them, the fascinating 1965 Today (Spertus Gallery, un-til August 29) that reconstructs โ€“

through the work of the curators Mira Lapidot, Aya Miron, Noga Eliash, Shua Ben-Ari and Noam Gal โ€“ the year of the opening and the social, historic and cultural context of Israel in that moment. This is a dive in the freshness and in the creative energy just then, through the imaginary, the artistc scene and the material culture. For the anniversary, the project Rembrandt from Amsterdam to Jerusalem curated Shlomit Stein-berg puts close the early painting of the Dutch artist The Prophet Jeremiah Lamenting the Destruc-tion of Jerusalem to St. Peter in Prison, the masterwork from the museumโ€™s collection (from June 3 to Decembre 5). IMJ presents also A Brief History of Humankind (Bella and Harry Wexner Gallery, May 1-January 2, 2016) curated by Tania Coen-Uzzielli: inspired by Yuval Harariโ€™s best-selling book, the exhibition recalls the odissey of mankind through evo-lution, from prehistory to moder-nity, from the first artifacts to the Theory of Relativity.The Jerusalem Artistsโ€™ House is very active in the city: it occupies the former seat of the Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design, founded in 1906 by the sculp-tor Boris Schatz (that opening is generally considered the birth of contemporary art in Israel), and it is a center totally dedicated to lo-cal and international contempo-rary art, promoting young, mid-career and well-known artists. Among the other events, it hosts the Osnat Mozes Prize for Young Artists every year, the Miron Sima

A dive in the freshness and in

the creative energy just then, through the imaginary, the artistc

scene and the material culture.

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JERUSALEM

UMM EL-FAHEM

EIN-HAROD

HAIFA

KABRI

PETACH TIKVA

TEL AVIV

HERZLIYA

HOLON

ASHDOD

Haifa Musaeum of Arthma.org.il

Gottesman Etching Centerwww.cabriprints.com

Israel Museum Jerusalemwww.imjnet.org.il

Jerusalem Artistsโ€™ House www.art.org.il

Jerusalem Print Workshopwww.jerusalemprintworkshop.org

Umm el-Fahem Galleryumelfahemgallery.org

Museum of Artwww.museumeinharod.org.il

Petach Tikva Museum of Artwww.petachtikvamuseum.com

Herzliya Museum of Contemporary Artwww.herzliyamuseum.co.il

Tel Aviv Museum of Art www.tamuseum.org.il

CCA - Center for Contemporary Artcca.org.il

Artport tlvwww.artportlv.org

Israeli Center for Digital Artwww.digitalartlab.org.il

Ashdod Museum www.ashdodartmuseum.org.il

Visual Arts Award every two year and the Biennale for Drawing in Israel, a national project born in 2001 involving all the public galleries in the center of Jerusa-lem. Among the other museum on the national territory, we can mention: the Haifa Museum of Art, founded in 1951 in on of the most ancient cities of Israel, that from the very beginning assumed the role of an intercultural bridge among Jews, Christians and Mus-lims, the Museum of Bat Yam, lโ€™Ashdod Art Museum-Monart Centre and the Museum of Art Ein Harod.Also the non-profit spaces play an essential role in the evolution of the vibrant national artistic scene, and in its outside projec-tion. Among them, the Centre for Contemporary Art (CCA) of Tel Aviv stands out: opened in 1998 in a small room, it succeeded in changing the contemporary art scene in Israel and it occupies to-day an entire building, with three

exhibition space, an auditorium and an editing-room. It also hosts the Video Archive (with more that 3000 artworks, from 1960 to present days) and produces exhibitions, projects, festival, lectures, performances and events under the direction of Sergio Edelsz-tein. Always in Tel Aviv we find Artport, p r o m o t i n g young con-temporary art with a residency program for Israeli and international art-ist, while the Art Cube op-erates in Jerusalem, with a resi-dency program supported by the Jerusalem Foundation. Finally the Umm El Fahem Gallery, founded in 1996 in the district of Haifa with the aim of establishing a place for meeting and artistic elaboration dedicated to the 50.000 residents

of the area, is a project conceived for one of the poorest territories in Israel, located in the Arab sector of the country, with a high level of unemployment: but during the

last years the city of Umm El Fahem knew a small

economic growth, that led to an in-

crease of atten-tion towards the issues of re-sponsibility, of social welfare and of ecologic

sustainability. The space, born on the initiative

of artists and inhabitants to

bring contemporary art to the city and its residents and to foster the cultural and social exchange be-tween different cultural identities, through exhibitions, conferences, creative workshops, seminars. These activities are supported by the Ministry of Education of the

State of Israel, by the City Council, by various foundations and by citi-zensโ€™ private donations. In conclusion, an important space is set aside to printmak-ing, within Israeli contemporary art scene. As Ronit Sorek, cura-tor of the Israel Museum Jerusa-lemโ€™s Department of Prints and Drawings, says: โ€œThe local artistic printmaking is mainly centered in two workshops: the Jerusalem Print Workshop which has re-cently celebrated its 40th anni-versary, and the Print Workshop in Kibbutz Cabri - the Gottesman Etching Center, established in 1993. Both workshops are run by a professional and skilled team of printers and curators. While the Cabri workshop focuses ex-clusively on intaglio techniques, the Jerusalem workshop produces also silkscreen and woodcut. The workshopsโ€™ curators follow the activity of the Israeli artists and invite some of them each year for a residency.โ€

But during the last years the city of Umm El Fahem knew a small economic

growth, that led to an increase of attention

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The Design Museum Ho-lon (DMH) opened here in 2010: it was the first local exhibition space

dedicated to design in a vertical way and destined from the very beginning to become a place of fertile and inclusive debate. It is a natural center for the creative industryโ€™s community, but it is also willing to broaden its vision to spred its plural vocation in-volving the general public.The country has cultivated a mu-seum establishment interested to design. From its opening in 1973, the Department of Design and Architecture of the Israel Museum in Jerusalem granted a continuous commitment in the field of design, gathering a rel-evant collection of XX century objects โ€“ from furniture to tex-tiles, from ceramics to graphic projects โ€“ and developing in par-allel a research activity focused on the local identity, but also open to tensions and ideas that naturally converge in a small but cosmopolitan country like Is-rael. The same was done, twenty years later, by the Tel Aviv Mu-

seum of Art with its Department of Architecture and Design, al-ways carefully investigating the frontier, often transversal phe-nomenologies between art and design.Nevertheless, soon the lack of an independent institution, re-leased from the currents and the debate animating the artistic identity of the two museums, emerged. The fol-lowing step was the creation of a dedicated in-stitution. The condition sine qua non was the financial support of the Holon City Council, which already devel-oped the Israeli Center for Digital Art, a cultural platform dedicated to the inves-tigation of contemporary art.The Design Museum Holon is first of all a museum of design, and then a museum about de-sign: its iconic building wrapped in the sinuous red strips that de-

limitate its volumed was project-ed by Ron Arad, Israeli archistar living in London. He marked the architecture of this 3200 square meters building with his unique stylistic signature, formally very close to the to some of his most famous furniture projects (for example, the Moroso chairs, or

the Bookworm bookcase made for Kartell).

Since five years, the museum is directed by Galit Gaon, an important reference in the country thanks not

only to a career built on the dou-

ble track of didac-tics and curatorships

(among which the Israeli Cartoon Museum Foundation). As DHMโ€™s Chief Curator, Gaon is very care-ful in promoting initiatives able to widen the experience of de-sign in order to consolidate the public, show after show.With more than twenty exhibi-tions realized, there is not any

field of design that hasnโ€™t been investigated by him: from the ret-rospectives of the great authors of contemporary fashion design, as the one on Yohji Yamamoto and the one on Iris Van Herpen, to the productive scenarios (as โ€œPostfossilโ€ the show about de-sign without petroleum) and to โ€œDecodeโ€, retrospective about the digital experimentations. All this, obviously, without ignoring the tensions and the qualities of the Israeli designโ€™s evolution, as in โ€œOut of the box. Design Made in Israelโ€, or in โ€œDesigners Plus Ten, 42 Israeli Designersโ€. This scenario was recently consoli-dated, and shows a strong dyna-mism. Israel, unlike Italy, does not have a sector industry in the field of furniture, and this inevi-tably favors the development of an interdisciplinary attitudy, deeply oriented towards the con-ceptual research, but apt to ex-periment with new materials in handmade way. Instead, the case of graphics is different, because it is very recognizable in its sign and strongly engaged in having a say on the political scene, be-

The Design Museum Holon is

first of all a museum of design, and then a museum about

design

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tween humour and sarcasm. At the same time, the youth cul-ture is drenched with progress of start-ups: Start up Nation. The story of Israelโ€™s Economic Miracle, the book by Dan Senor and Saul Singer has become an international best-seller and an essential point of reference for marketers and business-men. Trying to un-derstand how the awareness of the role and func-tion of design changed in the country, Galit Gaon says: โ€œThe young people, grewn up with the design, used to the language of art, of fashion, of pr, of the web, of the technological innova-tion, understand very well the importance of design for inno-vation, and that its place is in the Research&Development de-partments and not only on the shopsโ€™ shelves. But for the older generations design is still a syn-

onymous of nice style objects, of a captivating shapeโ€.Gaon guides us towards another discovery: Israel has the largest number of graduates in design for square kilometers, 2.500 last yeat, a high number if we com-pare it to the seven millions of the local population. โ€œThe atten-

tion to design is certainly growing โ€“ Gaon says

โ€“ but we believe that industry does not con-front it as we would like. In the same way, I do not believe

design is recog-nized as a re-

spectable profes-sion โ€“ I doubt for example

that an Israeli mother would suggest to her son to start a designer career โ€“ but it i salso true that more and more people understand how its role is crucial. Design speaks to people, speaks about people, favors the dialogue and a high quality of life for all of usโ€.

Israel has the largest number of

graduates in design for square kilometers, 2.500 last yeat, a high number if we compare it to the seven millions of the

local population.

A museum that is deep-rooted in its a witness and a means focusing on the identity of national design, and at the same time open, at the same time open to register and to anticipate the tensions and the ideas that animate the evolution of the discipline at an international level. The flagship of the institutional offer that Israel built, step by step, in the field of design has the name of Holon, a town south of Tel Aviv.

The Design Museum Holon offers a look behind the scenes with โ€œIN-Possible by Alessiโ€ (curated by Francesca Appiani), a retrospective dedicated to the historic Italian firm.A cure to rehabilitate a heritage apparently doomed to oblivion, a meditative exhibition about the tacit mechanisms that cause the lacking production of the industrial prototypes. The case-study to test what resembles the analysis of a psychic removal is undoubtedly excellent: one of the most long-lived factories in the history of Italian design, Alessi is proud of a deep impact on the imaginary of domesticity and the ability of having entered many homes in Italy and in the world without elitism. The objects from the museum of Omegna, the home town of the Alessi family hosting still today the factories and the contiguous exhibition space, are more that 50 and were selected among many others dating from 1921 to 2012. As Alberto Alessi, President of the firm, remembers, the reasons why a product is denied to enter in the catalogue are various and sometimes imponderable. First of all, there is a productive difficulty, that during the projectsโ€™ development can prove to be insuperable due to the increase of cost. At the same time, also the lack of imagination of the marketing offices plays a key role: they are often prejudiced in evaluating the market and its reception of a daring proposal.The parterre of designers affected by this sinister fate is wide, from Philippe Starck to Zaha Hadid, from Patricia Urquiola to Ronan, from Erwan Bouroullec to Ettore Sottsass. From another point of view, this fact is reassuring: in the field of design, the experience of a refusal is not a prerogative of the young generations but it can happen โ€“ as in life โ€“ also to the global stars.

Until June 6, 2015 www.dmh.org.il

Giulia Zappa

IN-POSSIBLE BY ALESSI

ph

. Yael Pin

cus

Elena Manfredini, Fiori D

arancio, Fruit Bow

l, 2005

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The summer season will be very intense for Isra-el creativity. Indeed, the program of international

events will see Israel as a promo-ter and as the origin of the pro-tagonists which will exhibition their works in other countries.Celebrating the fiftieth anniver-sary of the relationships between Germany and Israel, the Tel Aviv Museum of Art will send for the first time in Europe seventy ma-sterwork from its collections. The Martin Gropius Bau will host until June an exceptional selection of modern artworks, witnesses of a symbolic period of time from the modernityโ€™s peak to present days. The connection between recent past and present is the focus of The Century Mark. Tel Aviv Mu-seum of Art visits Berlin, projected as a thread able to put in contact geographic distances and diffe-rent creativer approaches. The in-tention of the curators, Suzanne

Landau, Ellen Ginton, Irith Hadar and Raz Samira, comes from the desire to cross the physical and temporal borders, in order to compare the ways of making art in different ages. And to genera-te a fascinating dialogue among the masters of modernity and the contempora-ry Israeli artists. L a n g u a g e s with a histo-ricized identi-ty โ€“ painting, sculpture and graphics โ€“ live to-gether with the mo-ving images and the installations by the young Israel authors in the Berlin spa-ces. The great names of modern tradition, from Max Beckmann to Marc Chagall, from Edgar De-gas to Egon Schiele, from Geor-ges Seurat to Pablo Picasso, are put close to the artworks of Yael

Bartana, Guy Ben-Ner, Nevet Yitzhak, Nira Pereg, characteri-zed by a constant attention to the difficult contemporary socio-po-litical atmosphere. Past and pre-

sent establish a non-conflictual and positive dialectic,

replicating the spi-rit of the young

relationship bu-ilt by the two countries that promoted the initiative.In Northern

Europe, Yael Bartana, one of the artists shown

in Berlin, will be the spo-

keperson of Israeli community within The New Human, an exhi-bition project in two chapters, set at Moderna Museet of Malmรถ, in Sweden, until the end of 2016. The first event, with the subtitle You and I in Global Wonderland,

is hosted in the museumโ€™s upper story and explicates the general objective of the exhibition, that proposes a reflection on the sta-tus of human beings in the con-temporary scenario through the videos of the involved artists. The next 18th of October will be the last day to visit a group show with profound political and so-cial implications, that invites its protagonists to stand on the col-lective phenomena of alienation, fear and zealotry widespread in our age, but also to suggest throu-gh their works new forms of en-counter and reconciliation. The ten artists in Malmรถ comprehend, more than Bartana, Adrian Paci, Cao Fei and Loulou Cherinet. The contribution of the Israeli video-maker and photographer is roo-ted in her long research about the issues of identity and memory, strictly connected to her count-ryโ€™s history. Using the filter of ri-tuals and of popular ceremonies,

Yael Bartana, one of the artists shown in Berlin,

will be the spokeperson of Israeli community within

The New Human

ISRAEL CALLS THE WORLDFROM EUROPE TO USA: 2015, A YEAR RICH OF EVENTSIn addition to the excellent presences in the Italian context of Expo 2015 and of the 56th International Art Exhibition of Venice, Israel will be also the protagonist of a vibrant series of exhibitions dedicated to its artists. Among extraordinary loans and group shows inspired to young emerging authors, the second part of the year will highlight the cultural ferment that crosses the Near East.

Rutu M

odan, Hot air B

alloon, private comm

ission, 2003

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the artist identifies in the human being the starting point for a full recovery of awareness and collective conscience. Another more experimental group show involves a young representative of Israeli creativity, Michael Liani, who was selected together with other 49 artists to portray the range of pas-sions, interests, means and appro-aches that enliven the activity of emerging photographers, chosen among the students of 40 global academies. reGeneration (this is the exhibitionโ€™s title) summari-zes its proposal at the Musรฉe de lโ€™Elysรฉe of Lausanne, in Switzer-land, between May and August. In its third edition, the project ori-ginates from the need to describe the great critical sense of the new generations of artists-photographers, an essential value to face the uncertainty of the new millennium, dominated by a widespread conflicts. The young Michael Liani values his belonging and transposes the most fami-liar aspects of it in shoots and videos that resonate as a terse and precise answer to the paradox of war and segregation, apart from the fronts.On the other side of the Ocean, the Museum of Con-

temporary Art (MCA) of Chicago hosts the first, extensive American retrospective of Keren Cytter, until October 4. Born in Tel Aviv but citizen of the world for her education, the artist shows in Chica-go eight videos realized in the last ten years, a new

series of drawings and work connected to performances. The exhibition, organized

by the Kunsthal Charlottenborg of Co-penhagen together with the MCAโ€™s curator Naomi Beckwith, catches the desacrating charachter of Cyt-terโ€™s creative production. Her poe-tics, symbol of an interdisciplinar style and apt to the mix of genres

and expressive forms, indicates a critical use of the cinematographic

medium, that is exploited at the le-ast. The movies, produced with low-fi effects and often shooted in the artistโ€™s apartment, reach

results intentionally close to kitsch, put up daily narratives of love, sex, jealousy that reflect in an exemplary way the atmosphere thanks to unsophi-sticated techniques. Also the actors and the actions tend to increase continuously, fostering ourselves to call into question the narrative conventions of tradi-tional cinema.

Yael Bartana, Inferno, 2013, video still, courtesy of Petzel Gallery, New York; Annet Gelink Gallery, Amsterdam, and Sommer Contemporary Art, Tel Aviv

Past and present establish a non-

conflictual and positive dialectic, replicating

the spirit of the young relationship

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ITALIAN HOMAGES TO ISRAEL2014 ended with the delivery of the Milanโ€™s Seal by the Mayor Giuliano Pisa-pia to the writer David Grossman (Jerusalem, 1954). Grossman, the creator of global best-selling novels, has also always practiced an essay approach to the delicate question of Middle-East conflict. His support to the research of pacific solutions gained the author, together with the deep relationship with the city of Milan, the prestigious recognition.Other two literary event involved Israeli authors, who were rewarded for their creative and social contribution. The writer and politician Yael Dayan (Nahalal, 1939) received the Prize for Peace 2015, established by the Ducci Foundation to promote the cultural and religious dialogue. Yael Dayan distin-guished herself for the great support given to the Israeli-Palestinian peace, opening tables of discussions also with representatives of some interna-tional countries.Literature as means of reflection and knowledge is the focus of the Inter-nazional Prized for Translation, an annual event promoted by the Ministry of Cultural Goods and Activities and of Tourism aimed at diffusing Italian culture in foreign countries. The 2014 edition recognized the commitment of the Editrice Carmel Publishing House, located in Israel. The prize was given for the intense activity of translation of the Divine Comedy, published for the first time in the Israeli context, and for the difficulty of respecting both the Italian fourteenth-century rime and the Hebrew modern language. Also cinema was the protagonist of some important events. The young Na-dav Mishali (Ofakim, 1986) won the prize for the best soundtrack with his short-movie Eishech, Teshukatech - Longing nellโ€™ambito at the Caโ€™ Foscari Short Film Festival 2015, dedicated by the University to the studentsโ€™ cinema and at its fifth edition. The work of Mishali portrays with a contemporary look the effect of millennial religious ritual on current society, focusing on the womanโ€™s figure.The woman was also the center of the twenty-second edition of Sguardi Altrove Film Festival, that this year awarded Ben Zaken by Efrat Corem (Ashkelon, 1979). as best movie in the Nuovi Sguardi section. The film is a delicate portrait of the relationship between a single father and his teenage daughter on the background of the Israeli suburbs.

Arianna Testino

MARCH CHAGALL LOVE AND LIFEThe collection of the Israel Museum Jerusalem a the Chiostro del Bra-mante in RomeThe Israel Museum Jerusalem, celebrating this year its fiftieth anni-versary, has one of the richest and most representative collections of Marc Chagallโ€™s complex and heterogeneous work. This happened thanks also to the deep friendship that tied the artist to the museum, also before its opening. Indeed, Chagall was one of the supporters of the previous institution, the Bezalel National Museum, contributing with generous donation, as his daughter did after.The Chiostro del Bramante hosts the exhibition Marc Chagall. Love and Life, curated by Ronit Sorek, until July 26. 140 artworks are shown, among paintings, watercolors and prints from the Israel Mu-seum, where Sorek is curator of the Department Prints and Drawings. โ€œThe exhibition focuses on the booksโ€™ illustrations: his autobiography Ma Vie, the books by his wife Bella, Gogolโ€™s Dead Souls and La Fon-taineโ€™s Tales โ€“ Ronit Sorek explains โ€“ Through this collection, Chagallโ€™s poetics fully emerges: the great love for hiw wife, nostalgia, life, the love for his mother country and for human beings. These artworks allow us to narrate the life of an artist, but first of all of a man, whose story starts at the beginning of XXth century until the 1980s. This man crossed all the most important events of the period and told them re-maining always faithful to his style: his childhood in Russia, the Jewish culture, the life in Paris, the wars, his life in Berlin, his return to Paris. Chagall is one of those artists which transformed modern artโ€.

Giorgia Calรฒ

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Is your artistic research spe-cifically connected to the tradition and the culture of Israel? If yes, how?

Some of my works are based on iconic images from Israeli culture - symbolic, nostalgic and jaded aspects exist in these images. Even though they are images, their presence in Israeli culture is more virtually symbolic than physical or actual. My work is trying to convert an emotional touch โ€“ meaning the literal ex-pression โ€“ into a physical touch. In other words, it means trying to convert the image from a sym-bolic aspect to a concrete aspect. The attempt is made with the help of synthetic materials (wall to wall carpets, steel wool, pvc, mdf) with the aim of tempting the viewer to touch and thus feel.

Is there any artist (dead or alive) that you consider like a teacher?It is hard for me to point out one particular artist. There is a number of artists whose work I

follow and appreciate with inter-est, and learn from - Bruce Nau-man, Mike Kelley, Paul McCa-rthy, Thomas Shรผtte, Willem de Kooning, Gideon Gechtman, Da-vid Wakstein, David Ginton, Roy Lichtenstein and many others. I think that the primary aspect that intrigues me is the way in which their work is always stronger than the spirit of the times. In truth it stands out to-day on the back-ground of a sense of flood-ing of images, exhibitions and works of art. In my opinion the inspiration I get from them has to do with the totality and loyalty that I experi-ence from their works. An ad-ditional teacher who is very im-portant as far as I am concerned - is experience...

Letโ€™s speak about your โ€œcarpetsโ€. They look like visions from above, but also as camouflages, such as those of the soldiers: itโ€™s just a suggestion, or are there really some thematic connec-

tion, at a sociological and political level?

I think the asso-ciation to the c a m o u f l a g e and the colors of it to the army uniform is correct. In my opinion

this connection comes from the

mapping process of the landscape by

shapes and colors. The reason for the camouflage colors and different shapes that are seen in it, comes from trying to create an illusion of blending into nature of the landscape and the topogra-phy, by sampling and mapping. Meaning the acceptable similar-ity to the camouflage colors flows

from the process of the work.

One of them was displayed in Brasil for the Mercosul Bien-nale. One belongs to the Israel Museum contemporary art col-lection. How โ€“ if this happens โ€“ can change the perception of the work, depending on the geo-graphical context?The work in the Israel Museum is based on an image of Nahalal, a community in the Jezreel Val-ley and an iconic image in Israeli Culture. The community itself was designed by the architect Richard Kauffman in 1921 and it was designed in the shape of a circle. This is also the reason for the passage from an installation to a wall sculpture or floor piece, because the image of Nahalal is acknowledged as a defined shape and is observed as such. For the work for the Mercosul Biennale I took a different approach. Ac-tually in order to emphasize my total alienation to the thematic connection to the place. It had

FOCUS ON THE ARTIST GAL WEINSTEIN

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I think that the primary aspect that

intrigues me is the way in which their work is always stronger than the spirit of the times.

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interested me to approach the work from an angle that would deliberately emphasize more for-mal aspects, and to underline the viewpoint of a stranger. The im-age that I chose depends on the association that I had with the dripping paintings of Jackson Pol-lock and on organic shapes that were part of the area. Although the work was based on concrete images of the landscape, I almost saw in it an abstract painting. In hindsight I could say that a sort of colorfulness that was in the images and shapes of the topog-raphy of the area that were dif-ferent from the shapes of Nahalal or the Jezreel Valley โ€“ developed afterwards to a floor piece with black coffee that grows fields of mildew. In the image that was the starting point to the work for Brasil there were the visual clues to the future works with black coffee.

In your research there is not a privileged medium. You work

without distinction with instal-lation, sculpure, video, etc. So how much the medium is im-portant in your work? Or is it just a tool for something else?The choice of the medium comes from the desire to use the uniqueness from every medium to emphasize a point of view in the work that I want to point out. It is not al-ways planned. S o m e t i m e s something hap-pens in the process of drawing or sculpture that reveals to you the potential of working with video or photog-raphy. However, when I work with video or photography I have the discipline or loyalty of docu-menting the action. I donโ€™t have a preference between the medi-ums, rather ethics of loyalty to the material. Every work is con-

sidered and checked through a number of possibilities and could express itself through different mediums. What is important to me is seeing the whole picture, meaning the wide consistency of

the works and the connec-tion that is built be-

tween them. Look-ing at one work is like looking at a word and miss-ing the mean-ing of the sen-tence.

What is funda-mental for you in

art? What is your biggest

dream?The most important thing for me is trying to stay as curious as possible. For me this is a very important motivation, and, at the same time to try and ex-pand each time the capacity to postpone judgement while I am in the process of work, to be as

much as possible in a playful and ongoing state. I think my dream is not to be afraid of experienc-ing and of postponing as much as possible the prejudice of right or wrong. To try to let time stabilize the ability to see the work. Of course I want very much to ex-hibit my work as much as I can, and to get recognition for it.

You work also with an Italian gallery: what is your opinion on Italian contemporary art?I have been working with the Riccardo Crespi Gallery for three and a half years. I enjoy working with the Gallery and I feel a deep interest on their side in my work and in our relationship. Most of the artists in the Gallery are from different countries so it is hard for me to give a relevant opinion of Italian contemporary art. May-be, I can say intuitively it is a lit-tle similar to the Israeli art scene where there is still a distinction between the international scene and the local scene.

โ€œSome of my works are based on iconic images from Israeli culture - symbolic, nostalgic and jaded aspects exist in these imagesโ€. Our chat with Gal Weinstein, one of the most representative artists of the Israelโ€™s art scene, begins with these words. We met him in Tel Aviv, where he currently lives.

FOCUS ON THE ARTIST GAL WEINSTEIN

For me this is a very important

motivation, as like to expand as at the same

time the capacity to postpone judgement

while I am in the process of work

Coffee Cup, 2014/2015 Coffee and Mold on PVC

- 40 cm ยฉ Plutschow Gallery, Peter Schรคlchli

Courtesy the Artist and Plutschow Gallery

Coffee Cup, 2014/2015 Coffee and Mold on PVC

90 cm ยฉ Plutschow Gallery, Peter Schรคlchli

Courtesy the Artist and Plutschow Gallery

Installation View

, Light Holes, series of N

ight Visions at Plutschow

Gallery

ยฉ Plutschow

Gallery, M

artin Rรผtschi C

ourtesy the Artist and Plutschow

Gallery

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RAPHAEL GAMZOU Ambassador Deputy Director General Head of the Division for Cultural and Scientific Affairs ISRAEL Ministry of Foreign Affairs Sono lieto di presentare questo nuovo progetto editoriale che vede la collabora-zione, ancora una volta, tra Italia e Isra-ele. Artribune, noto free press italiano dedicato allโ€™arte contemporanea nelle sue molteplici sfaccettature che vanno dallโ€™ar-te figurativa al design, dallโ€™architettura al cinema, dalla moda al food, oggi lancia questo nuovo, ambizioso progetto. Si trat-ta della versione israeliana di Artribune che avrร  le stesse modalitร  di distribuzio-ne, impaginazione e taglio dei contenuti della rivista originale, ma con uno sguar-do sullo scenario artistico e creativo israe-liano. Artribune Israel รจ infatti una rivista dโ€™arte e cultura contemporanea che rac-conta la vivacissima scena israeliana, con lโ€™occhio puntato sia su cosa accade nel Paese, sia sulle esperienze che portano la creativitร  israeliana in giro per il mondo. Quale occasione migliore di presentare il numero pilota della rivista se non durante due grandi vetrine di respiro internazio-nale quali lโ€™Expo di Milano e la Biennale di Venezia che ospitano i rispettivi padi-glioni israeliani. In questo modo si dร  avvio a una coopera-zione internazionale che vede il lancio del free press contemporaneamente in Italia e in Israele, nella speranza che questo possa diventare un veicolo fondamentale per la comunicazione della fervida scena culturale che sta vivendo in questo mo-mento il Paese. Per tali ragioni il Ministero degli Affari Esteri israeliano ha sostenuto fin da subi-to il progetto e i suoi ideatori, augurando loro buona fortuna nella realizzazione di questa missione. (pag. 6)

ELAZAR COHENCommissario GeneralePadiglione di IsraeleExpo 2015 MilanoIl Padiglione Israele unisce le piรน avan-zate tecnologie con le tradizioni mille-narie ma anche lo spirito di ricerca e la curiositร  degli israeliani. Il logo stesso del padiglione รจ ispirato alla Preghiera per la Pace e la Giustizia nei canti di Re David (Salmo 85-12) e riflette, attraverso una reinterpretazione grafica della parola veritร  (ืืžืช), i concetti chiave, i colori e lโ€™energia creativa del popolo che ha sapu-to far fiorire il deserto. La veritร  germoglierร  dalla terra e la giustizia si affaccerร  dal cielo. Salmo 85-12 Solo chi cerca e diffonde la veritร , vedrร  il frutto del suo successo. Il concetto di ricerca della veritร  รจ molto radicato nella cultura ebraica e si esprime nello studio della Torah. รˆ proprio grazie ai valori, agli insegnamenti e al metodo di studio dei te-sti sacri che la giovane societร  israeliana ha saputo sempre mettersi in discussione e porre nuove domande sulla realtร  per innovarsi e progredire. รˆ cosรฌ che nasce la Start Up Nation. In ebraico, la parola veritร  (ืชืžื-emet) รจ composta dalla prima lettera dellโ€™alfabeto Alef, da quella centrale Mem e dallโ€™ulti-ma Tav, dando un significato importante allโ€™alfabeto. Ma non รจ lโ€™unico concetto della nostra storia ebraica che ci unisce ai temi dellโ€™Expo. Secondo la tradizione giudaica, ogni sette anni i campi devo-no riposare: non รจ consentito piantare, coltivare, mietere o raccogliere frutti per permettere alla natura di ristabilire i suoi ritmi. La schmita (ื”ื˜ื™ืžืฉ), ovvero lโ€™anno

sabbatico delle terre di Israele che cade proprio questo anno, รจ lโ€™esempio di come la cultura ebraica sia da sempre attenta alla sostenibilitร  agricola. รˆ simbolico che la schmita 2015 coincida con il messaggio responsabile promosso da Expo. Inoltre, ricordiamo come la tradizione agricola ebraica impone di dedicare una porzione di territorio ai margini dei cam-pi ai piรน bisognosi, il concetto di benefi-cenza (Tzdaka) non deve essere fine a se stesso ma strettamente legato alla giusti-zia (Tzedek), la giustizia di una economia e societร  altruista e aperta verso lโ€™esterno. รˆ con questo spirito di condivisione, giu-stizia e veritร  che a Expo 2015 il Ministero degli Affari Esteri e il Governo di Israele mettono a disposizione i frutti della ricer-ca tecnologica e scientifica. Per far germo-gliare i campi di domani e per un futuro migliore. Da Israele al servizio dellโ€™uma-nitร . (pag.7)

GIORGIA CALร’Editor in chief โ€“ Artribune IsraelPresento questo nuovo progetto editoriale firmato Artribune con orgoglio. Un lavoro impegnativo e con lunghi tempi di gesta-zione, se si pensa che il primo incontro in merito tra me e Massimiliano Tonelli risa-le al 2012. Sono passati tre anni da quella prima riunione, il tempo necessario per strutturare al meglio una rivista che vuole parlare di un Paese cosรฌ complesso nella sua dimensione multiculturale e pluridi-sciplinare.Artribune Israel nasce con lโ€™intenzione di dare uno sguardo trasversale sulla grande stagione creativa che sta vivendo il Paese da qualche tempo a questa parte. Lโ€™attesis-sima presentazione dei padiglioni israe-liani per lโ€™Expo e la Biennale di Venezia, le premiazioni che hanno visto eccellere gli israeliani in campi diversi dallโ€™editoria al cinema, le mostre e i grandi eventi or-ganizzati allโ€™estero che hanno permesso di far conoscere artisti e intere collezioni provenienti dai piรน importanti musei del Paese, sono solo alcuni dei temi affron-tati. Si parla, infatti, anche di quello che accade nel territorio, dello straordinario fermento che vede il coinvolgimento di musei, gallerie, spazi non profit e acca-demie, allโ€™interno di un sistema dellโ€™arte capace di presentare e rappresentare la creativitร  israeliana, in tutte le sue forme e sfaccettature. Questa รจ la mission di Artribune Israel, un valido mezzo per conoscere nuove e diverse realtร  creative e culturali, tutto con lo spirito frizzante e uno sguardo at-tento che caratterizza Artribune fin dalla sua nascita. Apre il numero un servizio sul padiglione israeliano allโ€™Expo di Milano 2015. Lโ€™E-sposizione Universale, โ€œluogo di celebra-zione delle merciโ€ come la definรฌ Walter Benjamin, torna in Italia dopo oltre un secolo dalla prima presentazione proprio a Milano nel 1906, con un tema davvero universale come la nutrizione. Per meglio capire progetti e aspettative del padiglio-ne israeliano segue unโ€™intervista al com-missario Elazar Cohen. Sempre attraverso la parola dei protagonisti si parla del padi-glione israeliano alla Biennale di Venezia con unโ€™intervista a Tsibi Geva, a cui segue un articolo firmato dalla curatrice del pa-diglione Hadas Maor. Questi servizi, cosi come quelli che seguo-no, tendono a profilare un ritratto della ricerca israeliana, ponendo lโ€™accento sul-la sua attualitร  storica e sui rapporti che marcano il dialogo con le indagini occi-dentali. In questo senso da non sottovalutare il la-voro di una giovane realtร  come la Fonda-

zione Italia Israele per la Cultura e le Arti, voluta dai Ministeri dei due Paesi, per promuovere lo scambio culturale espres-so nelle loro eccellenze creative. Anche il lavoro del Dipartimento Cultura-le dellโ€™Ambasciata dโ€™Israele in Italia, che insieme al Ministero degli Affari Esteri di Israele ha creduto fin da subito in questo progetto, detiene ormai da anni un ruolo fondamentale per la veicolazione e il dia-logo culturale in tutte le sue sfumature. Stessa cosa vale per lโ€™Ambasciata italiana in Israele che attraverso lโ€™Istituto Italiano di Cultura riesce a portare tutto ciรฒ che di creativo il Belpaese puรฒ offrire. Dunque, i rapporti tra Italia e Israele sono costanti e duraturi al fine di dare risalto allo scambio culturale tra questi due Pa-esi, vicini non solo geograficamente. In questi termini, Artribune Israel si pone allโ€™interno di uno scenario capace di va-lorizzare voci internazionali volte al soste-gno e alla promozione dellโ€™arte contempo-ranea israeliana. (Pag. 8)

MASSIMILIANO TONELLIDirettore di ArtribunePerchรฉ una testata dโ€™arte, cultura e crea-tivitร  ancora, per certi versi, start-up, de-cide di espandersi allโ€™estero in un paese come Israele?Artribune รจ nata ad aprile 2011 e in quat-tro anni si รจ affermata a livello nazionale, in Italia, come caso editoriale piuttosto inedito. Soprattutto grazie alla capacitร  di far bene non solo nel settore di partenza (lโ€™editoria dโ€™arte, diciamo cosรฌ, tradiziona-le), ma anche in ambiti immediatamente confinanti. In questi 48 mesi siamo diven-tati fornitori di contenuto per enti pubblici (la Provincia di Roma), abbiamo realizzato applicazioni per smartphone assieme a grandi mecenati privati (la recente app dedicata alla street art fatta con Toyota), abbiamo lanciato una piattaforma inter-nazionale sulla domanda e lโ€™offerta di lavoro (la trovate su http://jobs.artribune.com), abbiamo pianificato e veicolato i contenuti culturali di una multinaziona-le come GTECH-Lottomatica e abbiamo gestito e disegnato il sito della emittente tv Sky Arte. Abbiamo lavorato con impor-tanti istituti realizzando numeri speciali e progetti editoriali ad hoc. Insomma ci sia-mo dimostrati bravi non solo nel nostro mestiere, ma come partner di comunica-zione a tutto tondo. E lo abbiamo fatto in anni che per lโ€™Italia sono stati e sono di terribile crisi economica. A dispetto di tutto ciรฒ e delle tante da cose da sbrigare nel nostro paese, la necessitร  di espandere il nostro modello fuori dallโ€™Italia รจ sempre stata presente. Perchรฉ Israele? Quale ragionamento ha portato a questo? In primissima battuta lโ€™impegno di Giorgia Calรฒ che ha avuto questa intuizione ormai tre anni fa e che lโ€™ha portata avanti con tenacia, ma immediatamente in seconda battuta lโ€™intenzione della nostra azienda di espandersi internazionalmente in maniera diversa e peculiare rispetto ad altre testate dโ€™arte. Niente Londra, New York o Berlino, insomma: abbiamo deciso fin da subito di orientarci verso mete che avessero alcune specifiche caratteristiche: una grande atti-vitร  creativa, artistica, produttiva; una non altrettanto grande attivitร  editoriale; una relativa vicinanza con lโ€™Italia; una condizio-ne di buona crescita economica. Mettendo insieme tutti questi requisiti, Israele รจ emer-sa come la meta prediletta di una espansio-ne culturale e imprenditoriale del nostro modello e del nostro brand. I contenuti di questo numero zero โ€“ che deve essere letto come una call per tutte le realtร  economiche del paese che vogliano appoggiare i numeri successivi โ€“ lo dimostrano: abbiamo avuto

il privilegio di raccontare un paese che ha pochi eguali in Europa e nel Mediterraneo quanto a fermento creativo. Abbiamo in-tenzione e voglia, da qui in avanti, di farlo periodicamente. Di farlo grazie ad Artribune Israel. E di farlo grazie alla vostra vicinanza. (Pag. 9)

Focus Expo 2015: FIELDS OF TOMORROWDi Daniel ReichelLa carenza dโ€™acqua e di risorse naturali, lโ€™ariditร  del terreno, il caldo, sono alcuni degli ostacoli con cui hanno lottato e lotta-no tuttโ€™ora coltivatori e scienziati israeliani. Ma le avversitร  sono state uno stimolo per trovare delle risposte, per guardare al fu-turo e costruire il progresso, per realizzare i โ€œCampi di domaniโ€ (Fields of tomorrow) come recita il calzante titolo scelto per il Padiglione Israele, paese tra i protagonisti di Milano Expo 2015. Lโ€™intera storia nellโ€™ar-ticolo di Daniel Reichel.โ€œIl deserto e la terra arida gioiranno; il de-serto si rallegrerร  e fiorirร โ€, recita la profe-zia di Isaia. Poche parole che riassumono lโ€™impegno e lโ€™ambizione coltivata dagli agricoltori israeliani nellโ€™arco di decenni: creare la vita in Eretz Israel, anche lad-dove le condizioni climatiche avrebbero suggerito a molti di desistere. La carenza dโ€™acqua e di risorse naturali, lโ€™ariditร  del terreno, il caldo, sono alcuni degli ostaco-li con cui hanno lottato e lottano tuttโ€™ora coltivatori e scienziati israeliani. Ma le av-versitร  sono state uno stimolo per trovare delle risposte, per guardare al futuro e co-struire il progresso, per realizzare i โ€œCam-pi di domaniโ€ (Fields of tomorrow) come recita il calzante titolo scelto per il Padi-glione Israele, paese tra i protagonisti di Milano Expo 2015. Proprio le sue capacitร  di aprire nuove strade nel mondo dellโ€™a-gricoltura, grazie a innovazioni tecnologi-che e una ricerca scientifica costante, รจ il tema al centro del Padiglione israeliano: uno spazio di 2400 metri, ideato dallโ€™ar-chitetto David Knafo e realizzato dal team Avs, in cui si ha un assaggio di come lo Stato ebraico sia diventato uno dei pa-esi piรน allโ€™avanguardia nelle tecniche di coltivazione, nella produzione ecososteni-bile e nel risparmio delle risorse idriche. La presenza israeliana a Expo รจ stata con-cepita per rappresentare โ€œla natura stessa del popolo israeliano, mai rassegnato alla realtร  ma teso a fare tutto il possibile per migliorarlaโ€, ha dichiarato Elazar Cohen, commissario generale israeliano della ras-segna internazionale milanese. E la prima rappresentazione di questo concetto รจ la struttura del padiglione - promosso dal Ministero degli Affari Esteri Israeliano e sponsorizzato dal Keren Kayemeth LeI-srael - Jewish National Fund (KKL-JNF) - il cui fulcro sono i settanta metri (dodici di altezza) del campo verticale: una distesa coltivata dal forte impatto visivo che nel corso dei mesi cambierร  colore, seguendo il ritmo della natura. Questo campo verti-cale, spiega Knafo, โ€œรจ composto da unitร  modulari coltivabili. Ogni modulo contiene un sistema computerizzato di irrigazione a goccia che ottimizza le condizioni di cre-scita delle piante. Grano, riso e mais, ovve-ro le principali risorse alimentari di origine vegetale, cresceranno sul campo verticale creando un mosaico di texture, profumi e colori . Non si tratta solo di unโ€™affascinan-te proposta estetica. Il progetto presenta al visitatore, ampliandolo, il concetto di Vertical Planting, che si sta diffondendo in diverse parti del mondo ma che sulle sponde del Mediterraneo fatica ancora a diffondersi. Si tratta di un metodo di coltu-ra che permette di risparmiare e ottimiz-zare territorio e acqua. โ€œImmaginate un fu-

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turo in cui il cibo puรฒ essere coltivato sulle facciate degli edifici โ€“ ha dichiarato Knafo in una recente intervista a archipanic.com โ€“ la tecnologia del Vertical Planting permetterร  allโ€™architettura di diventare parte attiva nella produzione dellโ€™energia, nel trattamento delle acque grigie (acque domestiche che provengono da docce, vasche da bagno e lavandini), nella puri-ficazione dellโ€™aria allโ€™interno degli edifici, e questi orti saranno costruiti in gran parte con materiali riciclati. Una vita urbana sostenibile incoraggerร  le persone a pro-durre il proprio cibo e a coltivare ortaggi ed erbe nei propri spazi di vitaโ€. Il campo verticale del Padiglione Israele rispecchia quindi pienamente il concetto alla base dellโ€™edizione milanese di Expo, โ€œNutrire il pianeta, energia per la vitaโ€, impronta-to su una ridefinizione della produzione alimentare che sia funzionale per provve-dere alle persone e altrettanto sostenibile per il pianeta. Torniamo al padiglione che trova posto nel cuore di Expo, allโ€™incrocio tra Cardo e Decumano โ€“ arterie principali della gran-de esposizione di Milano -, dove sorge il Padiglione Italia e dove sono state posi-zionate le quattro sinuose sculture di Da-niel Libeskind (ribattezzate Expo Gates o anche Expo Trees e realizzate dal celebre architetto assieme a Siemens). Lo spazio israeliano si trova dunque geografica-mente al centro dellโ€™attenzione ed รจ sud-diviso in quattro aree: nella sala iniziale, di attesa, i visitatori sono intrattenuti da esibizioni che sfruttano la tecnologia per creare, nella definizione di Elazar Cohen, delle magie 2.0. Performance interattive affiancate da video proiettati alle pareti che interagiscono con lo spettatore. Poi, nella prima parte della mostra, si raccon-ta la storia e le vite di tre generazioni di contadini. Un percorso temporale che dimostra come in sole tre generazioni il sogno di David Ben Gurion di far fiorire il deserto del Negev (che copre 13mila dei 22mila chilometri quadrati totali di Israe-le, ovvero piรน della metร  della superficie del Paese), sia diventato un progetto pos-sibile. Tutto grazie a un settore primario in continua evoluzione e che utilizza lโ€™hi-gh tech per attirare le nuove generazioni, come ha spiegato Yoram Kapulnik, di-rettore del Volcani Center, uno dei centri dโ€™avanguardia israeliani in merito allโ€™agri-coltura. Mi-dor le-dor, di generazione in generazio-ne (come recita lโ€™Haggadah di Pesach, il racconto della Pasqua ebraica), vi รจ stato un passaggio di testimone volto a rende-re economicamente ed ecologicamente sostenibile lo sfruttamento delle scarse risorse a disposizione di Israele. Si รจ vo-luto costruire un know-how che ha fatto ad esempio dello Stato ebraico uno dei paesi leader dellโ€™irrigazione a goccia, tecnica che permette di non sprecare lโ€™acqua durante questa delicata fase della coltura e che รจ raccontata allโ€™interno del padiglione. La visita prosegue con un fil-mato ambientato in una foresta piantata dal Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael, organizza-zione ambientalista ebraica fondata nella Palestina mandataria che ha allโ€™attivo la piantumazione di 240milioni di alberi in Israele. โ€œIl KKL โ€“ ricordava Ruggero Gab-bai, presidente della Commissione Expo del Comune di Milano โ€“ ha sponsorizzato metร  del padiglione Israele e 300 suoi de-legati, da diversi paesi del mondo, verran-no a settembre a Milano per visitarloโ€.Terzo passo nel percorso del Padiglione, una grande stanza buia in cui luci proiet-tano nel cielo un campo virtuale e filmati dedicati a quattro progetti allโ€™avanguar-dia, tra cui lโ€™applicazione di tecnologie

digitali e satellitari alla gestione dei campi e un innovativo progetto di irrigazione in Africa. Al gusto รจ dedicato lโ€™ultimo spazio con il ristorante che propone un assaggio dellโ€™eterogenea cucina israeliana, risulta-to delle tante culture e tradizioni delle di-verse immigrazioni ebraiche presenti nel paese (oltre 120 nazionalitร ). Dalla Russia al Marocco, dalla Polonia allโ€™Iran, sono i sapori ad essere protagonisti con uno spa-zio anche per la cucina ebraica italiana. Il Padiglione Israele vuole dunque essere unโ€™esperienza che coinvolge tutti i sensi, dalla vista al gusto, cosรฌ come uno spazio di riflessione per continuare a lavorare e inve-stire nei โ€œCampi di domaniโ€. (Pag. 10 โ€“11)

Focus Expo 2015: FIELDS OF TOMORROWdi Giorgia Calรฒ

โ€œDi solito quando si parla di Israele, le prime notizie che vengono veicolate nei giornali o telegiornali trattano di politica, nelle sue declinazioni negative. Poi vengo-no date informazioni piรน belle come la cul-tura, la tecnologia, il turismo ecc. Ebbene, noi vorremmo cambiare la disposizione di queste notizie. Israele deve essere identifi-cata nelle sue qualitร โ€. Il Padiglione Isra-eliano allโ€™Expo 2015 nelle parole del suo Commissario, Elazar Cohen.

Il titolo del padiglione israeliano รจ โ€œField of Tomorrowโ€, ossia โ€œI campi del doma-niโ€. Perchรฉ รจ stato scelto questo titolo? Questo titolo รจ stato scelto dal gruppo AVS, vincitore dellโ€™appalto di gara per co-struire, disegnare e creare tutti i contenuti del padiglione. Mi piacerebbe raccontarti lโ€™idea che cโ€™รจ dietro a questo titolo. Devi sapere che Israele, vista la sua dimensio-ne e le sue poche risorse naturali, non รจ un fornitore mondiale come puรฒ essere il Canada, la Russia o lโ€™Ucraina. Israele puรฒ sostenere i bisogni della popolazio-ne locale, ma non puรฒ impegnarsi in una esportazione internazionale. Quello che possiamo fare perรฒ รจ fornire al mondo idee ed innovazioni. Possiamo fornire prodotti sotto forma di servizi innovativi che non dipendono dalla terra o dal nu-mero della popolazione, o dalla quantitร  di acqua, ma piuttosto dallโ€™attitudine del popolo israeliano e dai suoi valori, che si possono far risalire a migliaia di anni fa. Una persona mi aveva chiesto di parlare del padiglione dando di Israele lโ€™imma-gine di nazione giovane. Non che lโ€™idea mi fosse dispiaciuta, perรฒ in qualche maniera mi disturbava. Subito dopo mi รจ capitato di vedere la foto di un giova-notto israeliano con talled e tefillin (ogget-ti di preghiera indossati solo da uomini, ndr), mentre prega al Muro del Pianto, e ho pensato โ€œsi tratta di un giovane sotto i 28 anni perรฒ sta usando oggetti che han-no tremila anniโ€. Allora ho capito che รจ esattamente questa lโ€™idea che voglio dare del padiglione e che muove Israele: una nazione che pur essendo giovane non po-trebbe guardare al futuro se non fosse cosรฌ fortemente legata al suo passato, alla sua storia. Solitamente dopo il servizio milita-re i giovani israeliani vogliono viaggiare, fare delle esperienze di vita. Il mondo, il futuro รจ aperto a loro e loro riescono a coglierlo perchรฉ hanno qualcosa alle spal-le: un passato che รจ fatto di storia, studio dei precetti e valori. Quindi, tornando alla tua domanda iniziale, Field of Tomorrow รจ proiettato al futuro, ma quello che vor-remmo dimostrare รจ che questa direzione non comincia adesso, nel presente, ma oltre 3000 anni fa. Questa รจ la nostra idea di โ€œdomaniโ€. La sto-ria รจ essenziale per lo sviluppo del futuro.

Il padiglione, ideato da David Knafo, poggia su 2400 mq. Come si struttura? La forma del padiglione ricalca la geome-tria dello stato dโ€™Israele: lungo e stretto. Knafo ha avuto lโ€™idea di creare un campo verticale di 60 metri che ricopre quasi tutto il padiglione, che ne misura 100. Questo spazio/corridoio รจ stato una sfida architettonica e abbiamo cercato di af-frontare il problema esattamente come capita in Israele, un territorio ridotto in cui bisogna allocare spazio per il turismo, architettura, agricoltura, trasporti ecc. Per risolvere questi problemi di spazio, abbia-mo iniziato a lavorare sulle altezze. Ed รจ esattamente in questa maniera che รจ stato concepito il padiglione: si coltiva in aria liberando lo spazio sotto dedicato ad al-tre attivitร , scandito in tre sale pronte ad accogliere il visitatore. In questa maniera abbiamo sfruttato tutto lo spazio, non solo la superficie ma tutto il volume. Quali messaggi e quali visioni vuole tra-smettere il padiglione? Questo evento secondo lei puรฒ influenzare lโ€™opinione pubblica su Israele? Lei stesso ha affer-mato durante la presentazione del pa-diglione qualche mese fa, che si vuole โ€œmostrare il vero volto di Israele e non quello che appare sui giornaliโ€โ€ฆ Una delle ragioni per cui abbiamo investi-to una somma non marginale per parteci-pare allโ€™Expo รจ quella di mostrare le varie facce di Israele. Vorremmo cambiare lโ€™at-titudine che ha il pubblico nei nostri con-fronti. Di solito quando si parla di Israele, le prime notizie che vengono veicolate nei giornali o telegiornali trattano di po-litica, nelle sue declinazioni negative. Poi vengono date informazioni piรน belle come la cultura, la tecnologia, il turismo ecc. Ebbene, noi vorremmo cambiare la di-sposizione di queste notizie: Israele deve essere identificata nelle sue qualitร . Dun-que il nostro scopo รจ quello di mostrare le molte facce di questo Paese, una nazione che ospita ragazzi di tutto il mondo, carat-terizzata da una popolazione eterogenea composta da diverse etnie e religioni che vivono pacificamente. Ci sono russi, bedu-ini, etiopi, musulmani, cristiani. Insomma bisogna evidenziare il lato cosmopolita e colorato di questa terra. Basti vedere il nuovo logo di Israele. I co-lori usati indicano il dialogo tra Israele e il resto del mondo. Israele non รจ un paese isolato, รจ una parte molto importante di questo mondo, e la sua collaborazione รจ richiesta da molti paesi, in molti settori: agricoli, accademici, scientifici, business. Gli israeliani viaggiano in tutto il mondo, tutto il mondo arriva a visitare Israele, questi sono i nostri obbiettivi, dimostra-re che รจ aperta, โ€œmultifaccialeโ€, liberale, che accoglie tutti, molto avanzata ma con una storia molto antica. Non รจ un bunker nel deserto con i cannoni puntati verso i nemici come qualcuno purtroppo si im-maginaโ€ฆ Nel padiglione, oltre a dare molto spazio allโ€™eco tech, lโ€™agricoltura e la sostenibi-litร , una parte รจ naturalmente dedicata anche al cibo, come richiede il tema dellโ€™Expo. Ci sarร  anche una mostra fo-tografica di Dan Lev โ€œColorfoodโ€โ€ฆNella linea generale vogliamo dimostrare che anche il cibo in Israele รจ qualcosa di avanzato. Il cibo viene generalmente con-siderato tradizionale. Quando si parla di cucina solitamente si pensa alla cucina della mamma e della nonna. Noi abbiamo una cucina di molte โ€œmammeโ€ e โ€œnonneโ€: cโ€™รจ una cucina che proviene dalla Siria, dallโ€™Italia, dal Marocco, dagli USA, ecc. La mostra di Dan Lev interpreta la diversitร 

della cucina israeliana in una modalitร  molto visibile: il colore. Cosรฌ la cucina marocchina รจ gialla, quella italiana รจ ros-sa, quella siriana รจ colorata e via dicendo. Quindi รจ attraverso i vari colori che si pos-sono vedere le varie cucine in Israele. Il padiglione israeliano รจ situato accanto al palazzo Italia, una scelta voluta da voi o assegnata? Quali sono i rapporti con lโ€™Italia? Siamo onorati di essere in un posto cosรฌ centrale, vicino allโ€™Italia. รˆ un grande ono-re ma รจ anche una grande responsabilitร . Per questo vogliamo creare un padiglione con contenuti che siano adatti a questa localizzazione e speriamo che ai nostri vicini italiani piaccia quello che stiamo facendo. La vicinanza tra i due padiglioni rappresenta in una bella maniera lโ€™alline-amento tra Italia e Israele, non solo a livel-lo governativo. Tra Italia e Israele i rappor-ti vanno al di lร  delle istituzioni formali, si tratta di relazioni fra due societร  civili. La dimensione di questi rapporti copre molti settori: accademico, turistico, scientifico e anche politico. Abbiamo firmato un accor-do molto importante quasi 14 anni fa, e siamo molto attivi in vari ambiti. Quindi la prossimitร  fra i due padiglioni riflette la vicinanza fra le due societร . Il titolo dellโ€™Expo 2015 รจ Nutrire il piane-ta, energia per la vita. Un titolo che calza a pennello con la mission che da sempre Israele porta avanti: far germogliare una terra di per sรฉ priva di grandi risorse naturali. Cosa si aspetta dagli altri paesi che partecipano? Secondo me ogni paese interpreta questo tema generale secondo le proprie carat-teristiche. Posso immaginare un paese di dimensioni enormi come il Canada o lโ€™U-craina che nutrono letteralmente il piane-ta con le proprie coltivazioni. Questi casi sono ovviamente diversi rispetto a Israe-le. Israele, date le dimensioni e le scarsitร  dโ€™acqua, ha dovuto far fronte ai bisogni attraverso la tecnologia. In questa maniera abbiamo dato un gran-de peso alle risorse naturali dovendole co-stantemente salvaguardare. Oggi il mon-do comincia a prestare molta attenzione a questo tipo di operazioni. Pensiamo ad esempio allโ€™utilizzo dellโ€™acqua: adesso tut-ti parlano di salvare le risorse idriche e di utilizzarle in maniera intelligente. Noi ne parliamo giร  da tempo. Lโ€™Expo 2015 coincide con la Biennale di Venezia. Come sa questโ€™anno รจ stato scelto Tsibi Geva a rappresentare il pa-diglione israeliano. Dopo tante edizioni dedicate ai videoartisti, torna alla ribalta un pittore/scultore, quindi lโ€™arte chiamia-mola tradizionaleโ€ฆCome rappresenta nei suoi quadri Tsibi Geva, sono convinto che si possa creare un dialogo tra ebrei e palestinesi. Attra-verso i suoi lavori Tsibi riflette la realtร  in Israele, ma in pace. รˆ quello che vogliamo ricreare noi nel padiglione, la realtร  israe-liana che contiene molte diversitร . Un augurio per accompagnare questa nuova sfida?Noi ebrei sefarditi facciamo una preghiera durante le notti fino allโ€™alba, a partire da 49 giorni prima di Yom Kippur (giorno di espiazione per il popolo ebraico, ndr). In una preghiera si dice โ€œSignore nostro che stai nei cieli metti pace nel mondo e porta sazietร โ€. รˆ questo il nostro augurio per il mondo. (Pag. 12-13)

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Focus Expo 2015IL CIBO A COLORIdi Giorgia CalรฒColorfood รจ un progetto artistico ideato dal food photographer israeliano Dan Lev e il Creativity Lab ICPO, ad hoc per il pa-diglione israeliano a Expo Milano 2015. La mostra รจ composta da 34 coppie di fotografie, ciascuna delle quali immortala il piatto di un noto chef (sono complessi-vamente 17 italiani e 17 israeliani) a cui รจ stato chiesto di realizzare unโ€™opera dโ€™ar-te culinaria, partendo da unโ€™immagine e ispirandosi a un colore. Dagli shooting con gli chef, concepiti come veri e propri happening realizzati in Italia e in Israele, Dan Lev restituisce unโ€™idea di cucina che si fonde con lโ€™arte, rivelando somiglianze e differenze tra la cultura e la tradizione dei due Paesi, senza trascurare tutte le fasi di preparazione, dallโ€™ispirazione alla cre-azione, dallโ€™assaggio alla โ€œmise en placeโ€. Lo abbiamo intervistato sulla nascita e la realizzazione di questo progetto durato ol-tre un anno.Giร  i futuristi nel manifesto Culinaria futurista del 1920 e nel Manifesto della cucina futurista del 1930, davano impor-tanza alla forma e al colore nei piatti. Per lโ€™avanguardia italiana le pietanze diven-tano โ€œcomplessi plastici saporiti, la cui armonia originale di forma e colore nu-tre gli occhi ed eccita la fantasia prima di tentare le labbraโ€. In questo senso, il tuo lavoro รจ concettualmente โ€œfuturistaโ€, non trovi?Un approccio consapevole al cibo segue un percorso dei sensi. Il primo senso รจ la vista: vedi il cibo con i tuoi occhi, ne percepisci i colori e la consistenza. Subito dopo รจ lโ€™olfatto. E solo alla fine รจ il gusto. In Colorfood lo spettatore non si trova da-vanti un piatto ma unโ€™opera dโ€™arte: quello a cui assiste รจ un percorso di ispirazione e creativitร  che parte da un colore e da unโ€™immagine e racconta una storia per ar-rivare ad unโ€™altra immagine.In Colorfood ho voluto porre lโ€™accento su-gli Chef nel momento in cui esprimono la loro creativitร  fuori dal piatto nel senso tradizionale del termine. Se il Manifesto della Cucina Futurista intende dare rilievo a questo percorsoโ€ฆ allora sรฌ, il mio lavoro รจ concettualmente vicino al Futurismo.

La relazione tra arte e cibo รจ una que-stione molto antica che la filosofia si รจ posta fin da Platone. Oggi questo argo-mento รจ piรน vivo che mai e mette alla prova la capacitร  creative degli chef. Ci si interroga spesso sullโ€™estetica dei piatti e sullo statuto stesso dellโ€™arte nellโ€™epoca della riproducibilitร  tecnica. Secondo te la cucina รจ davvero una forma dโ€™arte? Come ho accennato prima, lโ€™idea di Co-lorfood รจ di portare il cibo laddove sicura-mente puรฒ essere arte, cioรจ fuori dal piat-to. Ad esempio non considero arte il food porn, la presentazione visiva spettacolare e glamour della cucina e del cibo. Color-food dร  agli chef un palcoscenico astratto per esprimere la loro creativitร  come ar-tisti, non (solo) come cuochi. Questa รจ la chiave e la connessione tra cucina e arte in Colorfood: lโ€™attore dellโ€™opera, lo chef.

Il primo shooting che hai fotografato ri-sale a maggio 2012. Quanto รจ rimasto e cosa รจ cambiato in corso dโ€™opera, rispet-to allโ€™idea iniziale di Colorfood?Fin dal primo shooting fotografico per Colorfood nulla รจ cambiato nellโ€™approccio al progetto. Siamo sempre stati e restere-mo fedeli allโ€™idea iniziale. Colorfood si รจ arricchito moltissimo grazie agli Chef che hanno collaborato con grande coinvolgi-mento e comprensione ed entusiasmo.

Tutti hanno davvero colto lโ€™opportunitร  di creare unโ€™opera astratta che fosse specia-le e che costituisse una finestra โ€“ anche intima โ€“ sul loro mondo, oltre che sulla loro cucina.

Ciascuna foto testimonia la personale idea di bellezza degli chef che di volta in volta hai immortalato. Il celebre cuoco Gualtiero Marchesi, considerato il fonda-tore della nuova cucina italiana, afferma che โ€œil bello รจ il buonoโ€. Sei dโ€™accordo?Bontร  e bellezza non sono i concetti e i termini che meglio si riferiscono a Color-food. Siamo ad un livello un poโ€™ piรน pro-fondo. Parliamo di ispirazione, creazione, fantasia, sogno, mondo interiore, amore e ricordi.

Mi piace molto lโ€™idea che dietro allโ€™im-magine di un piatto ci sia unโ€™immagine che ha ispirato il piatto stesso. Penso ad esempio al vulcano di Bonetta Dellโ€™O-glio, ai girasoli di Avi Steinitz, al ritratto di Kate Moss di Efrat Enzel, solo per ci-tarne alcuni. Da dove sono nate le ispi-razioni?Prima di tutto lโ€™ispirazione viene dal mondo privato degli Chef. Puรฒ essere un ricordo, un panorama, unโ€™opera dโ€™arte. Puรฒ appartenere alla vita quotidiana o al contrario provenire dal passato. Puรฒ essere un messaggio legato allโ€™agenda po-litica cosรฌ come puรฒ riferirsi alla sfera del sogno e della fantasia. รˆ proprio questo il nocciolo. รˆ importante per me mostrare al pubblico il processo creativo che prece-de e accompagna lโ€™opera finale. In questo senso, lโ€™immagine di ispirazione รจ tanto importante quanto la foto dellโ€™opera che scatto io, proprio perchรฉ sono i due estre-mi del processo creativo.

La cucina israeliana รจ estremamente dif-ferente da quella italiana, se non altro perchรฉ questโ€™ultima si basa sulle radici, mentre la cucina israeliana รจ eteroge-nea, ricca di contaminazioni provenienti da ogni parte del mondo. Nelle tue foto hai tenuto conto delle differenze cultu-rali? Questa domanda รจ molto importante e interessante. Sono sicuro che dalle mie foto difficilmente il pubblico riuscirร  a distinguere la nazionalitร  degli Chef. Ma spostando lโ€™attenzione sulle immagini scelte dagli Chef come ispirazioneโ€ฆ allo-ra lรฌ emergono davvero tutte le differenze culturali. รˆ un invito a guardare la mostra anche in questโ€™ottica.

Lโ€™identitร  culturale italiana nellโ€™imma-ginario globale puรฒ essere riassunta in โ€œarteโ€, โ€œdesignโ€, โ€œmodaโ€ e โ€œciboโ€. Con quali parole si potrebbe identificare la cultura israeliana, secondo te?Ora che me lo chiedi mi rendo conto che per identificare la cultura israeliana userei alcuni termini che possono descriverne bene anche la cucina: โ€œstoriaโ€, โ€œebraismoโ€ e โ€œradiciโ€ ma aggiungerei senza dubbio โ€œhi-techโ€. Anche le parole che hai usato per lโ€™identitร  culturale italiana sono adat-te per descrivere quella israeliana. Non a caso sono tutti settori in cui Italia e Israele collaborano con grande successo.

So che spesso trasformi il tuo studio di Tel Aviv in home restaurant per ospitare cene private in cui il cibo si racconta per immagini. Eโ€™ unโ€™idea molto social che in qualche maniera si riallaccia allโ€™ultima tendenza milanese ideata dalla gallerista Rossana Ciocca in cui viene invitato un pubblico, attraverso i social network, a partecipare ad una cena con gli invita-ti vestiti di bianco (ritorna anche qui la

centralitร  del colore). Hai mai sentito parlare di queste cene urbane e cosa ne pensi?Conosco queste tendenze social e penso che alla fine il vero collante e il motivo del successo sia sempre e comunque il cibo. A rendere questi appuntamenti speciali non basterebbe solo una bella cornice o una scenografia particolare.

Le tue esperienze passate ti vedono fo-tografo di moda. Hai trovato differenza o viceversa peculiaritร  tra le fotografie glamour e le fotografie gastronomiche?La grande differenza tra la fotografia ga-stronomica e quella di moda รจ che le mo-delle non si possono mangiare e il cibo non ha bisogno di fare pipรฌ ogni cinque minuti.

Oggi lโ€™alta cucina รจ considerata una par-ticolare forma di design, e spesso come ci hai dimostrato tu stesso, tesse un rap-porto con lโ€™arte quando con questa in-trattiene una motivazione oltre che cre-ativa anche comunicativa e relazionale. Secondo te in futuro il food design sarร  assurto a linguaggio artistico, come lo รจ ora la fotografia, la videoarte e la perfor-mance?Penso che Colorfood abbia avviato un nuovo linguaggio universale di cibo e arte. Per questo dopo lโ€™Expo ci sposteremo di Paese in Paese e coinvolgeremo Chef in tutto il mondo. Essere originali รจ sem-pre piรน difficile perchรฉ sembra che tutto sia giร  stato inventato e realizzato. Ma se prendi qualcosa che giร  esiste e lo fondi con altri elementi e cambi la prospettiva puoi ancora creare qualcosa di nuovo e di fresco. Se il food design diventerร  il pros-simo nuovo linguaggio artistico dipenderร  dallโ€™originalitร  e dalla creativitร  di un arti-sta o di un designer. (pag. 14-15)Info: ColorfoodExpo Milano 2015Padiglione Israele14 โ€“ 31 maggio 2015-03-23www.colorfood.co.il

ARTE E FOOD: A LOVE STORYdi Giorgia Calรฒ

โ€œTerra in cui scorre latte e mieleโ€, questa รจ la descrizione biblica di Israele, e non va interpretata solo come una metafora. Lo afferma uno studio della Hebrew University di Gerusalemme che ha scoperto il primo apiario finora trovato in uno scavo archeologico nellโ€™antico Medio Oriente, capace di produrre circa mezza tonnellata di miele allโ€™anno giร  nel periodo del Tempio di Salomone. Storia di unโ€™esperienza conviviale che ha conquistato lโ€™arte.

รˆ rilevante partire da questo passo biblico che ci fa capire quanto il cibo sia parte integrante di una terra il cui retaggio culturale si basa sullโ€™osservanza di precetti, molti dei quali mettono in primo piano alcuni alimenti come il pane (challot) e il vino. Indipendentemente dallโ€™osservanza delle regole che muovono lโ€™ebraismo, Israele si presenta come un paese in cui la contemporaneitร  passa anche attraverso la consapevolezza delle proprie tradizioni, e il cibo fa inevitabilmente parte di queste.Partiamo da queste riflessioni per analizzare alcuni esempi internazionali di pratiche creative nelle relazioni tra arte e cibo, con artisti che hanno usato gli alimenti in modo diverso e costatando come, in alcuni casi, sia difficile tracciare una distinzione tra le singole discipline.

Del resto oggi si parla sempre piรน spesso di food design e gli chef sono soventemente considerati artisti a tutti gli effetti, come ha dimostrato il recente shooting di Carlo Cracco, realizzato in occasione di una serie di eventi dedicati al legame tra il design e il cibo in Italia e in Israele (#ITALY#FOOD#DESIGN, Tel Aviv-Holon marzo 2015).Da ricordare in questo senso anche lo spagnolo Ferran Adriร , che nel 2007 รจ stato il primo chef invitato a partecipare a Documenta12, e che probabilmente aveva in mente il Manifesto della cucina futurista del 1930, con tutte le sue anticipazioni avveniristiche.Il cibo รจ in primo luogo unโ€™esperienza conviviale e molti artisti hanno sfruttato questa sua peculiaritร . Si pensi a Felix Gonzalez-Torres. Lโ€™artista cubano, venuto a mancare quasi ventโ€™anni fa, ha svolto una ricerca incentrata sul concetto dialettico pubblico-privato che coinvolge lo spettatore, mettendogli a disposizione cumuli di caramelle, cioccolatini e gomme da masticare (Untitled, Placebo, 1991; Untitled, Placebo - Landscape - for Roni, 1993). Lโ€™artista in questo modo consegnava al pubblico lโ€™opera stessa in una sorta di โ€œofferta convivialeโ€, come la definisce Nicolas Bourriaud [Esthรฉtique relationelle, 1998], per cui la prioritร  sta nella relazione con il pubblico che si manifestava attraverso la sua stessa reazione. Unโ€™attitudine, quella relazionale, che ritroviamo anche nel lavoro dellโ€™artista argentino Rirkrit Tiravanija, che definisce le sue installazioni โ€œpiattaforme per condividereโ€, con le sue performance a base di zuppe cucinate nei musei e nelle gallerie di tutto il mondo, e in quello dellโ€™italiana Gabriella Ciancimino dove la cucina si fa piattaforma per lโ€™avvio di un dialogo con lโ€™altro, attraverso la condivisione del cucinare e lo scambio di ricette. Rilevante in questo senso la sua performance realizzata nel 2009 allโ€™American Academy in Rome, Cโ€™erano un Palermitano, un Romano ed un Americano; il terzo disse ai primi due: โ€œDimmi che cucina fai e ti dirรฒ chi sei!โ€.Rimanendo sullโ€™esperienza conviviale, va ricordata la storica performance di Piero Manzoni, Consumazione dellโ€™arte, datata 21 giugno 1960, in cui dopo aver firmato con lโ€™impronta digitale del pollice uova sode, Manzoni le offriva al fruitore che entrava cosi concettualmente in comunione con il suo lavoro.In questo breve excursus tra arte e cibo, rimanendo negli anni Sessanta, non si puรฒ non menzionare la Pop Art che รจ riuscita a sottrarre al cibo il suo ruolo primario per farlo diventare prodotto commerciale, simbolo della cultura di consumo: Andy Warhol, con le sue iconiche lattine di Campbell Soup, e Claes Oldenburg, con le sue monumentali sculture di torte, gelati e hot dog, simboli ironici dellโ€™ipernutrita popolazione americana. Sempre negli anni Sessanta, ma spostandoci a Dรผsseldorf, va ricordato il ristorante che aprรฌ Daniel Spoerri nel 1968 coniando il termine โ€œEat Artโ€, in cui racchiude i suoi lavori basati sui principi della nutrizione.Ma il cibo, si sa, puรฒ diventare anche unโ€™ossessione e il corpo che lo ingerisce, in maniera lenta o famelica, diventa soggetto e oggetto, mezzo di espressione e strumento per rappresentare il disagio di una condizione esistenziale. Marina Abramovic nel suo video The Onion (1995) รจ ripresa in primo piano mentre trangugia una cipolla cruda, simbolo dei dolori e delle sofferenze della vita.

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Nella prima opera di Vanessa Beecroft, oggi tra i protagonisti del padiglione Italia curato da Vincenzo Trione, intitolata Il libro del cibo, lโ€™artista ha annotato in modo maniacale per otto anni, dal 1985 al 1993, tutti i pasti consumati quotidianamente. Dieci anni dopo Beecroft realizza VB52, mettendo in scena al Castello di Rivoli una performance di sette ore in cui si mostra il feticismo per la moda e il cibo. Le modelle, algide nelle loro pose quasi fisse, erano sedute accanto a signore dellโ€™aristocrazia piemontese. Seminude attorno ad un lungo tavolo di cristallo, prendevano parte a un banchetto scandito dal colore delle portate. Il cibo in questo caso si fa inespressivo. La distribuzione delle pietanze e la timbrica rigida dei colori lo rendono plastico e innaturale, ma sicuramente bellissimo e molto, molto glamour.A proposito di Biennale รจ da ricordare il progetto di Michelangelo Pistoletto Love Difference-Movimento Artistico per una Politica InterMediterranea, presentando alla 51ma edizione un gelato al gusto di halva, pasta di sesamo diffusa nei paesi medio-orientali e dellโ€™area balcanica, la cui ricetta viene condivisa secondo la logica del free knowledge, cioรจ della libera diffusione della conoscenza.Il rapporto tra arte e cibo, nelle varie declinazioni che comprendono anche design, moda, cinema e tanto altro, รจ riassunto nella mostra curata da Germano Celant alla Triennale di Milano, che ha aperto i battenti lo scorso aprile come primo evento targato Expo 2015. Arts&foods, allestita dallo studio Italo Rota, รจ una mostra mastodontica su una superficie di settemila metri quadrati dove vengono presentati centinaia di lavori, dalle valigette di Marcel Duchamp ai pesci dellโ€™archistar Frank Gehry, nelle diverse pratiche artistiche legate al cibo dalla metร  del XIX secolo a oggi.Rimanendo a Milano รจ da citare anche la personale di Giuseppe Stampone alla Prometeo Gallery di Ida Pisani. Emigra-tion Made Pavilion 148, in mostra fino a giugno, coincide volutamente con lโ€™Expo ed รจ concepita come il 148ยฐ padiglione dellโ€™esposizione internazionale. Con il fare giocoso, ma nemmeno troppo, che contraddistingue il suo lavoro, Stampone indaga sulla questione dello โ€œstranieroโ€. Rilevante per il nostro discorso รจ il dise-gno a penna bic che ritrae il famoso ma-nifesto autarchico di Giacinto Mondaini in cui appare una bambina dagli occhi spauriti che tiene del pane in mano e sot-to la scritta โ€œNon togliete il pane ai figli dei nostri lavoratori. Acquistate prodotti italianiโ€. Stampone replica il manifesto in diverse lingue cambiando anche i tratti somatici della bambina a seconda della nazionalitร  rappresentata.Questi lavori diventano cosรฌ il simbolo delle strategie di merchandising prote-zionistiche che hanno origine dalle pub-blicitร  fasciste, e che ritroviamo ancora oggi nellโ€™idea di un confine sociopolitico e delle molteplici forme di controllo che questo presuppone.Il pane viene interpretato in maniera dia-metralmente opposta dallโ€™artista israelia-no Shahar Marcus, con cui concludiamo questa carrellata. I suoi mezzi privilegiati sono i materiali organici quali la pasta e il pane, prodotti deperibili che stanno ad in-dicare simbolicamente la natura dellโ€™arte e della vita, nonchรฉ metafora del bisogno primario dellโ€™essere umano.Nellโ€™attesa di ritrovare Marcus a settem-bre nel padiglione israeliano dellโ€™Expo, con unโ€™installazione site specific che ve-drร  lโ€™impiego di migliaia di pagnotte, ci

soffermiamo su un video del 2006, Sa-bich, capace di sintetizzare con ironia la cultura culinaria locale. Marcus, in un atto performativo, documenta la preparazione di una porzione enorme di cibo da strada tipico israeliano, noto come Sabich. Su di una pasta di pane gigante fissata a terra, Marcus compie una serie di gesti che ri-cordano lโ€™action painting di Jackson Pol-lock. Le salse grondanti sostituiscono le vernici e la processualitร  dellโ€™espressioni-smo astratto si trasforma in un vernacolo, in unโ€™attivitร  fisica. Questo lavoro, che รจ soffuso di umorismo, mina lโ€™immagine classica dellโ€™artista, e in maniera del tutto assurda sfuma la distinzione tra il proces-so creativo con lโ€™esperienza quotidiana. Come Marcus afferma:โ€Il cibo mi permette di trasformare le sostanze deperibili in arte immortaleโ€. (pag. 18 -19)

La Biennale di Venezia - 56. Esposizione Internazionale dโ€™ArteFocus padiglione IsraeleINTERVISTA A TSIBI GEVAdi Giorgia CalรฒLo avevamo annunciato questa estate in una news su Artribune, appena subito dopo la sua nomina, Tsibi Geva rappre-senta Israele alla Biennale Arti visive del 2015. A far notizia era anche il fatto che al fratello Avital Geva toccรฒ il medesimo ono-re con il padiglione nazionale del 1993. Un caso forse unico nella storia della Biennale di Venezia: due fratelli chiamati a rappre-sentare la propria nazione a distanza di ventโ€™anni uno dallโ€™altro. Ne parliamo con il diretto interessatoโ€ฆSei un artista poliedrico, il tuo lavoro รจ prevalentemente interpretato dalla pittura, ma crei anche installazioni mo-numentali, sculture, video. Cosa hai de-ciso di presentare per questa occasione? Qual รจ stato il tuo modo di rappresentare Israele?Lโ€™idea รจ venuta fuori dal mio interesse per gli oggetti, per il trovare oggetti. Ho ritenuto opportuno non realizzare una mostra di soli dipinti, non sarebbe stata adatta per il padiglione. Come prima cosa ho dovuto fare i conti con lโ€™architettura modernista, simile a molti palazzi israe-liani dellโ€™inizio anni โ€™50. In qualche modo รจ stata la prima sfida, ovvero cercare di capire cosa avrei potuto fare in questa circostanza, elevando il potenziale del pa-diglione per renderlo piรน adatto a questa situazione. Ho deciso di creare una com-binazione tra scultura, pittura e architet-tura, mettendo in relazione lโ€™intero padi-glione con lโ€™enorme installazione esterna che ingloba totalmente lโ€™edificio e che a sua volta interagisce con lโ€™interno. Unโ€™idea che proviene da esperienze passate in cui mi sono relazionato con lโ€™architettura del luogo, come ad esempio ho fatto a Geru-salemme, Haifa, Berlino, New York. Qui perรฒ รจ la prima volta che realizzo unโ€™in-stallazione site specific allโ€™esterno oltre che allโ€™interno, creando una sorta di terri-torio di difesa, come un rifugio. Unโ€™ansia, se vogliamo tipicamente israeliana, quella di volersi isolare. Quindi hai scelto di non interagire con il padiglione? Ho la sensazione che hai lavorato sulla riprogettazione dello spa-zio deregolamentandone i materiali e le forme.No, il contrario, ho interagito con il pa-diglione cambiandone la fisionomia, creando un nuovo spazio, coprendo e costruendo nuovi muri, una nuova archi-tettura. Tutto proviene da Israele, i matto-ni, i blocchi tipici delle costruzioni locali, che non ho volontariamente dipinto per non alterarli. In questo modo ho creato allโ€™interno un contenitore completamente

quadrato, la situazione ideale per le mie installazioni. Il padiglione รจ scandito da alcune tele di grande formato che fanno un poโ€™ da in-troduzione alle installazioni parietali di stampo monumentale. Gli oggetti sono i veri protagonisti. Sono oggetti trovati e allestiti in un apparente accumulo caoti-co, in realtร  molto ragionato, raccontano la storia di un paese, il modo di vivere, sono simulacri identificativi di una nar-razione condivisa. Che rapporto cโ€™รจ fra questi e le storie che rappresentano? Ho realizzato una sorta di deposito, pie-no di oggetti radunati. Anche questo รจ un concetto tipicamente israeliano, se cammini per le strade di Tel Aviv, ti ac-corgi che ci sono molte entrate, porte e serrande, che contengono oggetti. Spesso questi depositi sono posti in alto, sotto ai tetti, si chiamano Boydem, credo sia un termine derivante dallโ€™yiddish. Qui ho ricreato esattamente un deposito israe-liano, dove tutti gli oggetti sono inseriti al piano di sotto, e attraverso il vetro si puรฒ vedere lโ€™interno. Lโ€™abbiamo realizzato nel modo piรน autentico possibile, fedele alla realtร . La mostra รจ un mix di molte cose, ho usato i Lattices che prima erano minimal e vuoti, basti ricordare la mostra al MACRO di Roma; ora invece sono pieni di oggetti, sono depositi per oggetti non utilizzati. Una parte dello spazio รจ allestita con 64 finestre, trovate o comprate di se-conda mano, alcune le ho dipinte. Anche queste riflettono molto lโ€™architettura di TLV o dโ€™Israele. Sono le tipiche finestre di plastica o alluminio, sono semplici e utili, affatto eleganti. Ben rappresentano quello che chiamiamo โ€œArchitettura spontanea-vernacolareโ€, realizzata non da professio-nisti ma da persone che trovano oggetti e li usano, o li riusano. Anche in questo caso ho costruito tutto io, prima nel mio studio a Yaffo. Un la-voro di tre mesi in cui ho dovuto misurare pezzo per pezzo, rapportandomi ai muri del padiglione, combinandoli tra loro. Le stesse tele presenti in mostra sono state scelte perchรฉ anchโ€™esse parlano un lin-guaggio vernacolare. Ogni dipinto รจ fatto di parti diverse che provengono da fonti e momenti diversi, e che poi ho combinato insieme.Trovo molto interessante il fatto che gli oggetti siano contenuti allโ€™interno dei Lattices, grate di ferro dai diversi pattern che abbiamo giร  avuto modo di vedere in passato (ma vuoti). La griglia ricorre spesso nel tuo lavoro, rappresentata nei dipinti o realizzata in maniera tridimen-sionale. รˆ lโ€™emblema stesso dellโ€™ambi-zione modernista nel campo delle arti visive, affermava Rosalind Krauss in un suo famoso saggio del 1978. Cosโ€™รจ per te la griglia?La griglia (come qualsiasi altro pattern), รจ una forma che si struttura sulla divisione e sullโ€™organizzazione; รจ uno spazio vuoto (Horror Vacui) sistematizzato da una divi-sione lineare. Rappresenta il valore mo-dernista che si oppone alla prospettiva e alla profonditร , a favore dellโ€™appiattimen-to. Uso la griglia e altri pattern come mez-zi per rappresentare lโ€™idea del territorio, sono metodi paradigmatici e ideologici attraverso i quali si riesce a percepire un determinato spazio, come รจ dimostrato nel video Lattice. La mia ricerca in que-sto senso tiene conto della griglia come metodo di organizzazione della tradizione astratta; allo stesso tempo perรฒ vedo nel-la griglia anche il suo significato politico: il reticolo, la recinzione, il blocco; forme che rappresentano la reclusione e lโ€™inca-pacitร  di muoversi verso e allโ€™interno di un dato spazio.

Parlami ancora degli oggetti, mi hai det-to che tutti i materiali provengono da Israele. Perchรฉ? Anche in Italia avresti potuto trovare le stesse coseโ€ฆรˆ molto importante che provenga tutto da Israele perchรฉ si sta parlando di una mentalitร  tipicamente israeliana. Inoltre rappresento metaforicamente lโ€™istinto di tenere tutto perchรฉ cโ€™รจ stato un momento in cui non avevamo molto, o addirittura nulla, dunque รจ meglio non buttare niente, รจ meglio che da qualche parte ci siano queste cose. Ciรฒ che ho fatto รจ stato prendere gli oggetti che ho trovato di cui non abbiamo bisogno, ciรฒ che non voglia-mo piรน vedere, che ci buttiamo alle spalle o neghiamo, li ho messi in bella vista, di fronte al pubblico. Il mio lavoro รจ in que-sto senso unโ€™archeologia del presente, di cosa cโ€™รจ oggi, che si usa quotidianamente, visibile ovunque.A proposito, รจ interessante il titolo del padiglione, Archeology of the Present, sembra voler introdurre il tema scelto da Enwezor All the Worldโ€™s Futures, par-lando di passato e presente, in vista poi di uno sguardo globale sul futuro. Ce ne vuoi parlare?Archaeology of the Present รจ un titolo pa-radossale, un ossimoro. Lโ€™archeologia รจ il passato, ma in questo caso il termine al-lude allโ€™aspetto di distruzione catastrofica in cui vive il presente, che puรฒ effettiva-mente essere visto come un tumulo arche-ologico. Il titolo rappresenta anche a una concezione antropologica nel modo in cui gli oggetti sono portavoce di unโ€™epoca, una situazione politica o mentale. Il mio progetto si struttura su due diversi modi di procedere: da un lato cโ€™รจ il tentativo di cre-are ordine, dallโ€™altro lato invece evidenzio il turbine, lโ€™erosione e lo sgretolarsi delle strutture e dei mezzi che si fondono uno nellโ€™altro.Per questo progetto affronti le tematiche che porti avanti da anni, come il dialo-go tra israeliani e palestinesi e lโ€™identitร  culturale?Credo che in qualche modo ci sia. Si pos-sono trovare oggetti tipici della societร  palestinese, ci sono termini o parole ara-be che rappresentano alcuni lavori. Per lโ€™istallazione e per ogni singola parte di cui รจ composta ho usato blocchi, pezzi di legno, oggetti di recupero, ho improv-visato, rappresentando cosi quel senso di instabilitร  e ansia tipica del nostro vivere quotidiano. Tutto ciรฒ espone in un certo modo la situazione medio-orientale.Il padiglione israeliano della Biennale da diversi anni รจ rappresentato spesso da videoartisti, penso a Michal Rovner, a Guy Ben-Ner, a Sigalit Landau, allโ€™ultima edizione con Gilat Ratman, solo per fare alcuni esempi recenti. Secondo te per-chรฉ questโ€™anno รจ stato scelto un pittore?Non ci sono stati sempre video artisti, no-nostante sia molto in voga adesso, soprat-tutto in Israele. Posso dirti che la scelta di questโ€™anno รจ stata voluta da una commis-sione di 5 persone, artisti e curatori. Come sai ogni anno cambiano criteri e direzioni in cui muoversi, questa volta hanno pub-blicato un annuncio su una rivista dโ€™arte e tutti potevano partecipare, credo ci fos-sero 68 proposte. Ovviamente sono felice di come sono andate le cose. Comunque anchโ€™io presento un video, Lattice, lโ€™ho usato come parte integrante dellโ€™istalla-zione, non รจ separato da questa ma vi ri-entra perfettamente. Il video รจ stato girato nel 2003 al centro di Yaffo e riprende la vita quotidiana di una zona mista di ebrei e arabi dalla terrazza di un palazzo dove risiedeva la galleria che aveva ospitato la mostra. Al momento hai una galleria di riferi-

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mento?No, non lavoro con nessuna galleria al momento, รจ una mia scelta perchรฉ vo-glio flessibilitร  e non voglio ritrovarmi in situazioni commerciali, voglio essere totalmente indipendente. Ho lavorato per oltre 15 anni con Annina Nosei, ma ora ha chiuso la sua galleria e siamo rimasti buoni amici. Preferisco lavorare con i musei, soprattutto dopo la personale al Tel Aviv Museum nel 2008 a cui hanno seguito lโ€™Ashdod Museum, lโ€™American Uni-versity Museum a Washington, il MACRO a Roma etc. Ho esposto in molti musei e spazi alternativi, questo รจ il mio modo di essere indipendente. Devo ammettere che soprattutto in Israele mi piace lavo-rare con gallerie, ma per me รจ molto im-portante muovermi e reagire a specifiche situazioni o luoghi per non essere gestito da unโ€™idea commerciale. Ho anche una critica da muovere su cosa sta succeden-do oggi al mercato dellโ€™arte: penso che sia molto problematico e penso sia destinato a peggiorare, in qualche modo il mercato controlla lโ€™arte e ancor di piรน ne controlla lโ€™essenza, gli artisti giovani soprattutto, si dirigono in una direzione artistica che va verso ciรฒ che pensa o vuole il mercato, il che รจ davvero una brutta situazione.(Pag. 20-23)

TSIBI GEVA: ARCHEOLOGIA DEL PRESENTEdi Hadas MaorHadas Maor, curatore del Padiglione Israele alla 56. Esposizione Internazio-nale dโ€™Arte โ€“ la Biennale di Venezia, pre-senta il progetto dellโ€™artista Tsibi Geva. Intitolato โ€œArcheologia del Presenteโ€, รจ una nuova installazione site-specific rea-lizzata attraverso le tematiche e le carat-teristiche formali che hanno definito nel corso del tempo lโ€™opera di Geva.Archeologia del Presente, il progetto di Tsibi Geva per il Padiglione Israele alla 56. Esposizione Internazionale dโ€™Arte-la Biennale di Venezia, รจ una nuova installa-zione site-specific realizzata attraverso le tematiche e le caratteristiche formali che hanno definite nel corso del tempo lโ€™ope-ra di Geva. Il progetto si estende allโ€™ester-no del padiglione e ne occupa lโ€™interno, destabilizzando le divisioni familiari tra dentro e fuori, funzionale e rappresenta-tivo, alto e basso, elementi abbandonati, trovati e modificati. Lโ€™opera di Geva sol-leva questioni artistiche autoriflessive ed epistemologiche, cosรฌ come questioni po-litiche e culturali relative alla collocazione e allโ€™immigrazione, alle identitร  ibride, allโ€™inquietudine esistenziale, allโ€™effimero e alla vita in unโ€™epoca di instabilitร . Lโ€™in-terazione dello spettatore con il progetto inizia sin dal primo approccio con il pa-diglione, che รจ interamente avvolto da centinaia di pneumatici usati. Legati stret-tamente uno allโ€™altro da cavi e altri mezzi, essi formano un complesso strato protet-tivo che al tempo stesso assorbe e respin-ge qualsiasi contatto. Il pattern pulsante creato dal muro di gomma รจ costituito da unโ€™interazione reciproca tra presenza materiale e assenza, e lโ€™intera struttura รจ trasformata in un evento scultoreo su una scala che eccede le dimensioni familiari, disturbando lโ€™esperienza visiva e soggetti-va dello spettatore. Anche quando ci si av-vicina alla struttura, รจ difficile determina-re se sia un blocco solido, impenetrabile o un contenitore vuoto โ€“ un interno che puรฒ essere osservato e forse anche penetrato.Il muro di pneumatici che avvolge lโ€™e-sterno del padiglione fa uso di un oggetto comune, quotidiano per creare un am-biente caricato con possibilitร  spaziali

stratificate: esse alludono a loro volta al contesto politico, in cui una gomma puรฒ funzionare come oggetto protettivo in grado di assorbire colpi e di costituire un segno di protesta, cosรฌ come servire da arma improvvisata e prontamente accessibile. Allo stesso tempo, essi si ri-feriscono anche al contesto architettonico e artistico dellโ€™installazione. Questi pneu-matici usati, impregnate di uno specifico odore, formano una rete organizzata di buchi permeate di potenziale protettivo, attestando simultaneamente uno stato di pericolo, costituendo una presenza mate-riale potente, e comunicando unโ€™afferma-zione visiva e politica carica di urgenza. Negli anni, Geva ha creato varie installa-zioni con pneumatici, ma erano sempre state esposte in spazi chiusi, interni: in questo caso, il dispiegamento dellโ€™azione artistica dallโ€™interno dellโ€™edificio alle pa-reti esteriori trasforma lโ€™intero padiglione in un oggetto scultoreo. Questa strategia potenzia la dimensione architettonica del lavoro e lโ€™efficacia scultorea che ne ema-na, producendo unโ€™oscillazione spaziale e concettuale tra il reale e la sua apparenza, tra unโ€™origine presunta e lโ€™artificio presen-tata dallโ€™opera.La recinzione del padiglione attraverso la costruzione di muri ricoperti di gomme crea un senso di spazi indefinite e inter-mediate, che puรฒ essere percepito solo dallโ€™interno dellโ€™edificio, suddiviso in spa-zi recintati che possono essere visti come tributi a, o echi dei tipici boidem israelia-ni (la parola Yiddish per sottotetto o cu-nicolo di servizio), uno spazio domestico relativamente inaccessibile situato nella mansarda, sotto il tetto, o in una nicchia allโ€™interno dellโ€™appartamento, e usato per immagazzinare oggetti vecchi o usati ra-ramente. Fino agli anni โ€™80, ogni appar-tamento israeliano includeva un boidem situato in un vano sopra il corridoio o la cucina.Nel contesto dellโ€™attuale installazione nel padiglione, questi spazi intermedi funzio-nano come depositi per la coscienza e la memoria soggettiva. Sono riempiti con ac-cumulazioni di porte, saracinesche, grate di ferro, assi di legno, scatole di cartone appiattite, oggetti trovati e abbandona-ti, opera dโ€™arte, oggetti di arredo, ricordi personali e altro. La presenza di questi spazi facilita il processo di accumulazione che risulta in un eccesso e in un intrico di preoccupazioni funzionali, circostanziali, emozionali ed esistenziali. Essi operano allโ€™interno del padiglione come un corti-le, in cui tutto ciรฒ che รจ represso e negate viene gettato, solo per riemergere ancora e ancora.Davanti a questi depositi, di fronte allโ€™in-gresso del padiglione, cโ€™รจ un lungo muro fatto interamente di blocchi di cemento, un materiale di costruzione comune in Israele. Questo muro, caratterizzato da una struttura ripetitiva, costituisce un ulteriore strato che circoscrive, separa e limita. Sopra di esso cโ€™รจ una lunga fila di finestre che guardano il retro del padiglio-ne, che a sua volta rivela il muro di pneu-matici che avvolge lโ€™edificio dallโ€™esterno. Questa invasione del dentro da parte del fuori, che diviene evidente quando lo spettatore entra nel padiglione, rom-pe e frammenta lโ€™illusione atemporale dellโ€™auto recinzione create dal white cube. Inoltre, le finestre che guardano al muro di gomma sono dotate di una ripetitiva griglia metallica: questo pattern occiden-tale, modernista, alla Mondrian, sembra rivestire la griglia interrotta, tondeggiante, morbida del muro di pneumatici, in modo che i due elementi sono visualmente in-tegrati lโ€™uno con lโ€™altra in maniera quasi

inestricabile. Mentre il visitatore passa nel livello inter-medio del padiglione, raggiunge un muro alto, lungo interamente coperto da serran-de chiuse e pannelli opachi in materiali vari, che insieme formano una sorta di mosaico. Il muro รจ presente nello spazio come una rappresentazione dellโ€™architet-tura vernacolare1 โ€“ incontrollata, urgente, immediate, e soprattutto legata alla con-tingenza. Questa entitร  materiale in modo palpabile si innalza dal pavimento al soffitto โ€“ dominando lo spazio, sommer-gendo il muro adiacente, e rappresentan-do una partitura gigantesca indica la sua stessa potenziale invasione o penetra-zione. La superficie del muro costituisce unโ€™espansione topografica affascinante che si confronta giocosamente con il pattern della griglia combinando, in un modo interamente non-gerarchico, sara-cinesche trovate, nuove, vecchie, dipinte, modificate, finestre opache, pezzi di tes-suto, e altro. Le serrande sono sistemate in modo che lo spettatore osservi il loro lato chiuso, esteriore, che รจ generalmente orientate verso la sfera pubblica, creando cosรฌ unโ€™oscillazione illusoria tra pittura e scultura, interno e esterno, fronte e retro. Lโ€™installazione interrompe le relazioni tra i diversi elementi che costituiscono il muro e il loro stato categorico nel mondo, cre-ando lโ€™impressione potente di un ostacolo insormontabile, di una totale impasse.Al piano superiore del padiglione, lo spettatore giunge a una grande installa-zione di grate. A differenza delle prime installazioni di Geva, in cui le grate erano ordinate in lunghe file senza uscita, come fredde, minacciose e vuote gabbie, qui esse contengono vari oggetti โ€“ vasi da fio-ri vuoti, materassi, oggetti dโ€™arredo usati, vecchi televisori, e altro. Questa installa-zione imita la logica convenzionale impie-gata nella sfera urbana israeliana, in cui le grate servono come estensioni improvvi-sate e minori dellโ€™interno, un magazzino temporaneo in cui oggetti necessari e inu-tili sono accumulati indiscriminatamente. La lavoro di Geva si basa su differenti tipo-logie di ostruzione, che contengono sem-pre buchi e falle attraverso cui lo sguardo โ€“ ma non il corpo โ€“ puรฒ passare. Il pro-getto crea transizioni chiare tra esperien-ze di blocco, disagio, ambiguitร  spaziale e momenti intimi, poetici, in modo che fragilitร  e crudezza, lirismo e violenza sia-no indissolubilmente intrecciati. I diversi punti focali dellโ€™installazione creano delle enclave che offrono un sostegno alle ansie schiaccianti provenienti dallโ€™interno. Que-ste enclave offrono unโ€™apparenza di pro-tezione, che di fatto perรฒ non รจ altro che unโ€™illusione: i muri di pneumatici sono incapaci di garantire protezione contro un vero attacco; gli spazi al livello dellโ€™ingres-so offrono solo un rifugio temporaneo in cui nascondersi; le grate non servono piรน a espandere uno spazio interno o a pro-teggere ma costituiscono piuttosto unโ€™o-struzione in uno spazio che imprigiona i loro contenuto; il muro di saracinesche incarna il potenziale di penetrazione.Il keffiyeh, la tegola, la finestra, la serran-da, la grata, il muro sono tutti segni che servono a creare una separazione tra sfe-ra private e pubblica, interno ed esterno, occultamento ed esposizione, parti di un vocabolario di concetti e di elementi che hanno popolato nel tempo il lavoro di Geva. Al tempo stesso, la loro presenza in questo specifico progetto รจ โ€“ come sem-

1. Lโ€™architettura vernacolare รจ caratterizza-ta dallโ€™assenza di pianificazione e dallโ€™uso di materiali locali e tecniche tradizionali per creare edifice che tendono a evolvere nel tempo, in un modo che riflette il con-testo, la cultura e la storia circostanti.

pre โ€“ frammentaria. Sono presenti infatti come pezzi di una casa che non esiste piรน, o che potrebbe esistere in futuro, ma non come le vestigia di una casa reale, concre-ta. Il concetto di casa, che ripetutamente riemerge nel lavoro di Geva, rimane in fondo un luogo agognato; un sogno irrea-lizzato di unโ€™identitร  coerente, indiscussa.Geva รจ un artista politico nel senso piรน profondo del termine. La dimensione politica della sua opera, in ogni caso, รจ cumulativa; si rivela e si comprende nel processo di osservazione dei lavori, nel-la loro esperienza โ€“ piuttosto che mani-festarsi direttamente, istantaneamente. Sebbene il suo approccio alla pittura sia fondamentalmente concettuale, le opera sono permeate da un senso sorprendente-mente espressivo, e il suo intero processo creativo si basa sulla creazione di una ten-sione dialettica tra contrasti e sulla com-binazione di arene differenti del discorso e dellโ€™azione. Questa combinazione tende sempre a rimanere ibrida, ambigua, mul-ticulturale e multiforme, e affronta simul-taneamente questioni artistiche, culturali e politiche. Il suo lavoro comprende la collezione di segni del mondo, e Geva puรฒ essere descritto come un autore che opera nello spazio tra archeologia, antropologia e arte. Eppure, non raccoglie informazioni relative a un altro distante e straniero: le forme e gli oggetti presenti nella sua ope-ra sono parte di una realtร  vissuta, alta-mente specifica, immediate, attestando la dimensione catastrofica che la sottende. Il suo lavoro รจ pervaso dalla complessitร  impossibile della convivenza Israelo-Pale-stinese in questo luogo, e da una consa-pevolezza dolorosa, sobria e amara; lotta per decostruire i concetti fondamentali di luogo, cultura e identitร  che modella-no la nostra vita e le nostre azioni, e per affrontare la questione piรน importante di tutte: quella dellโ€™appartenenza di questo luogo ai suoi abitanti, sia Palestinesi che Israeliani.Il testo integrale di Hadas Maor, intitolato โ€œVernacular Art,โ€ รจ pubblicato nel catalogo della mostra Tsibi Geva: Archeology of the Present, รจ puรฒ essere scaricato da israelipa-vilion2015.tsibigeva.com (Pag. 24 โ€“ 25 )

SPAZI ARTISTICI IN ISRAELE: UNA SCENA VIVIDA PER UNA NAZIONE GIOVANEdi Christian Caliandro

Israele, nazione giovane con unโ€™antichis-sima tradizione, ha saputo proporsi negli ultimi anni sullo scenario internazionale come una realtร  estremamente dinamica fucina di idee artistiche e creative, in gra-do di orientarsi decisamente verso il futu-ro e di connettere la ricerca visiva con il territorio dellโ€™innovazione e dellโ€™industria culturale.

Tel Aviv, con la zona circostante, รจ na-turalmente il fulcro e il centro di questa spinta propulsiva, con i suoi oltre 150 luo-ghi deputati, tra gallerie, musei, fondazio-ni e spazi non-profit, su cui primeggia il famoso Tel Aviv Museum of Art. Inaugu-rato nel 1932 e ospitato nellโ€™attuale sede a partire dal 1971, il museo comprende anche uno spazio situato nel cuore di Tel Aviv, l โ€™Helena Rubinstein Pavilion for Contemporary Art, dedicato prevalen-temente alle mostre temporanee. La spet-tacolare ala adiacente del TAM (Herta and Paul Amir Building), progettata nel 2011 dallโ€™architetto Preston Scott Cohen, ospita una collezione dโ€™arte contemporanea israeliana, uno spazio per le mostre temporanee, una selezione fotografica e la

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biblioteca. Dal 15 maggio al 5 settembre il museo diretto da Suzanne Landau presenta tra gli altri appuntamenti estivi lโ€™imperdibile This Place, mostra collettiva di 12 viaggi fotografici attraverso il Paese e il West Bank realizzati โ€“ tra il 2009 e il 2013 โ€“ da Frรฉdรฉric Brenner e altri 11 foto-grafi da lui invitati: Wendy Ewald, Martin Kollar, Josef Koudelka, Jungjin Lee, Gil-les Peress, Fazal Sheikh, Stephen Shore, Rosalind Fox Solomon, Thomas Struth, Jeff Wall e Nick Waplington. La mostra, che ritrae la complessitร  di Israele e della Cisgiordania, รจ a cura di Charlotte Cotton, capo del Dipartimento di fotografia del Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Nelle vicinanze di Tel Aviv, spostando-ci di appena 14 km verso nord, si trova lโ€™Herzliya Museum of Contemporary Art. Fondato nel 1965, da un anno diretto da Aya Lurie, รจ dedicato allโ€™arte contempo-ranea israeliana e internazionale, e si concentra principalmente sulle ricerche capaci di offrire diversi punti di vista sulla situazione sociale e politica. Tra le mostre estive va segnalata Temporary Relocation: Art Residency Programs New Exhibitions (30 maggio โ€“ 15 agosto), in collaborazione con il Kunst im Tunnel Exhibition Space di Dรผsseldorf. Dodici artisti (Angela Fette, Christoph Knecht, Sebastian Mejia, Jens Pecho, Leunora Salihu, Alexander Wis-sel, Rafram Chaddad, Uri Gershuni, Nir Harel, Alma Yitzhaky, Barak Ravitz, Gil Yefman), sono stati selezionati per le re-sidenze tra il 2012 e il 2014, a Dรผsseldorf e Tel Aviv, dove hanno vissuto e lavorato per diversi mesi. A sud di Tel Aviv trovia-mo invece il Design Museum Holon che - insieme allโ€™Israeli Center for Digital Art (che fino al 27 giugno ospita la mostra A Piece for Two Floors and a Corridor, del sound artist Amnon Wolman), allโ€™Israe-li Cartoon Museum, al Holon Institute of Technology, e alla Holon Mediathe-que - fa di questa cittadina industriale di 200mila abitanti uno dei luoghi principali e a piรน alta densitร  per la diffusione del contemporaneo come stile di vita e come sguardo privilegiato sul mondo nellโ€™intero Paese. A est di Tel Aviv si trova il Petach Tikva Museum of Art: inaugurato nel 1964 e dedicato allโ€™arte contemporanea israeliana e internazionale, al momento della sua riapertura nel 2004 ha ampliato la sua collezione con lโ€™aggiunta di giovani artisti. Il programma espositivo affronta una vasta gamma di temi (dalla sfera cul-turale israeliana alla societร  globale nellโ€™e-ra contemporanea), promuovendo ap-procci innovativi che sono al centro della linea curatoriale del direttore del museo Drorit Gur Arie. Fino al 13 giugno ricordia-mo, inoltre, la mostra Agro-Art. Contem-porary Agriculture in Israeli Art a Petah Tikva, a cura di Tali Tamir. Diciannove ar-tisti, tra i quali Avital Geva, Gal Weinstein e Ayelet Zohar esplorano lโ€™ethos agricola israeliana, dalla prospettiva degli anni 2000, riflettendo su come รจ cambiato il suo status negli ultimi decenni.Oltre al Tel Aviv Museum, lโ€™altro grande spazio istituzionale dedicato allโ€™arte รจ lโ€™Israel Museum Jerusalem, che celebra questโ€™anno il cinquantesimo anniversario della sua fondazione, e lo fa con un ricchis-simo programma di esposizioni ed even-ti. Tra questi, lโ€™affascinante 1965 Today (Spertus Gallery, fino al 29 agosto). La mo-stra, attraverso il lavoro dei curatori Mira Lapidot, Aya Miron, Noga Eliash, Shua Ben-Ari e Noam Gal, ricostruisce lโ€™anno in cui il museo fu inaugurato e il contesto so-ciale, storico e culturale di Israele in quel preciso momento: un tuffo nella freschez-za e nella dirompente energia creativa di allora, attraverso lโ€™immaginario, la scena

artistica e la cultura materiale. Sempre in occasione dellโ€™anniversario, allโ€™interno del progetto espositivo Rembrandt from Amsterdam to Jerusalem a cura di Shlomit Steinberg, il dipinto giovanile del maestro olandese Il profeta Geremia che piange la distruzione di Gerusalemme รจ esposto dal 3 giugno a 5 dicembre accanto al capola-voro di proprietร  del museo, S. Pietro in prigione. Inoltre, il museo presenta (Bella and Harry Wexner Gallery, dal 1 maggio al 2 gennaio 2016) A Brief History of Hu-mankind, a cura di Tania Coen-Uzzielli: liberamente ispirata al libro best-seller di Yuval Harari, lโ€™esposizione ricostruisce lโ€™odissea dellโ€™umanitร  attraverso lโ€™evo-luzione, dalla preistoria alla modernitร , dai primi manufatti fino alla Teoria della Relativitร . Sempre a Gerusalemme, molto attiva รจ la Jerusalem Artistsโ€™ House: essa occu-pa la ex-sede della Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design, fondata nel 1906 dallo scultore Boris Schatz e la cui fondazione รจ considerata comunemente lโ€™atto di na-scita dellโ€™arte contemporanea in Israele. Lโ€™Artistsโ€™ House รจ un centro interamente dedicato allโ€™arte contemporanea locale e internazionale, oltre che un punto im-portante di incontro e di promozione per artisti esordienti, mid-career e affermati. Tra i numerosi eventi e attivitร , ospita ogni anno lโ€™Osnat Mozes Prize for Young Artists, ogni due anni il Miron Sima Visual Arts Award, e inoltre la Biennale for Dra-wing in Israel, progetto nazionale nato nel 2001 che coinvolge tutte le gallerie pubbli-che presenti nel centro di Gerusalemme. Tra gli altri musei da menzionare, presen-ti sul territorio nazionale: lโ€™Haifa Museum of Art, fondato nel 1951 in una delle cittร  piรน antiche di Israele, che fin dallโ€™inizio si รจ assunto il compito di funzionare come ponte interculturale tra ebrei, cristiani e musulmani, il Museum of Bat Yam, lโ€™A-shdod Art Museum-Monart Centre e il Museum of Art Ein Harod.Anche gli spazi non-profit svolgono un ruolo essenziale nellโ€™evoluzione della vivida scena artistica nazionale e nella sua proiezione esterna. Tra di essi, spic-ca il Centre for Contemporary Art (CCA) di Tel Aviv che, fondato nel 1998 in una stanzetta, ha saputo rivoluzionare la sce-na artistica contemporanea di Israele e oggi occupa un intero palazzo, con ben tre spazi espositivi, un auditorium e una sala-editing. รˆ sede del Video Archive (con oltre 3000 opere, dal 1960 a oggi), e produce grazie alla direzione di Sergio Edelsztein esposizioni, progetti, rasse-gne, conferenze, performance ed eventi. Sempre a Tel Aviv troviamo Artrport, che promuove la giovane arte contemporanea con un programma di residenze rivolto agli artisti israeliani e internazionali. A Gerusalemme invece ha sede Art Cube, il cui programma di residenze supporta-to dalla Jerusalem Foundation. Infine la Umm El Fahem Gallery, fondata nel 1996 nel distretto di Haifa allo scopo di costru-ire un punto di incontro e di elaborazione artistica per i 50.000 residenti della zona. Si tratta di un progetto interamente de-dicato a uno dei territori piรน disagiati di Israele, nel settore arabo del Paese, con un alto tasso di disoccupazione: eppure, negli ultimi anni la cittร  di Umm El Fahem ha conosciuto una certa crescita economi-ca, che ha portato ad un aumento della sensibilitร  verso i temi della responsabili-tร , del welfare sociale e della sostenibilitร  ecologica. Lo spazio, nato su iniziativa di artisti e residenti, ha lo scopo di portare arte contemporanea di qualitร  alla cittร  e ai suoi abitanti, e di favorire lo scambio culturale e sociale tra differenti identitร .

Lo fa attraverso mostre, conferenze, wor-kshop creativi, seminari โ€“ tutte attivitร  supportate dal Ministero dellโ€™Educazione dello Stato di Israele, dalla municipalitร , da varie fondazioni e da donazioni private dei cittadini.Per concludere, uno spazio importante รจ riservato, allโ€™interno dellโ€™arte contempo-ranea israeliana, allโ€™incisione. Come affer-ma Ronit Sorek, curatore del dipartimen-to di stampe e disegni dellโ€™Israel Museum Jerusalem: โ€œLโ€™incisione artistica locale รจ incentrata in due laboratori: il Jerusalem Print Workshop, che ha recentemente cele-brato il suo quarantesimo anniversario, e il laboratorio di incisione nel Kibbutz Cabri, il Gottesman Etching Center, fondato nel 1993. Entrambi gli spazi sono gestiti da team professionali e talentuosi di incisori e curatori. Mentre il laboratorio di Cabri si concentra esclusivamente sulle tecniche di intaglio, quello di Gerusalemme produce anche serigrafie e xilografie. I curatori se-guono lโ€™attivitร  degli artisti israeliani, e ne invitano alcuni ogni anno per una residen-za.โ€ (Pag. 26-27)

DESIGN MUSEUM HOLON, IL PROGETTO AL PLURALEdi Giulia ZappaUn museo fortemente radicato nella sua comunitร , testimone e strumento per la messa a fuoco dellโ€™identitร  progettuale del paese e allo stesso tempo aperto a racco-gliere, e perchรฉ no anticipare, le tensioni e gli spunti che animano lโ€™evoluzione della disciplina a livello internazionale. Il fiore allโ€™occhiello dellโ€™offerta museale che Israele ha costruito, passo dopo passo, nel campo del design porta il nome di una cittadina a sud di Tel Aviv, Holon.

รˆ qui che, nel 2010, viene inaugurato il Design Museum Holon (DMH), prima struttura espositiva locale dedicata in ma-niera verticale al design e destinata a tra-sformarsi, fin dal suo debutto, in un luogo di un dibattito fertile e inclusivo. Epicen-tro naturale per la comunitร  dellโ€™industria creativa, ma desideroso innanzitutto di allargarne le maglie per diffondere, attra-verso il coinvolgimento del grande pub-blico, una vocazione plurale.Non che il paese fosse privo, fino a quel momento, di un establishment museale interessato alla progettazione. A partire dalla sua apertura nel 1973, il Department of Design and Architecture dellโ€™Israel Museum di Gerusalemme, ha garantito un impegno continuativo nel campo del design, mettendo insieme una collezione significativa di manufatti del XX secolo โ€“ dagli arredi ai tessuti, dalle ceramiche ai progetti di grafica -, e coltivando paralle-lamente unโ€™attivitร  di ricerca focalizzata sรฌ sullโ€™identitร  locale, ma anche aperta alle tensioni e alle idee che, in un paese picco-lo e allo stesso tempo cosmopolita come Israele, confluiscono in maniera naturale. Lo stesso ha fatto, una ventina di anni dopo, il Tel Aviv Museum of Art con il Department of Architecture and Design, da sempre attento indagatore delle feno-menologie di confine, spesso trasversali, tra arte e design. Tuttavia, la mancanza di unโ€™istituzione in-dipendente, svincolata dalle correnti e dal dibattito che anima lโ€™identitร  artistica dei due musei, non ha tardato a farsi sentire. Di qui alla creazione di unโ€™istituzione de-dicata il passo รจ stato breve. Conditio sine qua non, il sostegno finanziario di una municipalitร , quella di Holon, che con la presenza dellโ€™Israeli Center for Digital Art aveva giร  dato vita ad una piattaforma culturale dedicata allโ€™indagine sul con-temporaneo.

Prima che un museo sul design, il Design Museum Holon รจ innanzitutto un mu-seo di design: il suo iconico contenitore, avvolto nelle sinuose fasce rosse che ne delimitano i volumi, รจ infatti firmato da Ron Arad, archistar israeliana da tempo residente a Londra, che ha marcato con una cifra stilistica inconfondibile, e peral-tro molto vicina agli stilemi di alcuni tra i suoi piรน famosi progetti di arredo (si pensi alle sedute per Moroso, o alla stessa libre-ria Bookworm per Kartell) lโ€™architettura di questo edificio di 3200mq.Da cinque anni, il museo รจ diretto da Galit Gaon, un riferimento importante allโ€™interno del paese e non solo in virtรน di una carriera costruita sul doppio binario della didattica e dellโ€™attivitร  curatoriale (tra cui si annovera anche la fondazione dellโ€™Israeli Cartoon Museum). In veste di Chief Curator di DMH, Gaon รจ attenta a promuovere iniziative che sappiano allar-gare lโ€™esperienza del design cosรฌ da con-solidare, mostra dopo mostra, il pubblico degli appassionati. Con oltre venti mostre inaugurate fino ad oggi, non ci sono campi del design che non siano finiti sotto il suo attento occhio osservatore: dalle persona-li sui grandi interpreti del fashion design contemporaneo, come le retrospettive su Yohji Yamamoto e Iris Van Herpen, alle derive possibili degli scenari produttivi (come quella sul design senza petrolio di โ€œPostfossilโ€), fino a โ€œDecodeโ€, retrospetti-va sulle sperimentazioni nel campo del digitale. Il tutto senza lasciare da parte, naturalmente, le tensioni e le prerogative che caratterizzano lโ€™evoluzione del design israeliano, come per โ€œOut of the box. De-sign Made in Israelโ€, o con โ€œDesigners Plus Ten, 42 Israeli Designersโ€.Uno scenario, questโ€™ultimo, consolidatosi di recente, ma segnato da un forte dina-mismo. Israele, a differenza dellโ€™Italia, non ha unโ€™industria di settore nel campo dellโ€™arredo, e questo favorisce giocoforza lo sviluppo di unโ€™attitudine interdiscipli-nare, fortemente votata alla ricerca con-cettuale, ma incline a sperimentare con i nuovi materiali secondo modalitร  che sono proprie dellโ€™artigianato. Diverso รจ il caso della grafica, fortemente ricono-scibile nel suo segno e molto impegnata a dire la sua, tra umorismo e sarcasmo, sulla scena politica. Allo stesso tempo, la cultura del mondo giovanile รจ impregnata dellโ€™avanzata delle start up: il libro di Dan Senor e Saul Singer โ€œStart up Nation. The story of Israelโ€™s Economic Miracleโ€ รจ diven-tato un bestseller internazionale per un ri-ferimento imprescindibile per marketer e imprenditori. Cercando di capire come sia cambiata nel paese la consapevolezza sul ruolo e la funzione del design, Galit Gaon ci dice che โ€œi giovani, cresciuti con il de-sign, avvezzi al linguaggio dellโ€™arte, della moda, delle pr, del web, dellโ€™innovazione tecnologica, capiscono benissimo quanto il design faccia da volano allโ€™innovazione, e che il suo posto, oltre che negli scaffa-li dei negozi, sia anche nei dipartimenti Ricerca&Sviluppo. Per la vecchia genera-zione, invece, il design รจ ancora sinonimo di begli oggetti di stile, di una forma ac-cattivanteโ€.Gaon ci guida ancora verso unโ€™altra sco-perta: Israele ha il numero piรน alto di laureti in design per chilometro quadrato, addirittura 2.500 lo scorso anno, un nu-mero elevato se comparato ai sette milioni della popolazione locale. โ€œLโ€™attenzione sul design sta sicuramente crescendo molto,โ€ - dice Gaon โ€“ โ€œtuttavia crediamo che lโ€™in-dustria non tratti ancora il design come ci piacerebbe che facesse. Allo stesso modo, non credo che il design sia riconosciuto come professione seria โ€“ dubito che una

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madre israeliana suggerirebbe al figlio di intraprendere una carriera nel design โ€“ ma รจ anche vero che sempre piรน persone ca-piscono quanto il suo ruolo sia cruciale. Il design parla alla gente, parla della gente, favorisce il dialogo e una buona qualitร  di vita per tutti noiโ€. (pag. 28 โ€“ 29)

ISRAELE CHIAMA MONDO. DALLโ€™EUROPA AGLI STATI UNITI: 2015 RICCHISSIMO DI EVENTIdi Arianna TestinoOltre alle presenze eccellenti nel contesto, tutto italiano, di Expo 2015 e della 56. Esposizione Internazionale dโ€™Arte di Ve-nezia, Israele sarร  anche protagonista di un vivace calendario di mostre dedicate ai suoi artisti. Tra prestiti straordinari e collettive ispirate ai giovani emergenti, la seconda parte dellโ€™anno in corso farร  luce sul fermento culturale che attraversa il Vi-cino Oriente.

La stagione estiva si preannuncia intensa per la creativitร  israeliana. Il programma di appuntamenti internazionali vedrร  in-fatti Israele impegnato nel duplice ruolo di promotore e di terra dโ€™origine dei prota-gonisti in mostra oltre confine.Per celebrare il cinquantesimo anniversa-rio dalla stipula delle relazioni tra Germa-nia e Israele, il Tel Aviv Museum of Art in-vierร  per la prima volta in Europa settanta capolavori appartenenti alla propria colle-zione. Il Martin Gropius Bau ospita fino a giugno, unโ€™eccezionale selezione di opere dellโ€™etร  moderna, testimoni di un arco temporale emblematico, racchiuso tra il culmine della modernitร  e lโ€™attualitร  piรน stretta. Il legame tra passato recente e im-mediato presente รจ al centro di The Centu-ry Mark. Tel Aviv Museum of Art visits Ber-lin, rassegna progettata come un ideale fil rouge capace di avvicinare distanze geo-grafiche e differenti approcci creativi. Lโ€™in-tento dei curatori, Suzanne Landau, Ellen Ginton, Irith Hadar and Raz Samira, emer-ge dal desiderio di valicare confini fisici e temporali per mettere a confronto i modi di fare arte connaturati ad epoche diver-se, generando un affascinante dialogo tra i maestri della modernitร  e gli artisti isra-eliani contemporanei. Categorie di media dallโ€™identitร  storicizzata, pittura, scultura e arte grafica, convivono negli spazi ber-linesi con le immagini in movimento e le installazioni delle attuali leve di artisti israeliani. I grandi nomi della tradizio-ne moderna, da Max Beckmann a Marc Chagall, da Edgar Degas a Egon Schiele, da Georges Seurat a Pablo Picasso, trag-gono nuova linfa vitale dallโ€™accostamento alle opere di Yael Bartana, Guy Ben-Ner, Nevet Yitzhak, Nira Pereg, impregnate di unโ€™attenzione costante al difficile clima socio-politico contemporaneo. Passato e presente entrano in una dialettica non conflittuale e finalmente propositiva, dop-piando lo spirito dellโ€™ancora giovane rap-porto instaurato tra i due Stati promotori dellโ€™iniziativa.Sempre in Europa, ma piรน a nord, una de-gli artisti presenti a Berlino, Yael Bartana sarร  portavoce della comunitร  israeliana nellโ€™ambito di The New Human, progetto espositivo in due capitoli, a cura di Joa Ljungberg, allestito presso il Moderna Mu-seet di Malmรถ, in Svezia, fino agli ultimi mesi del 2016. Il primo appuntamento, sottotitolato You and I in Global Wonder-land, ospitato al piano superiore del mu-seo, esplicita lโ€™obiettivo generale dellโ€™ini-ziativa, che propone una riflessione sullo status di essere umano nel panorama con-temporaneo attraverso le opere video de-gli artisti coinvolti. Il prossimo 18 ottobre

sarร  lโ€™ultimo giorno utile per visitare una mostra collettiva dai profondi risvolti poli-tici e sociali, che invita i suoi protagonisti a prendere una posizione sui fenomeni di alienazione, paura e fanatismo dilaganti nel nostro tempo, ma anche a suggerire, grazie alla mediazione delle opere, nuovi terreni di incontro e riconciliazione. Oltre a Bartana, sono dieci gli artisti interna-zionali presenti a Malmรถ, tra cui Adrian Paci, Cao Fei e Loulou Cherinet. Lโ€™apporto della video maker e fotografa israeliana affonda le radici nella decennale ricerca da lei condotta sui temi dellโ€™identitร  e della memoria, strettamente collegati alla storia del suo paese natio. Usando il filtro dei rituali e delle cerimonie popolari, an-che in questa occasione lโ€™artista identifica nellโ€™essere umano il punto di partenza per il pieno recupero della coscienza di sรฉ e della collettivitร .Unโ€™altra mostra a piรน nomi, di respiro maggiormente sperimentale, vede coin-volto un giovane esponente della creati-vitร  israeliana, Michael Liani, selezionato insieme ad altri quarantanove artisti per tratteggiare la gamma di passioni, inte-ressi, strumenti e approcci che animano lโ€™attivitร  dei fotografi emergenti, scelti tra gli studenti di oltre quaranta accademie mondiali. reGeneration, questo il titolo della mostra, sintetizza la proposta espo-sitiva del Musรฉe de lโ€™Elysรฉe di Losanna, in Svizzera, per il periodo compreso tra maggio e agosto 2015. Giunto alla terza edizione, il progetto nasce dallโ€™urgenza di render conto del grande senso critico che percorre le nuove generazioni di artisti-fotografi, valore essenziale per far fronte allโ€™incertezza del nuovo millennio, domi-nato da una conflittualitร  diffusa. Il non ancora trentenne Michael Liani fa tesoro della propria appartenenza e ne traspone gli aspetti a lui piรน familiari in scatti e ope-re video che suonano come una risposta secca e precisa al paradosso della guerra e della segregazione, a prescindere dallo schieramento.A distanza di un oceano, il Museum of Contemporary Art (MCA) di Chicago ac-coglie il primo, esteso approfondimento monografico allestito negli Stati Uniti per celebrare la carriera di Keren Cytter, fino al 4 ottobre 2015. Originaria di Tel Aviv e cittadina del mondo come formazione, lโ€™artista espone a Chicago otto video rea-lizzati negli ultimi dieci anni, una nuova serie di disegni e opere legate ad azioni performative. La mostra, organizzata dalla Kunsthal Charlottenborg di Copenhagen insieme alla curatrice del MCA Naomi Beckwith, coglie nel segno il carattere dis-sacratorio che accompagna la produzione creativa della Cytter. Emblema di uno sti-le multidisciplinare, incline alla commi-stione di generi e forme espressive, la sua poetica denota un uso critico dello stru-mento filmico, sfruttato al minimo della potenzialitร . I film, prodotti con effetti low-fi e spesso girati nello stesso appar-tamento dellโ€™artista, raggiungendo esiti volutamente prossimi al kitsch, mettono in scena storie quotidiane di amore, sesso, gelosia che si rispecchiano in una inecce-pibile resa dellโ€™atmosfera proprio grazie a tecniche non sofisticate. Anche gli attori e le azioni tendono a moltiplicarsi senza sosta, incentivando la messa in discussio-ne delle convenzioni narrative del cinema tradizionale. (Pag. 30-33)

FOCUS SULLโ€™ARTISTA: GAL WEINSTEINdi Santa Nastro

โ€œAlcuni dei miei lavori si basano su immag-ini iconiche tratte dalla cultura israeliana

โ€“ che contengono aspetti simbolici, nos-talgici ed esaustiโ€. Comincia cosรฌ la nostra chiacchierata con Gal Weinstein, uno degli artisti piรน rappresentativi della scena artis-tica israeliana. Lโ€™abbiamo incontrato a Tel Aviv, dove attualmente vive.La tua ricerca artistica รจ connessa alla tradizione e alla cultura di Israele? Se sรฌ, come?Alcuni dei miei lavori si basano su im-magini iconiche tratte dalla cultura israe-liana โ€“ che contengono aspetti simbolici, nostalgici ed esausti. Anche se sono im-magini, la loro presenza nella cultura israeliana รจ piรน simbolica che non fisica o attuale. Il mio lavoro cerca di convertire un tocco emotivo โ€“ intendo nel senso let-terale del termine โ€“ in uno di tipo fisico. In altre parole, significa cercare di trasfor-mare lโ€™aspetto simbolico dellโ€™immagine in un aspetto concreto. Questo tentativo รจ realizzato con lโ€™aiuto di materiali sintetici (tappeti che coprono lโ€™intero pavimento, paglietta dโ€™acciaio, pvc, mdf) allo scopo di tentare lo spettatore a toccare, e dunque a sentire. Cโ€™รจ qualche artista (vivente o scomparso) che consideri un maestro?รˆ difficile per me citare uno specifico arti-sta. Ce ne sono molti il cui lavoro seguo e apprezza, di cui mi interesso e da cui im-paro: Bruce Nauman, Mike Kelley, Paul McCarthy, Thomas Shรผtte, Willem de Kooning, Gideon Gechtman, David Wak-stein, David Ginton, Roy Lichtenstein e molti altri. Penso che lโ€™aspetto principale che mi affascina sia il modo in cui la loro opera รจ stata sempre piรน forte rispetto allo spirito del proprio tempo. In effetti, oggi questi lavori emergono dallo sfondo di unโ€™alluvione di immagini, mostre e altre opere. Dal mio punto di vista, lโ€™ispirazione che ne traggo ha a che fare con la totalitร  e la lealtร  di cui faccio esperienza attraverso la loro arte. Un altro maestro che รจ davve-ro importante, per quanto mi riguarda, รจ lโ€™esperienzaโ€ฆParliamo dei tuoi โ€œtappetiโ€. Hanno lโ€™a-spetto di visioni dallโ€™alto, ma anche di mimetizzazioni, come quelle dei soldati: รจ solo una suggestione, o realmente esi-ste una connessione tematica, di caratte-re sociologico e politico? Credo che lโ€™associazione con il camou-flage, la mimetizzazione e i colori delle uniformi militari sia corretta. Secondo me, questa connessione proviene dal processo di mappatura del paesaggio con forme e colori: la ragione dei colori e delle forme mimetiche che si possono vedere รจ il tentativo di creare lโ€™illusione di confon-dersi con la natura del paesaggio e della topografia, campionando e mappando. La similaritร  accettabile con il camouflage viene fuori dal processo del lavoro.Uno dei tappeti รจ stato esposto in Brasi-le, alla Biennale di Mercosul; un altro fa parte della collezione di arte contempo-ranea dellโ€™Israel Museum. In che senso โ€“ se ciรฒ accade โ€“ la percezione del lavoro cambia a seconda del contesto geografi-co?Il lavoro dellโ€™Israel Museum รจ basato su unโ€™immagine di Nahalal, una comunitร  della Valle di Jezreel e unโ€™immagine ico-nica della cultura israeliana. Il villaggio stesso รจ stato progettato nel 1921 dallโ€™ar-chitetto Richard Kauffman, con una for-ma circolare. Questo รจ anche il motivo del passaggio da installazione a scultura a muro o a terra, perchรฉ lโ€™immagine di Na-halal รจ conosciuta e osservata come una forma definita. Per lโ€™opera alla Mercosul Biennale, invece, ho adottato un approc-cio diverso, affrontando il lavoro da unโ€™an-golo che avrebbe deliberatamente enfa-tizzato gli aspetti formali, sottolineando il

punto di vista dello straniero. Lโ€™immagine che ho scelto dipendeva dallโ€™associazione con i dipinti dripping di Jackson Pollock e con forme organiche che sono parte in-tegrante di quellโ€™area. Sebbene il lavoro fosse basato su immagini concrete del pa-esaggio, riuscivo quasi a vederlo come un dipinto astratto. Con il senno di poi, potrei dire che i colori delle immagini e delle for-me appartenenti alla topografia originale, differenti dalle forme di Nahalal o della Valle di Jezreel, si sono successivamente sviluppati in unโ€™opera a terra color caffรจ. Nellโ€™immagine che ha funzionato come punto di partenza dellโ€™opera per il Brasile cโ€™erano gli indizi visivi di futuri lavori con il caffรจ. Nella tua ricerca non cโ€™รจ un medium privilegiato: lavori indistintamente con lโ€™installazione, la scultura, il video, ecc. Quanto รจ importante il medium per il tuo lavoro? O รจ piuttosto solo lo strumento per qualcosโ€™altro? La scelta del medium proviene dallโ€™unici-tร  di ognuno, e dalla loro capacitร  di en-fatizzare il punto di vista che voglio. Non sempre รจ pianificato: a volte, qualcosa ac-cade nel processo del disegno e della scul-tura, rivelandoti il potenziale insito nel lavorare con il video o con la fotografia. In ogni caso, quando lavoro con il video o la fotografia ho la disciplina, o lโ€™onestร , di documentare lโ€™azione. Non ho preferenze per un medium in particolare, a eccezio-ne dellโ€™etica e della fedeltร  al materiale. Ogni lavoro passa attraverso molte possi-bilitร , e potrebbe esprimersi secondo stra-de differenti; ciรฒ che รจ importante per me รจ considerare lโ€™intero quadro, voglio dire la consistenza piรน ampia delle mie opere e le connessioni che stabilisco tra di esse. Guardare a un unico pezzo รจ come guar-dare una sola parola e perdersi il signifi-cato della frase.

Che cosa รจ fondamentale per te nellโ€™arte? Qual รจ il tuo sogno piรน grande?La cosa piรน importante per me รจ cercare di rimanere il piรน possibile curioso. Per me questa รจ una motivazione davvero importante, cosรฌ come il cercare di espan-dere ogni volta la capacitร  di posporre il giudizio, mentre sono nel processo crea-tivo, per rimanere il piรน possibile in una condizione giocosa e ininterrotta. Penso dunque che il mio sogno sia quello di non aver mai paura di esperire e di posporre il piรน possibile il pregiudizio su ciรฒ che รจ giusto e su ciรฒ che รจ sbagliato. Provare a fare in modo che sia il tempo stesso a sta-bilizzare la capacitร  di guardare il lavoro. Naturalmente, desidero molto esporre il mio lavoro ogni volta che posso, e ottene-re il riconoscimento per esso.

Lavori anche con una galleria italiana: che opinione hai rispetto allโ€™arte contem-poranea italiana? Ho lavorato con la Galleria Riccardo Cre-spi per tre anni e mezzo: mi piace lavo-rarci, e sento un profondo interesse da parte loro per il mio lavoro e per la nostra collaborazione. Molti artisti della galleria provengono da Paesi differenti, perciรฒ รจ difficile per me comunicare unโ€™opinione in merito allโ€™arte contemporanea italiana. Forse, a livello intuitivo, posso dire che mi sembra abbastanza simile al contesto artistico israeliana, in cui sussiste una di-stinzione tra scena internazionale e scena locale. (Pag. 34 โ€“ 35)

TRANSLATIONS42

Page 43: Artribune Israel #0

ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™. ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ืขืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื›ืคื•ืœ: ื“ื™ื“ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช, )ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื’ืœื™ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื”

ื•ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก(. ื’ืœื™ืช ืžื ืฆืœืช ืขื“ ืชื•ื ืืช ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื”ืื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช

ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœืงื”ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื -ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื. ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืงื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื ืขืœืžื• ืžืขื™ื ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื—ื ื•ืช: ื—ืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช

ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืื•ืคื ื” ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื, ืจื˜ืจื•ืกืคืงื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื•ื”ื™ ื™ืืžืžื•ื˜ื• ื•ืื™ืจื™ืก ื•ืืŸ ื”ืจืคืŸ, ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกืฆื ืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื

ืœืœื ื“ืœืง, โ€œืคื•ืกื˜ ืคื•ืกื™ืœโ€. ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื โ€œื“ื™ืงื•ื“โ€, ื”ืฆื’ื” ืจื˜ืจื˜ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื–ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘

ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื”ื™ื ืืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” โ€œืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ืคืกื”. ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™โ€, ื•ื’ื โ€œืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืคืœื•ืก 10โ€, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช 42 ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื. ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”. ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช, ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืงื•ื ืฆืคื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืขื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื

ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช-ืืจื˜ื™ื–ืŸ. ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ืจืคื™ืงื”, ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ, ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืžืฉืœื•, ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ

ื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืกืคื•ื’ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืกื˜ืืจื˜-ืืค ื•ืกืคืจื ืฉืœ ื“ืŸ ืกื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ื–ื™ื ื’ืจ, โ€œืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืกื˜ืืจื˜ ืืค, ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€, ื”ืคืš ืœืจื‘ ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืงืจื™ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ื–ืžื™ื

ื•ืžืงื“ืžื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืžืขืžื“ื•, ื’ืœื™ืช ื’ืื•ืŸ ืืžืจื” ืœื ื• ืฉโ€ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื

ืœืฉืคืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื”ืื•ืคื ื”, ื”ื™ื—ืฆื ื•ืช, ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื›ื˜ืจื™ื’ืจ ืœืงื“ืžื”. ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื•

ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืคื™ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—. ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื›ืžื™ืœื” ื ืจื“ืคืช ืœื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื ื ื™ื

ื•ื ืื™ืโ€. ื’ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ โ€œื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, 2500 ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืงืžโ€ืจ, ืžืกืคืจ

ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.

ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืจื‘, ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื’ืื•ืŸ, ื•ืื ื–ืืช, ืœื“ืขืชื™ื ื•, ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื” ืœื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื”. ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื

ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ืื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ื•ืื ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืกืคืง ืื ืืžื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” โ€“ ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช

ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข. ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœืงื”ืœ ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื“ื• ืฉื™ื— ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ื•ืœืโ€

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื•ืจืืช ืœืขื•ืœื. ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืขื“ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช - 2015 , ื ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.

ืื“ืจื™ืื ื” ื˜ืกื˜ื™ื ื• ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ

ืืงืกืคื• 2015 ื•ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื โ€ืœ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืฉ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืจื—ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืœื•โ€ื– ืฉืœ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืืžื ื™ื

ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื”. ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืชืฆืื ื” ืœื—ื•โ€ืœ ื‘ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ืจืงื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืคื ื” ืœืขื‘ืจ

ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืžืกืชืžื ืช ื›ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื™ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืงื“ืžืช ืืžื ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืืช ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฆื™ื’ื• ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ

ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ. ืœืจื’ืœ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ โ€œืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืืžื ื•ืชโ€ ื™ืฉืœื— ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื

ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื– ื”ื™ื•ื•ืกื“ื•, ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืคืช ืžืื•ืกืคื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™. ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ โ€œืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืก ื‘ืื•โ€, ื™ืืจื— ืขื“ ืœ-21 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื” ืœื ื•

ืืžื ื•ืช ืืžื‘ืœืžื˜ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“, ื”ื ืขื” ืžืจื’ืขื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื” ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช, ื‘ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•. ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื ื•

ื•ื”ื•ื•ื” ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ื™, ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืžื™ื–ื ื”-ื“ื” ืกื ื˜ื™ื•ืจื™ ืžืจืง ื•ื‘ื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžืชืืจื— ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื›ืžืชืคืื•ืจื” ืื™ื“ืืœื™ืช,

ืžืขื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืœืกืžืœ ืงืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืื•ืฆืจื™ื: ืกื•ื–ื ื” ืœื ื“ืื•, ืืœืŸ ื’ื™ื ืชื•ืŸ, ืื™ืจื™ืช ื”ื“ืจ ื•ืจื–

ืกืžื™ืจื”, ื ื—ืฉืคืช ื‘ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช

ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืฉืจ ืœื›ืฉืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ืœื™ื“ ื“ื•-ืฉื™ื— ืžืจืชืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืืžื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•. ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื โ€œื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื

ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™โ€ ื”ืžืขื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืคื™ืช, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืื™ ืœืฆื“ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืžื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืฉื”ืคื™ืงื• ืืžื ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ

ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžืžืงืก ื‘ืงืžืŸ, ืžืจืง ืฉืื’ืืœ, ืื“ื’ืจ ื“ื’ื”, ืื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื”, ื’โ€™ื•ืจื’โ€™ ืกืจื” ื•ืคืื‘ืœื• ืคื™ืงืืกื• ืžื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”

ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืขืœ ื‘ืจืชื ื, ื’ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ื ืจ, ื ื‘ื˜ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื ื™ืจื” ืคืจื’. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืœืืงืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžื ื• ื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช. ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช,

ืืœื ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื ืžืงืคื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืชื”ืœื™ืš

ื”ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื–ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืืš ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ืขืœ ื‘ืจืชื ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ื ืฆื™ื’ืช ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ืช

ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘- ื“ื” ื ื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ. ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืชืฆื•ื’ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืืœืžื•, ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืชื”

ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืื” ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ืจื’. ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœืงื”ืœ ืขื“ ื—ื•ืจืฃ 2016. ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื• "ืื ื™ ื•ืืชื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคืœื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™", ื™ืชืืจื— ื‘ืงื•ืžื”

ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ; ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืคื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ืฆื’ื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”. ื”-18 ืœืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื™ื”

ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืžืื’ื“ืช ืชื›ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ, ื”ืคื—ื“ ื•ื”ืคื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื•ืช

ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื›ืœ ืคื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข, ื‘ืชื™ื•ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžืคื’ืฉ ื•ื”ืชืคื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.

ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื‘ืจืชื ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืืœืžื• ืขืฉืจื” ืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื: ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ืคืืฆโ€™ื™, ืงืื• ืคื™ื™ ื•ืœื•ืœื• ืฆืจื™ื ื˜. ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ืช

ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื•ื”ืฆืœืžืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื—ืงืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื ืจืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืงื•ืช

ืืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื”. ื‘ืจืชื ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืคื™ืœื˜ืจ ื”ื˜ื›ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ื•ื“ืจื›ื ื”ื™ื ืžื–ื”ื” ื‘ืื“ื ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื•

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘. ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ืคื™ ืืงืกืคืจื™ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื•ื‘ื” ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืืจื‘ืขื™ื

ื•ืชืฉืขื” ืฆืœืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื’ื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื ืื™. ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื™ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืกืžืŸ ืงืฉืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืœื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช

ื•ืœืืžืฆืขื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื™ื ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ื›ืฆืœืžื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื; ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื›ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” "ืจื’ื ืจืฆื™ื”", ืžืชืžืฆืช ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืืฉืจ

ืชืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘โ€ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื–ื”โ€ ื‘ืœื•ื–ืŸ, ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืื™ ืœืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2015. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืชืช ื“ื™ืŸ

ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืืžื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื: ื’ื•ืจื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช

ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืืœืฃ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™. ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืœื™ื ืื™, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื—ื’ื’ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื, ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืชื•

ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ืžืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืœื’ื‘ื™

ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ื–ืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื—ื ื” ืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš. ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ

ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•, ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉื™ืงืื’ื• ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ืฉืขืจื™ื• ืขื“ ืœ-4 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ืœืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืžื•ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ื’ื’ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืจืŸ

ืฆื™ื˜ืจ. ืงืจืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืชื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช, ื‘ืฉื™ืงืื’ื• ื”ื™ื ืชืฆื™ื’ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื• ื‘ืขืฉืจ

ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืกื“ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืคื•ืจืžื ืก. ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืื•ืจื’ื ื” ืขโ€ื™ โ€œืงื•ื ืกื˜ืืœ ืฉืจืœื•ื˜ื ื‘ื•ืจื’, ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸโ€,

ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ืฆืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืกื, ื ืขืžื™ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜, ืงื•ืœืขืช ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื˜ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืงืจื™ืกืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช. ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื›ืกื™ืžืŸ

ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืชื—ื•ืžื™, ื”ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืขืจื‘ ืกื•ื’ื•ืช ื•ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืคื•ืื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื˜ืจ ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™

ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ื™ื. ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื• ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื low-fi ื•ืฆื•ืœืžื• ื‘ื“ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื™ืช, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื™ื˜ืฉ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืกืฆื ื” ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืกืงืก ื•ืงื ืื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืงืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ

ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ื ื—ืฉืคืช ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช. ื’ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืกืฆื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช

ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืจืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™.

ืื“ืจื™ืื ื” ื˜ืกื˜ื™ื ื•

ืคื•ืงื•ืก ืขืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ื’ืœ ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸืกื ื˜ื” ื ืกื˜ืจื•

"ื›ืžื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ โ€“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื, ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืขื˜. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื

ืืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขื ื’ืœ ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื ืคื’ืฉื ื• ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืขื™ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื•.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืš ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช? ื•ืื ื›ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข?

ื›ืžื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช โ€“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื, ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื

ืžืขื˜. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืื• ืžืžืฉื™ืช. ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืžื™ืจ

ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ โ€“ ืœืžื’ืข ืคื™ื–ื™. ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืคื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™.

ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืžืงื™ืจ ืœืงื™ืจ, ืฆืžืจ ืคืœื“ื” ,MDF PVC ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืœื’ืขืช ื•ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”.

ืœืื™ื–ื” ืืžื ื™ื, ื’ื ืืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืชื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ืืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื?

ืงืฉื” ืœื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืŸ ืื—ื“ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™. ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืื ื™ ืขื•ืงื‘, ืžืขืจื™ืš ื•ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื โ€“ ื‘ืจื•ืก ื ืื•ืžืŸ, ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืงืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื•ื“ ื’ื™ื ืชื•ืŸ, ืจื•ื™

ืœื™ื›ื˜ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ื. ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ืฉืžืจืชืง ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื— ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื˜ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ

ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื, ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช. ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื”ื ืฉืœื—ืช ืžื”ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืžื•ืจื” ื ื•ืกืฃ

ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ...

ื‘ื•ื ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ "ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื" ืฉืœืš, ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžืจืื•ืช ืžืžืขื•ืฃ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ืื• ื›ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืกื•ื•ืื”, ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื: ื–ืืช ืจืง ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื” ืื• ืฉืื›ืŸ

ืงื™ื™ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืชืžืื˜ื™, ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™? ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื” ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ื•ืœืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช

ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืขื™ื. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ื•ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืœื•ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื

ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืช ืžื“ื’ืžื™ื ื•ืžื™ืคื•ื™. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืœืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ื”ืกื•ื•ืื” ื–ื•ืจื ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื•.

ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื, ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืกืฃ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืœื” "ืžืจืงื•ืกื•ืœ". ื”ืื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืคื ื™ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื ืชืคืกืช

ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื—ืจืช? ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื”ืœืœ, ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขืžืง

ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ ื•ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืข"ื™ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืงืื•ืคืžืŸ ื‘-1922 ื•ืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืขื’ืœ. ื–ืืช ื’ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”

ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืžื™ืฆื’ ืœืคื™ืกื•ืœ ืงื™ืจ ืื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื˜ื—-ืจืฆืคื”; ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื”ืœืœ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›ื“ื’ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ

ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืœื” "ืžืจืงื•ืกื•ืœ" ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ืขืฆื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืขืฆืžื•. ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื˜ื™ื— ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืชื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืชื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช

ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจ. ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืงืฉืจ ืืกื•ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื˜ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื•ืง ื•ืœืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื•ื• ื—ืœืง

ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืคื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืชืคืชื™ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื‘ืกื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ

ืฉืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ื”ืœืœ ืื• ืขืžืง ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ โ€“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ืœืžืจื‘ื“ -ืœืจืฆืคื” ืฉืœ ืงืคื” ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆืžื™ื— ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžืขืœื™ ืขื•ื‘ืฉ. ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ, ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืฉืœ

  ืขื ื•ืขืœ ืงืคื” ืฉื—ื•ืจ.

ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชืš ืœืชื—ื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืืชื” ืขื•ืกืง ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ืฆื‘ื™ื, ืคื™ืกื•ืœ, ื•ื™ื“ืื•,.... ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ืืชื”

ืžืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”? ืื• ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœื™ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื? ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืคื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช

ื”ื‘ืื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื”. ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงื•ืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืชื•ืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืื• ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืžื’ืœื” ืœืš ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื. ื‘ื›ืœ

ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืื• ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืื ื™ ื ืืžืŸ ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื•ืœืžื“ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืขื•ืกืง. ืื™ื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช

ืœื—ื•ืžืจ. ืื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื ืชืคืฉืช ืข"ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืคื”. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”

ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช, ืืช ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ. ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ื•ืคืœืกืคืก ืืช

ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืฆืžื•.

ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื"?

ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืงืจืŸ. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื”

ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื™ ืฉืจื•ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื ื™ื ื•ื— ื•ื–ื•ืจื. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื‘ืขืช ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข. ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืชืช ืœื–ืžืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ

ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืš.

ืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื’ื ืขื ื’ืœืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”; ืžื” ื“ืขืชืš ืขืœ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืชื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”?

ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืขื ื”ื’ืœืจื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ืงืจื“ื• ืงืจืกืคื™. ื ื”ื ืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื ื•ื’ื ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื™ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืžื ื™ื

ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ื“ืขื” ืขืœ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ

ืžื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ"ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืœื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™".

TRANSLATIONS 43

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ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื˜ื•ืจื“ ืืช ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืืช ืชื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ. ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”, ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื ืื˜ื•ื ืื• ื—ืœื•ืœ, ืื ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืฉ ืžืœื ืื•

ืฉืžื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื•ืš; ืคื ื™ื, ืฉืืœื™ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ, ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก.ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ื ืฉืขื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™,

ืžืฆื•ื™, ืžื•ื›ืจ, ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ืŸ ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื’, ื›ืžืงื“ื ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืœื ื–ืขื–ื•ืขื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ื›ืกืžืžืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจ

ืฉืœ ืžื—ืื” ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžืื•ืœืชืจ ื•ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ืจ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™-ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืžื™ืฆื‘. ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื, ืืฉืจ

ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื™ื ื•ืžื“ื™ืคื™ื ืจื™ื— ืขื–, ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืจืฉืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืžืกืžืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื›ื ื”, ื•ืžื˜ืขื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ

ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื‘ืืžื™ืจื” ื“ื—ื•ืคื”, ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื•ืื™ื˜ื•ืžื• โ€“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื,

ื•ืžืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื โ€“ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื—ืœืœื™ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื”ื ืจืื™ื ืจืง ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”. ืืœื• ื”ื ื—ืœืœื™ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื”, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืื• ื”ื“ื”ื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื )ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ: ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื’ื’( ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™, ื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืืš ื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ

ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืžื—ืกื ื™ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ. ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื” ื“ืœืชื•ืช, ืชืจื™ืกื™ื, ืกื•ืจื’ื™ื, ืงืจืฉื™ื, ืงืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื, ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื, ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช,

ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜, ืžื–ื›ืจื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืขื•ื“ืคื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืžืกืชื‘ืš ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™, ื•ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™. ื”ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆืจ ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช, ืืœื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืœืš ื”ืžื•ื“ื—ืง,

ื”ืžื•ื›ื—ืฉ, ืฉืคืขื ืื—ืจ ืคืขื ืฆืฃ ื•ืขื•ืœื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ืžื ื’ื“ ืœื—ืœืœื™ ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ, ืžื•ืœ ื“ืœืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ื ืจืื” ืงื™ืจ ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ืืจื•ืš,

ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืงื™ืจ ืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื“ื’ืžื™ืช, ืจืคื˜ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ื—ื•ื ื•ื”ืคืจื“ื”; ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ืžื”. ืžืขืœื™ื•, ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืงื™ืจ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ื ื” ืœื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ

ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื’ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืจื’ืข ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืœื—ืœืœ, ืคื•ืœืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื•ืš

ื”ืคื ื™ื, ื•ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ืขืœ-ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืฉื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืกืคืง, ืžืชืคืจืงืช ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืงื™ืจ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจืช, ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื

ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื–ื’ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื”, ื“ื’ื ื”ื’ืจื™ื“ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ื”ืžื•ื ื“ืจื™ืื ื™, ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ื•ื”ืกื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืœื‘ืฉ ืขืœ ื“ื’ื ื”ื’ืจื™ื“ ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฉ, ื”ืžืขื•ื’ืœ

ื•ื”ืžืจื•ื›ืš ืฉืœ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชืจ.

ืขื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืคืœืก ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ื ืคืจืฉ ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืงื™ืจ ืชืจื™ืกื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ืจื—ื‘, ื”ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืชืจื™ืกื™ื ืžื•ื’ืคื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื

ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื›ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืคืกื™ืคืก. ื”ืงื™ืจ ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื›ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืจื ืงื•ืœืจื™ืช,1 ืคืจื•ืขื”, ื“ื—ื•ืคื”, ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ โ€“ ื ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ืช. ื”ื•ื

ืžืชื ืฉื ืžืจืฆืคื” ืขื“ ืชืงืจื”, ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืœื™ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™, ื—ื•ืœืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ, ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื•ื’ื•ืœืฉ ืœืคืืช ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื”, ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ

ืคืœื™ืฉื”, ืฉืœ ื—ื“ื™ืจื”. ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฉื˜ื— ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืžืจืชืง, ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจื™ื“ ื•ืžืฉืœื‘, ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ืช, ืชืจื™ืกื™ื

ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื, ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื, ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื, ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืชืจื™ืกื™ื ืžื•ืชืงื ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืฆื™ื“ื ื”ืžื•ื’ืฃ,

ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื–ื” ื”ืคื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืขืชื•ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืœืคื™ืกื•ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื“ืžื™ ืœืื—ื•ืจื™. ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ื”ืฆื‘ื”, ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื™ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืžืŸ

ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื•ืงืขืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ืžื”. ื‘ืžืคืœืก ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื ืชืงืœ ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื™ืฆื‘ ืกื•ืจื’ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื™ืฆื‘ื™ื

ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืข, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื”ืกื•ืจื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ืช ืคืชื—ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื˜, ื›ื›ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืจื™ืงื™ื, ืงืจื™ื ื•ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ืืŸ ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื“ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ืช, ืขืฆื™ืฆื™ื, ืžื–ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜ ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื™ื, ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช

ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืฆื‘ื” ื–ื• ืžื—ืงื” ืืช ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืจื’ื™ื ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื–ื•ื˜ื, ืืงืกื˜ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ

ื”ืคื ื™ื, ืžื—ืกืŸ ืืจืขื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื’ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืคื™ืคื” ืื—ืช.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืข ืžื•ืฉืชืชืช ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ืžื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื ืคืขืจื™ื, ื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื“ืจื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ, ืืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ

ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ. ืคืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ืžื”, ืฉืœ ืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืกืคืง ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืขื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืื˜ื™ื•ืช,

ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืœืฉืช ื‘ื’ืกื•ืช, ื”ืœื™ืจื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ื”ื”ืฆื‘ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืœืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื. ืžื•ื‘ืœืขื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื”, ืืš ื–ื• ื”ื ื”

ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืืฉืœื™ื™ื”. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื, ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืžืชืงืคื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช; ื—ืœืœื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”, ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืงื•ื ืžื—ื‘ื•ื ืื• ืžืกืชื•ืจ ื–ืžื ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“; ืกื•ืจื’ื™ ื”ืžืจืคืกื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืชืงื• ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื ืชื•ืŸ

ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื—ืกื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื•ื›ื•ืœืื™ื ืืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื; ืงื™ืจ ื”ืชืจื™ืกื™ื, ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืฆื”.

ื”ื›ืืคื™ื™ื”, ื”ื‘ืœืื˜ื”, ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืจื™ืก, ื”ืกื•ืจื’, ืงื™ืจ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื โ€“ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืžื•ืกื›ืžื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ, ื‘ื™ืŸ

ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™. ื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ืืœื ืฉื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืŸ

โ€“ ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืคืจื’ืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช, ืžืคื•ืจืงืช. ื”ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื›ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื, ืื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื‘ื™ืช, ืื•ืœื ืœื ื›ืฉื‘ืจื™

ื‘ื™ืช ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™, ืžืžืฉื™. ื•ื›ืš, ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืฉื‘ ื•ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืงื•ื ืžื–ื•ื›ืš ืฉืœ ื›ืžื™ื”ื”; ื—ืœื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืžื•ืžืฉ

ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื“ื” ื•ื ืชื•ื ื”. ื’ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ืืžืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’, ืื•ืœื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•

ื”ื™ื ืžืžื“ ื ืฆื‘ืจ, ื”ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช โ€“ ื•ืœื ื›ื–ื” ื”ืžื›ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืคื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืื‘ื—ื”. ืืฃ ืื ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืช

ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข ื•ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ, ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืชื— ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืจื•ื‘

ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ื— ื•ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื; ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ, ืœืขื•ืœื, ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™, ืจื‘-ืžืฉืžืขื™, ืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื—ื“ื•ืชื™, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช .1 ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืจื ืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืขืžืžื™ืช, ืœืœื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™, ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช

ืœื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืฉืงืฃ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.

ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืžืžื“ ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืืฃ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืชื•ื•ืš ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,

ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืืžื ื•ืช. ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืื•ืกืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจ, ื”ื–ืจ ื•ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง. ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืœืงื•ื—ื™ื ืžืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื”

ื•ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืžื“ ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™ ื”ืžืคื›ื” ื‘ื”. ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืกืคื•ื’ื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื ืชื•ืŸ, ืจื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื›ื•ืื‘ืช, ืžืคื•ื›ื—ืช ื•ืงืฉื”. ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืชืจืช ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“

ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ื•ืœื ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื›ืœ: ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื•, ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื

ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื›ืื—ื“.

ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืžืœื ืžืืช ื”ื“ืก ืžืื•ืจ ื”ืชืคืจืกื, ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช "ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืจื ืงื•ืœืจื™ืช", ื‘ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืข: ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื”, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ

moc.avegibist.2015noilivapilearsi ืœื”ื•ืจื“ื” ื‘ืืชืจ

ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืขื•ืœื ืชื•ืกืก ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื”ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ืงืืœื™ืื ื“ืจื•

ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืขื ืžืกื•ืจืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœืชื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืžืขื‘ื“ื”

ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื; ื™ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืขื ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช.

ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืจื‘ืชื™, ืžืกืชืžื ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื›ืžืจื›ื– ื•ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืืชืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื: ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช,

ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื, ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืจื•ื•ื—, ื›ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืืžื ื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื ื—ื ืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 1932 ื•ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื•

ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืžืฉื ืช 1971; ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืžื ื• ื ืžืฆื ื’ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช, ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืืžื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•. ื”ืื’ืฃ ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ

ื”ืจื˜ื” ื•ืคืื•ืœ ืืžื™ืจ, ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011 ืข"ื™ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืคืจืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืกืงื•ื˜ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืžืืจื— ืื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžืจื—ื‘ ืชืฆื•ื’ื”, ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื

ื•ืกืคืจื™ื™ื”. ืžื”- 15 ื‘ืžืื™ ื•ืขื“ ืœ-5 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื•ื–ืŸ ืœื ื“ืื•, ื™ืืจื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืกื“ืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฅ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘, ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืคืกื•ื— ืขืœื™ื”, "ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”", ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืžืกืขื•ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 2006

ืœ- 2013 ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื‘ืจื ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ืขืฉืจ ืฆืœืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื–ืžื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜: ื•ื•ื ื“ื™ ืื™ื•ื•ืœื“, ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœืจ, ื™ื•ื–ืฃ ืงื•ื“ืœืงื”, ื’โ€™ื•ื ื’โ€™ื™ืŸ ืœื™, ื–โ€™ื™ืœ ืคืจืก,

ืคื™ื™ื–ืœ ืฉื™ื—โ€™, ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืจ, ืจื•ื–ืœื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืงืก ืกื•ืœื•ืžื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืžืก ืฉื˜ืจื•ื˜, ื’โ€™ืฃ ื•ื•ืœ ื•ื ื™ืง ื•ื•ืคืœื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ. ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ืืฆื™ืจืชื” ืžื•ืคืงื“ืช ืฉืจืœื•ื˜ ืงื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืงื ื˜ืจื™ ืœื•ืก ืื ื’โ€™ืœืก ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช. ืฆืคื•ื ื” ืžืช"ื, ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 14 ืง"ืž, ืžืžื•ืงื

ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1965 ื•ืžื ื”ืœืช ืื•ืชื• ืื™ื” ืœื•ืจื™ื”. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื ื• ื•ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช Kunst im Tunnel Exhibition ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ "ืžื™ืงื•ื ื–ืžื ื™" ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃSpace di Dรผsseldorf. ืฉืชืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื™ ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ื•

ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืืžื ื™ื: ืื ื’โ€™ืœื” ืคื˜ื”, ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฃ ืงื ื›ื˜, ืกื‘ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ืžื—ื™ื”, ื™ื™ื ืก ืคืงื•, ืœืื•ื ื•ืจื” ืกืœื™ื”ื•, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื•ื™ื–ืœ, ืจืคืจื ื—ื“ื“, ืื•ืจื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื™, ื ื™ืจ ื”ืจืืœ.

ืขืœืžื” ื™ืฆื—ืงื™, ื‘ืจืง ืจื‘ื™ืฅ, ื’ื™ืœ ื™ืคืžืŸ. ืœื›ื•ืœื ื ืชื ื” ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืกืœื“ื•ืจืฃ ื•ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2012 ื•- 2014. ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืขื™ืจ ืช"ื, ื ืžืฆื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–

ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช, )ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื™ืชืืจื— ืขื“ ืœ- 27 ืœื™ื•ื ื™, ืื•ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœ ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืžืŸ(, ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืงื•ืžื™ืงืก, ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

ื•ืžื“ื™ื˜ืง ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืืœืฃ ืœืืชืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื›ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช

ืจืื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืกืชืคืงืช ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืช"ื, ื ื—ื ืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 1964 ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช. ื”ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ, ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ ื•ื ืคืชื— ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื”ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004 ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ืœื•ื— ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช

ืžืฆื™ืข ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืžืงื“ื

ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืืฆื™ืจื”, ืื•ืชื” ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื™ืช ื’ื•ืจ ืืจื™ื”.

ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ื’ื’ ื”ืฉื ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืกื“ื•, ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืขื

ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืœื ืกืคืจื˜ื•ืก, โ€œ1965 ื”ื™ื•ืโ€ )ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืขื“ ืœ-26 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜(. ื”ืื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ืจื”

ืœืคื™ื“ื•ืช, ืื™ื” ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื ื’ื” ืืœื™ืขืฉ, ืฉื•ืข ื‘ืŸ ืืจื™ ื•ื ืขื ื’ืœ, ืžืฉื—ื–ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืงื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื•ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื• ื ืžืฆืื”

ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฆืœื™ืœื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ืœืชื•ืš ืขื•ืœื ื”โ€ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื ื•โ€, ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื—ืคืฆื™ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื–, ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœืชื•ืš

ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžืœืืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื” ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช โ€œืจืžื‘ืจื ื“ื˜ ืžืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื•ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืโ€ ื™ื•ืฆื’

ืฆื™ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข, โ€œื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืžื‘ื›ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืโ€; ืจืžื‘ืจื ื“ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื™ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฆื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”

ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ, โ€œืคื˜ืจื•ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืโ€ )3 ืœื™ื•ื ื™ โ€“ 5 ืœื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ(. ื‘ืื•ืœื ื‘ืœื” ื•ื”ืจื™ ื•ื•ืงืกื ืจ ืชื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžืื™ ื•ืขื“ ืœ-2 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”

โ€œืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืชโ€. ื”ืื•ืฆืจืช ื˜ื ื™ื” ื›ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœื™ ืžืฆื˜ื˜ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืืช ืจื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืจืจื™ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉื—ื–ืจืช ืืช ืžืกืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช

ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”, ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืจื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืžืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช.

ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ โ€œื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืžื ื™ืโ€, ืฉืžื•ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1906 ืขโ€ื™ ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก

ืฉืฅ ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืขื ื”ืงืžืชื• ืกืžืœ ืœืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ื›ื•ืœื• ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืงื•ื ืžืคื’ืฉ ืœืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœืืœื” ืฉื–ื›ื• ืœื”ื›ืจืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื‘ื™ืŸ

ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืคืจืก โ€œืืกื ืช ืžื•ื–ืกโ€ ืœืืžื ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืจืก โ€œืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื”โ€ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ

ืžืจื›ื– ืœื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืจื™ืฉื•ื, ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001 ื•ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.

ื›ื“ืื™ ื’ื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืคื” ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกื“ ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื˜ืคื— ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื”ืขืžืงืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืช ื™ื, ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืžื•ื ืืจื˜ ื‘ืืฉื“ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ

ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืขื™ืŸ ื—ืจื•ื“.ื’ื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช

ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืฆืžื”. ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช )CCA( ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื—ื“ืจื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1998 ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—

ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืชืคืจืก ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืชืฆื•ื’ื”, ืื•ื“ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืื•ืœื

ืขืจื™ื›ื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ื‘-1960 ื•ืžื›ื™ืœ 3000 ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืกืจื’โ€™ื• ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืžืคื™ืง ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช,

ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื, ืžื™ืฆื’ื™ื, ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื. ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื ืžืฆื ื’ื ืืจื˜ืคื•ืจื˜, ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืืžื ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ื— ืืžื ื™ื ืžื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืžื—ื•โ€ืœ. ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ืœืžืฉืœ ืกื“ื ืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื™ื ืืจื˜ ืงื™ื•ื‘, ืืฉืจ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืชืžื™ื›ืช ืงืจืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืคื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืืช ื’ืœืจื™ื™ืช ืื•ื ืืœ ืคื—ื, ืืฉืจ

ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1966 ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืจื›ื– ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืืœืฃ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ

ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื• ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืื—ื•ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืœื”. ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืื•ื ืืœ ืคื—ื ื ืจืฉื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”

ื’ื‘ืจื” ืจืžืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืชื ืื™ื ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื. ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืœืงื—ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืืžื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืฉ

ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืขื ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื™ื•ื–ื ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ืกืžื™ื ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช, ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืืžืŸ โ€“ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช

ืฉื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืชืžื™ื›ืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืงืจื ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืคื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื.

ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืจื™ื˜, ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื ื•, ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืกื•ืจืง, ื”ืื•ืฆืจืช ืฉืœ ืื’ืฃ ื”ื”ื“ืคืก ื•ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ

ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ: โ€œื”ืชื—ืจื™ื˜ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืžืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื, โ€œืกื“ื ืช ื”ื”ื“ืคืก ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืโ€ ืฉื—ื’ื’ื” ืœื ืžื›ื‘ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืกื“ื ืช ื”ื”ื“ืคืก

ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื›ื‘ืจื™, โ€œืžืจื›ื– ื’ื˜ืกืžืืŸ ืœืชื—ืจื™ื˜โ€ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1993. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืžื ื•ื”ืœื•ืช ืขโ€ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื—ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืฆืจื™ื.

ื”ืกื“ื ื” ื‘ื›ื‘ืจื™ ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื—ืจื™ื˜, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืกืจื™ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืกื™ืœื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”. ื”ืื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื›ืื•ืžื ื™ื-

ืื•ืจื—ื™ืโ€.ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืื’ืจื•-ืืจื˜ ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืขืœ

"ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช" ืฉืื•ืชื” ืื•ืฆืจืช ื˜ืœื™ ืชืžื™ืจ. ืชืฉืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืืžื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื: ืื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื’ื‘ืข, ื’ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ื™ืœืช ื–ื”ืจ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช

ื”ืืชื•ืก ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžื”ืคืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 2000 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.

ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ, ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ืื’'ื•ืœื™ื” ืฆืคื”

ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ ืžื”ืขื™ืจ, ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืžืงื•ื ืคืชื•ื— ืœื”ื›ืœื™ืœ ืืช

ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื’ื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืงืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืคื™ื—ื™ื ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื’ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช. ื”ื™ื”ืœื•ื ืฉื‘ื›ืชืจ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘

ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืขื“ ืื—ืจ ืฆืขื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœื™, ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ื ื—ื ืš ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ืžื“ืจื•ื

ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, โ€œืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘โ€ , ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ื›ื•ืœื• ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ืคืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ื“ ืœืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืคืจื” ื•ืจื‘ ื ื•ืฉืื™.

ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžืฆื“ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ื ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืจืง ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื•, ืœืชืžื•ืš

ื‘ืคืœื•ืจืœื™ื–ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื—ืกืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืกื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘. ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1973, ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืœืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืื•ืกืฃ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช

ืืžื ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœืœ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืืจื™ื’ื™ื, ืžืงืจืžื™ืงื” ื•ืขื“ ืžื™ื–ืžื™ ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืชื•ืš ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ื›ื•ืœื•

ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืคืชื•ื— ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ืช ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืืš ืงื•ืกืžื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.

ืฆืขื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ื ืงื˜ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืœืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช, ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื

ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื ื• ืœื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืืฉืจ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืงื•ืช ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘.

ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ืกืจื” ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืฆืžืื™, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืจืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœื›ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™. ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื•ืกื“ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ืงืฆืจื” ื”ื“ืจืš. ืชื ืื™ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช โ€“ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ

โ€“ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื™ื–ื ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืžืงื“ื” ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช.

ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื—ื•ืœื•ืŸ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘: ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืฃ ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืžืชืขืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื ื™ ืื“ื•ื ืชื•ื—ื

ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”, ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื—ืชื•ื ืจื•ืŸ ืืจื“, ืžืขืฆื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ืฉืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื’ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื“. )ื”ื›ืกืื•ืช ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื•ื–ื• ื•ืžื“ืฃ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื โ€œืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ืโ€ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงืจื˜ืœ(. ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”

ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืžืชืคืจืฉืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 3200 ืžโ€ืจ.ื‘ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื”ืœืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืช ื’ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช

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Page 45: Artribune Israel #0

. ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืžื ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืืกืคืงื˜ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื–ื”. ืœืžืฉืœ ืคืœื™ืงืก ื’ื•ื ื–ืืœืก-ื˜ื•ืจืก. ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืžืช

ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื”, ืขืจืš ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™, ืคืจื˜ื™-ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืคื”. ื‘ืžื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืžืŸ ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืขืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ

Untitled, Placebo, 1991; Untitled, .ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช, ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“, ืžืกื˜ื™ืงื™ื Placebo - Landscape - for Roni, 1993

ื”ืืžืŸ "ืžืฆื™ืข" ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืœืงื”ืœ ื›ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉืช Esthรฉtique relationelle,[ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืืก ื‘ื•ืจื™ืื•ื“

1998[. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืชื’ืœื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืงื”ืœ, ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื”. ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช

ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื ืžืฆื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ืื™, ืจื™ืจืงืจื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ืจืื•ื•ื ื™ื’'ื”, ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื›"ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช", ืคืจืคื•ืžืื ืก ื‘ื”ื ื”ืืžืŸ ืžื‘ืฉืœ ื•ื—ื•ืœืง ืงืขืจื•ืช ืžืจืง ืฉื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื

ืขื ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื. ืืฆืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื” ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœื” ืฆโ€™ื™ื ืฆโ€™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’: ืžื‘ืฉืœื™ื, ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจื—

ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”"ืื—ืจ". ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื•ืฉืžื•: "ืคืขื

ื ืคื’ืฉื• ืคืœืจืžื™ื˜ื ื™, ืจื•ืžืื™ ื•ืืžืจื™ืงืื™., ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืืžืจ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื: ืืžื•ืจ ืœื™ ืžื” ืืชื” ืžื‘ืฉืœ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืžื™ ืืชื”!". ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœ,

ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจืคื•ืจืžื ืก ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ืจื• ืžื ืฆื•ื ื™, "ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืืžื ื•ืช" ืžื”-12 ืœื™ื•ื ื™ 1960 ืฉื‘ื• ืžื ืฆื•ื ื™ ื—ืชื ื‘ืื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืื—"ื›

ื”ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื. ื”ืืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืคื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช. ื‘ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ืงืฆืจื”

ื”ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืค-ืืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™

ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืืœืžื ื˜ ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื•ืกืžืœ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื”: ืื ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืจื”ื•ืœ ื•ืคื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจืง ื”ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ื•ืช, Campbell Soup ื’ืœื™ื“ื•ืช, ื ืงื ื™ืงื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื’ื•ืช

ื‘ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืงืœืืก ืื•ืœื“ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ - ืกืžืœื™ื ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืชื–ื•ื ืช ื™ืชืจ. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, 1968, ื‘ื“ื™ืกืœื“ื•ืจืฃ,

ื ืคืชื—ื” ื”ืžืกืขื“ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืกืคื•ืืจื™ ื•ืฉืžื” Eat Art ื•ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื ืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืงื•ื ื’ื ื›ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืืžื ื•ืชื™.

ืื‘ืœ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ืœ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืืœืžื ื˜ ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืžืขื›ืœ ืื•ืชื•, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื˜ื™ ืื• ืจืขื‘ืชื ื™, ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื›ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื•ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜, ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™

ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื ื”ื—ืฆื ื” ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืกื‘ืœ. ืžืจื™ื ื” ืื‘ืจืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•, "ื”ื‘ืฆืœ", 1995, ื”ื•ืกืจื˜ื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœืช ื‘ืจืขื‘ืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืœ ื ืข, ืกืžืœ ืœื›ืื‘ ื•ืœืกื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื ืกื” ื‘ืงืจื•ืคื˜,

ืื—ืช ืžื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืฉืขืœ ืืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ื•ืคืงื“, ื•ื™ื ืฆโ€™ื ืฆื• ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื”, ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช: "ืกืคืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ". ื”ืืžื ื™ืช ืจืฉืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ

ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืž- 1985 ื•ืขื“ 1993, ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืื›ืœื”. ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืคื™ืงื” ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ

ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืœื™, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืžื™ืฆื’ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืง.(VB52( ื‘ืคื˜ื™ืฉื™ื–ื ื•ื‘ืื•ืคื ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ

ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ื–ื” ืฆื•ื ื ืช ื•ืžื ื•ืชืงืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืคื™ื™ืžื•ื ื˜ื–ื™ืช. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ืคื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืžืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื“ื•ืœื— ื•ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืชื” ื”ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืื

ืœืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื•. ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื—ืกืจ ื”ื‘ืขื” ื•ื”ื’ืฉืชื•, ื”ื ื‘ื—ื ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืช, ืžืฉื“ืจืช ืคืœืืกื˜ื™ื•ืช

ื•ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ื”ืคืจืคื•ืจืžื ืก ื›ื•ืœื• ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื•ื™ืคื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื. ื›ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™

ืžื™ื›ืืœืื ื’โ€™ืœื• ืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืœื˜ื•, "ืื”ื‘ื”-ืฉื™ื ื•ื™-ืชื ื•ืขืช ืืžื ื•ืช", ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”-51 ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช ื™ืžืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช": ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื—ืœื•ื•ื”, ืžื˜ืขื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืœืงืŸ; ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ

ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืžืงื•ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ืคืจืกื•ื ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ. ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ืื•ืคื ื”,

ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ืขื•ื“, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืกื›ื ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืื ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœืื ื•, ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืฉื ืืฆืจื” ืข"ื™ ื’โ€™ืจืžื ื• ืฆ'ืœืื ื˜, ืื™ืจื•ืข ืืงืกืคื• ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ืคืชื— ืœืงื”ืœ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”. Arts&foods. ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฆื‘ื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ืœื• ืจื•ื˜ื”, ืžืชืคืจืกืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 7.000 ืž"ืจ ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ืืœืคื™

ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช, ืž"ื”ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช" ืฉืœ ืžืจืกืœ ื“ื•ืฉืืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืœ"ื“ื’ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืขืœ, ืคืจื ืง ื’ืจื™. ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช

ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื” ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื•ืขื•ื“, ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื•ื–ืคื” ืกื˜ืžืคื•ื ื”, ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื”

Emigration Made. ืคืจื•ืžืชืื•ืกโ€ ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ื” ืคื™ื–ืื ื™ ืขื“ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื™โ€œPavilion 148ยฐ. ื•ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืืงืกืคื•, ื ื•ืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ

ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ืžืื” ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื”. ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืฉื•ืจื˜ื˜ ื‘ืขื˜ โ€œื‘ื™ืงโ€, ืกื˜ืžืคื•ื ื” ื‘ื•ื“ืง, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœื•, ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”โ€ื–ืจโ€. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืคืžืคืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ืืฆโ€™ื™ื ื˜ื• ืžื•ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืคืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ืื•ื—ื–ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืœื—ื. ืชื—ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜: "ืืœ ืชืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืœื—ื ืžื™ืœื“ื™ ืžื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•. ืงื ื• ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื

ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื™ื". ืกื˜ืžืคื•ื ื” ืžืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื ื” ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื ืืช ืชื•ื•ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช.

ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื˜ืœ - ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง - ืฉืื™ืคื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ

ื”ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืœื•ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื”. ื”ืœื—ื

ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืข"ื™ ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื—ืจ ืžืจืงื•ืก ืฉืื™ืชื• ื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื. "ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”" ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื ื”ืœื—ื ื•ื”ื‘ืฆืง, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืชื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื™ืžืœื™ ืืช ื˜ื‘ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื

ืžื˜ืคืื•ืจื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ืžืจืงื•ืก ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืžื™ืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ื›ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืžืงื ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, ื ืขืฆื•ืจ ืœืจื’ืข ื›ื“ื™

ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืื• "ืกื‘ื™ื—", ืกื™ื ื˜ื–ื” ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžืชืขื“ ืžืจืงื•ืก ืืช ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ื‘ืฆืง ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืœืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

ื•ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืฆืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ื˜ื— ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืจืฆืคื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ืกื“ืจืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืืงืฉืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื•ืง. ื”ืจื˜ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืคื˜ืคื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื

ืืช ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืฉืคื” "ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช" ื•ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืคื™ื–ื™. ื›ืš ื‘ืžืขื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ, ืžืกื›ืŸ ืžืจืงื•ืก ืืช ื”ืชื“ืžื™ืช

ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ืช. ืื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืงื•ืก :" ื”ืื•ื›ืœ

ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืชื›ืœื” ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืช ืืœืžื•ื•ืช" .

ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœื” ื”-65 ื‘ื•ื ืฆื™ื”. ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืจื’ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”: ืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืขื’โ€™ื•ืจื’โ€™ื™ื” ืงืืœื•

ื”ื•ื“ืขื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืข ืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœื” ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช 2015. ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ 1993, ืื—ื™ื•, ืื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื’ื‘ืข, ืžื•ื ื” ืœืื•ืชื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื›ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื‘ื™ืชืŸ

ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืžืงืจื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžืกื•ื’ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื•ื ืฆื™ื”: ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ื ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืชื. ืฉืืœืชื™ื ื•

ืžื•ืคื ืช ืืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื™...ืืชื” ืืžืŸ ืจื‘ื’ื•ื ื™ ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ืš ืžืชื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ื’ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืฆื‘ื™ื

ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื•ืคื™ืกื•ืœ. ืžื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื—ืจืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ?

ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ืžื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื’ืœื” ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜. ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืจืง ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ

ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืœื ื”ืชืื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืชืŸ. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช

ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื›ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ืงืกื˜ ื›ื–ื”, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆืจื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืกื•ืœ, ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื•ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื ืง ื”ืžื›ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื”, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ

ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™.ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช

ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื”ืœืชื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”, ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื™ื ืžื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืชืจ ืฉืœื, ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ื’ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื ืช, ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืงืœื˜. ื ื•ื›ืœ

ืœืืžืจ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืจื“ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื“ื“.

ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื—ืจืช ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ? ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืชื•ืš ื“ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช?

ืœื, ื”ื”ืคืš, ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ื“ื• ืฉื™ื— ืขื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ืชื™ ืืช ืžืจืื”ื• ืชื•ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ืœืœ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื›ืœ

ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ื”ืื•ืคื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉืœื ืฆื‘ืขืชื™ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ืœื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ

ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืžืฆื‘ ืื™ื“ืืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืžืงื.

ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ืžื—ื•ืœืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืจืžืื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืžื™ืฆื‘ื™ ืงื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ื™ื. ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื

ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื ืืกืคื• ื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ืื•ื˜ื™, ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”

โ€“ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื โ€œื“ืžื™โ€ ื”ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ืžื”ื• ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื?

ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื—ืกืŸ, ืžืœื ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืืกื•ืคื™ื. ื’ื ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืงื•ื ืฆืคื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืื ืชืชื”ืœื›ื™ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืฉื™ืžื™ ืœื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“

ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช, ื“ืœืชื•ืช, ืกื•ืจื’ื™ื ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื ืืกืคื™ื ื—ืคืฆื™ื. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื’ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื

ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื, ืžื•ื ื— ืฉืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ. ืคื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืื™ืŸ, ืžืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™; ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžืื•ืคืกื ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ

ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื›ื•ืœื”. ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”"ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืขื" ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.

ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืงืก ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ื“ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื‘ื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ "ืžืงืจื•" ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืื•ืชื

ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื, ื›ืœื™ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช 64 ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ืžืฉื™ื ืื• ื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,

ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื•ื ืงื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืืœื” ื”ื ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื™ื ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืื• ืžืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื,

ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื™ "ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืžืงื•ื". ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื”

ืคืจื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืืœ ื›ื–ื• ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ืข"ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื—ืคืฆื™ื, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื•ืžืžื—ื–ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื.

ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื™ืคื•. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื’ื•

ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื›ืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื–ื›ื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”

ื—ื“ืฉื”.

ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื‘ื›ื•ืช ืกื•ืจื’ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ืขืชื” ื”ื ืจื™ืงื™ื. ื”ืกื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”

ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ืš, ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ื›ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช. ื–ื”ื• ืกืžืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื•ื™ื–'ื•ืืœ ืืจื˜, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ืจื•ื–ืœื™ื ื“ ืงืจืื•ืก

ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1978. ืžื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ืš ื”ืกื•ืจื’?ื”ืกื‘ื›ื” ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ "ืชื‘ื ื™ืช" ืื—ืจืช, ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ;

ืžืจื—ื‘ ืจื™ืง )HORROR VAQUI (, ืžืงื•ื‘ืข ื“ืจืš ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœื™ื ืืจื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื” ื”ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”

ื•ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ืขื•ืžืง. ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื‘ื›ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ

ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืื• "ืกื•ืจื’ื™ื". ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืกื•ืจื’ื™ื ื›ืืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืืจื’ื ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช; ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช: ื’ื“ืจ, ืžืฉื•ื›ื”, ืžืขืฆืจ; ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ืื” ื•ื’ื ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ื•ืข ืืœ

ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืจื—ื‘ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™.

ืกืคืจ ืœื™ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื. ืืžืจืช ืœื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช? ื”ืจื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”...ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช

ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื ื™ ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™ ืืช ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื˜, ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœื•ื, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘

ืœื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื‘ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื. ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืœืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™, ืื•ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื

ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื ื• ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ื. ื•ืื– ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, "ื”ื•ืฆืืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืœืื•ืจ", ืžื•ืœ

ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ.ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”, ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื”

ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ ื•ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.

ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“: โ€œืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”โ€, ื ื“ืžื” All the Worldโ€™s ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ืจ ืื•ืงื•ื™ ืื ื•ื•ื–ื•ืจ

Futures ื”ื“ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”, ืชื•ืš ืจืื™ื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ื“. ืžื” ื“ืขืชืš ืขืœ ื›ืš?

โ€œืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”โ€ ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ืช, ืื•ืงืกื™ืžื•ืจื•ืŸ. ื”ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื”ืฉื ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ืืกืคืงื˜

ื”ื”ืจืก ื”ื ื•ืจื ื‘ื• ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ืืฉืจ ืื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืชืœ ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืžืจืžื–ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื

ืฉื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืžื”, ืžืฆื‘ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื›ืฉืชื™ ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ืข ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ืžื—ื“ ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื“ืจ, ืžืื™ื“ืš ืื ื™ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ

ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช, ื”ื›ืจืกื•ื ื•ื”ื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื–ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื ืขืœืžื™ื.

ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืืชื” ืขื•ืกืง ืžืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ืื™ื ื•ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช?ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ืคืฆื™ื

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ืื™ืช, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžื™ืฆื‘, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™

ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื, ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืขืฅ, ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื, ืืœืชืจืชื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืืจืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืจื“ื” ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช

ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.

ืžื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืขโ€ื™ ืืžื ื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ืจ, ื’ื™ื ื‘ืŸ-ื ืจ ื•ืกื™ื’ืœื™ืช ืœื ื“ืื• ื•ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”

ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื’ืœืขื“ ืจื˜ืžืŸ. ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื“ืขืชืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืฆื™ื™ืจ?ืœื, ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืืžื ื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืชื—ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื”,

ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืฉื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืข"ื™ ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืžื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืฆืจื™ื. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืช ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื

ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ื”ืคืขื ืคืจืกืžื• ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืžืขืœ ื“ืคื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื›ืจื–. ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• 68 ื”ืฆืขื•ืช. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,

ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืฉืื ื™ ืคื”. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื’ื ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื•ื™ื“ืื•, "ืกื•ืจื’ื™ื" ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืื ื˜ื’ืจืืœื™ ืžื”ืžื™ืฆื‘ ื•ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ื• ืœื”ืคืœื™ื. ืืช ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฆื™ืœืžื ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003

ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืคื•, ืžืžืจืคืกืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืฉื›ื ื” ื”ื’ืœืจื™ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืื– ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ื.

ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื’ืœืจื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช?ืœื, ืื ื™ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ

ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื•ืœื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช. ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™. ื‘ืžืฉืš 15 ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขื ืื ื™ื ื” ื ื•ื–ื™ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืกื’ืจื” ืืช ื”ื’ืœืจื™ื” ื•ื ืฉืืจื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื,

ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘- 2008 ื•ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืืฉื“ื•ื“, ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™

ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืžืงืจื• ื‘ืจื•ืžื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™. ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื”ืœ ืขโ€ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืคื˜ ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™.

ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ื’ื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืืžื ื•ืช: ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืžืฆื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื™ื™ืœืš ื•ื™ื—ืžื™ืจ. ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉื•ืง

ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆื ืžื”ื•ืชื”. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืืžื ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ

ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื™ ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืขืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื”

ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื”ื‘ื™ืื ืœื” ื”ึพ56 ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, 2015

ืื•ืฆืจืช: ื”ื“ืก ืžืื•ืจ

ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื”, ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืข ืœื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื ืœื” ื”-56 ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืฆื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืืชืจ ื”ืžืงืคืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช

ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชื™ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžืชืคืจืฉ ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•, ืชื•ืš ืขืจืขื•ืจ

ื”ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฅ, ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™, ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ื ืžื•ืš, ืžืฆื•ื™, ื ื˜ื•ืฉ ื•ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื”ื•ื ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืคื™ืกื˜ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื-ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื’ื

ืฉืืœื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœื—ืจื“ื” ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช, ืœื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช.

ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืขื ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ื”ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืื•ืช ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ ื’ื•ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,

ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ืื–ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืงืฉื™ืจื” ืžืื•ืœืชืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืžื’ื ื”. ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืกื•ืคื’ืช, ืืš ื’ื

ืžืจืชื™ืขื”, ืงื•ืฆื ื™ืช ื•ื“ื•ืงืจืช. ื”ื“ื’ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ืžืจืฆื“, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ื”-ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืคื™ืกื•ืœื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘, ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ ืžืงื ื”

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Page 46: Artribune Israel #0

ืœืกืคืง ืืช ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืืš ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ื ื ืจื—ื‘ ืœื—ื•โ€ืœ. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื. ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ืฆื•ื

ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืชื” ืื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”, ืืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ

ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืืกืคืจ ืœืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.

ื ืชื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ืชื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื™, ืืš ื’ื ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ

ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ื•ืชืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืจื”ืจืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™: โ€œืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจ ื›ื‘ืŸ 28 ืฉืขื•ื˜ื” ืชืฉืžื™ืฉื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉ

ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ืฉื ื”โ€. ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืืช

ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ืื•ืžื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืœื ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืืžื™ืฅ ืฉืœื” ืขื ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืขื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”.

ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™, ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืชื ืกื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื ืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื•ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ื›ื™ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืงื™ื™ื ืขื‘ืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘

ืžื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื.ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืฉืืœืชืš ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื โ€˜ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“โ€™ ืื›ืŸ ืคื•ื ื” ืืœ

ื”ืžื—ืจ, ืืš ืžื˜ืจืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”, ืืœื ืœืคื ื™ 3000 ืฉื ื”! ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™

ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืจ.ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ืฉืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืงื ืคื• ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 2400 ืžโ€ืจ, ืžื”ื™

ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื”?ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช

ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืงื ืคื• ื”ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื“ื” ื ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืจืข ืœืื•ืจืš 60 ืžื˜ืจ ื•ืžื›ื™ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ืฉืื•ืจื›ื• 100 ืžื˜ืจ. ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื“ืžื•ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืืชื’ืจ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™, ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืœืžืจืื”

ื”ืืจืฅ: ืฉื˜ื— ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœืžืงื ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”, ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืžื— ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืœืžื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืชื™ืจ

ืžืงื•ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื. ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื ื™ืฆืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื›ื•ืœื• ื•ืœื

ืจืง ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ. ืื™ืœื• ืžืกืจื™ื ื•ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ? ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชืš ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืืงืกืคื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ? ืืชื” ืขืฆืžืš ืืžืจืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื”

ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ืฉโ€ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ืžืขืœ ื“ืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ืโ€.

ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืงืขื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœืช ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืืงืกืคื•, ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜

ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช

ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื“ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื‘ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”. ืจืง ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•โ€™.

ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื˜ืจืชื ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื“ื™ื ื”

ืฉืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ื™ืช ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื“ืชื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื. ื™ืฉื ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื”,

ื‘ื“ื•ืื™ื, ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื, ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.

ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื’ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉ: ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ืžื•ืช

ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืขืžื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืืงื“ืžื™ื”, ืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ืขืกืงื™ื.

ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืงื‘ืขื ื•: ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœืขื•ืœื, ืจื‘ืช ืคื ื™ื

ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจืช ืคื ื™ื, ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช, ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืชื™ืงื”. ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ื ืงืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืงื ื™ ืชื•ืชื— ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘,

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœืฆืขืจื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืš. ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืืงื•-ื˜ืง, ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ

ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืืงืกืคื•. ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ืชื•ืฆื’ ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื“ืŸ ืœื‘ COLORFOOD. ื”ืื ืชืจืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœื™ื”?

ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื’ื ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืจื‘. ืื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื—, ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช. ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ื‘ื—

ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ืจื‘ื” โ€˜ืืžื”ื•ืชโ€™ ื•โ€™ืกื‘ืชื•ืชโ€™. ื”ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืžืจื•ืงื•, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื›ื•โ€™. ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืŸ ืœื‘ ืžืคืจืฉืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื

ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™: ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข. ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืžืจื•ืงืื™ ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื”ื•ื‘, ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ โ€“ ื‘ืื“ื•ื, ื•ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื—

ื”ืกื•ืจื™ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืจื‘ื’ื•ื ื™, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืื›ืœื™ื. ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื›ืจืช ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™.

ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืžื•ืงื ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™, ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ืื• ืฉื–ื” ืžืงืจื™? ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืขื ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”?

ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™. ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ืื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื

ืœื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™, ื•ื ืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืžืฆื ื—ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื• ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื. ื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™

ื”ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืื” ืืช ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ. ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืจืฉืžื™

ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืกื“ื™, ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื: ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช, ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืงืฉืจื™ ืžื“ืข ื•ื’ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ื—ืชืžื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘

ืžืื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ 14 ืฉื ื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ื ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช

ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช.ื”ืฉื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืงืกืคื• ื”ื•ื โ€œืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืโ€. ืฉื ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืฆื‘ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“: ืœื”ืคืจื™ื—

ืื“ืžื” ืืฉืจ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื” ืื™ื ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื. ืžื” ืืชื” ืžืฆืคื” ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”?

ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืคืจืฉืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช. ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืฉื˜ื— ืขื ืง ื›ืžื• ืงื ื“ื” ืื•

ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”, ื”ืžื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื”ืŸ, ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืืชื ื•. ืขืงื‘ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื, ื ืืœืฆื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื›ืš

ื”ืขื ืงื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืœืฉื•ืžืจื, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืงื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื.

ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืขืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืžื™ื: ื›ื™ื•ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.

ืืงืกืคื• 2015 ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืื ืœื” ืฉืœ ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืข ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช

ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืœืื•ืžื ื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื•ืคืกืœ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช. ืžื” ื“ืขืชืš ื‘ื ื•ืฉื?

ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื• ืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืข, ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ืื™ื. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื.

ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ื™ื•ืช.

ื•ืื™ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื• ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•?ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืชืฉืขื” ื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื•, ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื,

ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืžืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืขื“ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ, ื•ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ืŸ: โ€œ ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืชืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืืจืฅ:ืชืŸ ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœืโ€.

ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.

ื›ืชื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ FOODCOLOR ื“ืŸ ืœื‘

ืžืืช ื’โ€™ื•ืจื’โ€™ื™ื” ืงืืœื•FOODCOLOR ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉื ื”ื’ื” ืขโ€ื™ ืฆืœื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื“ืŸ ืœื‘ ื•

- Creativity Lab ICPO ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืืงืกืคื• ืžื™ืœืื ื• 2015. ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืž- 34 ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื

ืžื ืฆื™ื— ืžื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืฉืœื” ืขโ€ื™ ืฉืฃ ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืœืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื—ื‘ืจื• 17 ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ื•-17 ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช

ืงื•ืœื™ื ืจื™ืช ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืื™ืžื–โ€™ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืฆื‘ืข ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™. ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ืขืจืš ืขื ื”ืฉืคื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืคื ื™ื’ ืืžื™ืชื™, ื“ืŸ ืœื‘ ืžืฉื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืฆืคื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืžืชืžื–ื’ ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™, ืชื•ืš ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื”

ื•ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื–ืืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื–ื ื™ื— ืืฃ ืฉืœื‘ ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื›ื ื”, ืžื•ืžื ื˜ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช. โ€“ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ืขืฉื” .- mise en place-ืžืชื—ื™ืœ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื˜ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžื ื”, ื”

ืขืจื›ื ื• ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืŸ ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืฆื’ื ื• ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉื• ื ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœืžื”.

ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ื‘ืžื ืฉืจ CULINARIA FUTURISTA ืฉืคืจืกืžื• MANIFESTO DELLA ,1930 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1920 ื•ื‘ืžื ื™ืคืกื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ืชCUCINA FUTURISTA, ื™ื™ื—ืกื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืœืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ

ื”ืžื ื” ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉืช ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ื•ื ื’ืจื“ื™ื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื”ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื›โ€ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื˜ืขื ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืฆื‘ืข, ืžื–ื™ื ื”

ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื’ืจื” ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืคื™ืชื•ื™ ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืชื™ื™ืโ€.ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืื™ื ืš ืžื•ืฆื ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืงื•ื ืฆืคื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช

ืคื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช?ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช โ€œื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ืโ€. ื”ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื™ืš, ืงื•ืœื˜ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืžืจืงื. ืžื™ื™ื“ ืื—ืจ

ื›ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืจื™ื— ื•ืจืง ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ืขื. ื‘- COLORFOOD ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืœื ื ืžืฆื ืžื•ืœ ืฆืœื—ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืืœื ืžื•ืœ

ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช. ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืขื“ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ืื™ืžื–โ€™ ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืช.

ื‘-COLORFOOD ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”โ€ืฉืฃโ€ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช. ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ

ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื ื” ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉืช ืœืกื•ืขื“, ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขืฆืžื”. ืื ืžื ืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”...ืื– ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื ืฆืคื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•ืื›ืŸ ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืชื ื•ืขืช

ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื–ื.ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื• ื“ื ื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืžืื– ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื—ื™ ื•ื‘ื•ืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ ืคืขื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช

ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ืฉืืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื ื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืืกื˜ืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ืืœ ืขืฆื ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชืš ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืžื ื•ืชื™?

ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื, ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”- COLORFOOD ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ FOOD -ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ืืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ืœPORN , ื”ืฆื’ื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื—ืฆื ื” ื•ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœ.

COLORFOOD ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืžื” ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืืžื ื™ื, ื•ืœื )ืจืง( ื›ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ

ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืœืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช COLORFOOD: ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืฃ.

ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืื™ 2012. ืžื” ื ืฉืืจ ื•ืžื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ?COLORFOOD ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ

ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžืื– ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ COLORFOOD. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ื ืฉืืจื ื• ื ืืžื ื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™. ื•ื”ื›ืœ

ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉืคื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืชืคื• ืื™ืชื ื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” COLORFOOD ื”ืชืขืฉืจ ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—. ื›ืœ

ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืžื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื’ื”, ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืคืชื•ื— ื—ืœื•ืŸ - ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ โ€“ ื”ืคื•ื ื” ืœืขื•ืœืžื ื”ืื™ืฉื™, ื•ืœื

ืจืง ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื—.ื›ืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืฃ ืฉืื•ืชื•

GUALTIERO ื”ื ืฆื—ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื•ืฆื™ืœื•ื. ื”ืฉืฃ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืMARCHESI , ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™

ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉโ€ื”ื™ืคื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื˜ื•ื‘โ€. ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื•? ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืื™ื ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืืช

COLORFOOD . ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื“ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืง. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืจืื”, ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ื—ืœื•ื, ืขื•ืœื ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช.

ืžืื•ื“ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืžื ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” โ€œืชืžื•ื ื”โ€ ืืฉืจ ืžืžื ื” ืฉืื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ืืช ื”ืฉืจืืชื•. ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ โ€œื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉโ€ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื ื˜ื” ื“ืœืื•ืœื™ื•,

โ€œื—ืžื ื™ื•ืชโ€ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฅ, ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื•ืก ื•ืฉืœ ืืคืจืช ืื ื–ืœ, ื•ืืœื” ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช. ืžืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ืฉืจืื”?

ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืฃ. ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืžืจืื” ื ื•ืฃ, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืื•

ื›ืืœื” ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ. ื”ืžืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืžืŸ ืงืฉืจ ืืœ ื”ืื’โ€™ื ื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืื• ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ. ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ

ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืฉืžืงื“ื™ื ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื’ืžืจืช. ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื”, ื”ืื™ืžื–โ€™, ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื”, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช

ืžื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช โ€“ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™.

ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™, ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจื

ืžืืจื‘ืข ื›ื ืคื•ืช ืชื‘ืœ. ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฆื™ืœืžืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกืชื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื? ื–ืืช ืฉืืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช. ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ืงื”ืœ ืฉื™ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ืชืงืฉื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืฃ ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืกื™ื˜

ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœืื™ืžื–โ€™ ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ื›ืœ ืฉืฃ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจืื”... ืื– ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™.

ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื›ื ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื: ืืžื ื•ืช, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ืื•ืคื ื”, ื•ืื•ื›ืœ. ืœื“ืขืชืš ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืืจ ืืช

ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช?ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืืช ืฉื•ืืœืช ืื•ืชื™, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช

ืืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื’ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื•ืœื™ื ืืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™: โ€œื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”โ€, โ€œื™ื”ื“ื•ืชโ€, โ€œืฉื•ืจืฉื™ืโ€, ื•ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืืฉืžื— ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, โ€œื”ื™-ื˜ืงโ€. ื’ื

ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืชื™ืืจืช ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช

ืžืฉืชืคื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื”. ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืืชื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœืš ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืกืขื“ืช-

ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ โ€œืกื•ืฉื™ืืœโ€ ืฉื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืœืื•ืคื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื•, ืฉื”ื—ืœื”

ืขื ื”ื’ืœืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืจื•ืกื ื” ืฆ'ื•ืงื”. ืจื•ืกื ื” ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืื™ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื” ื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœื ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ, )ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืคืขื ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื ื•ืฉื

ืžืจื›ื–ื™(. ืืชื” ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื•ืช? ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืคื ื•ืช ื”โ€ืกื•ืฉื™ืืœโ€ ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื

ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข, ื–ื” ื”ืื•ื›ืœ. ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืืกื˜ืชื™ืช ืื•

ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื•ืจืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืžืฆื”ื™ืจ ืขืœื™ืš ื›ืขืœ ืฆืœื ืื•ืคื ื”. ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืื• ืื•ืœื™, ืื“ืจื‘ื, ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืื•ืคื ืช ืฆืžืจืช ื•ืฆื™ืœื•ื

ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™?ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœืฆื™ืœื•ื ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ

โ€œื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ื•ืชโ€ ืื™ื ืŸ ืื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™, ืžื•ืฉื ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืœื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ืคืกืงืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช.

ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื›ืืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื•ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื” ื’ื ืืชื”, ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืฉื•ื–ืจ ืขื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืกื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ืืœื ื’ื ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื. ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชืš, ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,

ื”-FOOD DESIGN ื™ืขืœื” ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืฉืคื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืืจื˜ ื•ื”ืžื™ืฆื’?

ืœื“ืขืชื™ COLORFOOD ืžืฉื ืข ืฉืคื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืืœื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืืžื ื•ืช. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš, ืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื โ€ืœ - ื”ืืงืกืคื•, ืื ื—ื ื•

ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืฉืคื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื“ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืžืฆื ื•ืžืžื•ืžืฉ.

ืื‘ืœ ืื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื• ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช FOOD -ื”ืคืจืกืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืจืขื ืŸ. ื”ืื ื”

DESIGN ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืฉืคืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”? ื”ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ืื• ื”ืžืขืฆื‘.

ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื›ืœ: ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื”ื‘ื”ื’โ€™ื•ืจื’โ€™ื™ื” ืงืืœื•

"ืืจืฅ ื–ื‘ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื“ื‘ืฉ", ื›ืš ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชื "ื› ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืจืง ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืื• ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™. ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื—ืฉืฃ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื•, ื›ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช

ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืงืจื. ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืžื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืื™ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ ืžืื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช

ืฉืœื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื—ืœืง ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืžื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื—ื, )ืžืฆื•ืช( ื•ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื™ืขื•ืช

ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจืช ื›ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืžืกื•ืจืช, ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืžื›ืš.

ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืžืžื ื” ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื›ืœ. ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืขื ืืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”

ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืงืฉื” ืœืžืชื•ื— ืงื™ื• ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ food design ื•ื”ืฉืคื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืืžื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื”

ืกื“ืจืช ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืฃ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืงืจืœื• ืงืจืงื•, ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืœืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

#ITALY#FOOD#DESIGN, Tel Aviv-Holon marzo 2015. ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™, ืคืจืืŸ ืื’ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ "ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ื” 21" ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜

ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื”ื–ื”, ืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื ื™, ืžื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื—ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื”"ืžื ื™ืคืกื˜ื•" ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘- 1930

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Page 47: Artribune Israel #0

ืจืคืืœ ื’ืžื–ื•

ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”: ARTRIBUNE, ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™

ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ืžื•ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื ื, ื•ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื” โ€“ืžืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘; ืžืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข; ืžืื•ืคื ื” ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ,

ืžืฉื™ืง ื”ื™ื•ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ื•ื”ืืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ื–ื™ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืคืฅ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืคื•ืจืžื˜

ื•ืขื ืื•ืชื ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืกืฆื™ื ื” ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. โ€œืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ ื”ื•ื ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื•ืกืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ,

ื•ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.

ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ, ืžืืฉืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื”ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื”

ื‘ืžืขืœื”, ื”ืœื ื”ื ื”ืืงืกืคื• ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื ืœื” ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ื•ืžืืจื—ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื.

ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื”ืฉืงื” ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื™ื ืžื™, ืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ื ื“ื‘ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื›ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืช

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ื•ื.ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืืฉืจ ืชืžืš ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืชื•, ืžืื—ืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”

ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœื™ื•ื–ืžื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื•.

ืžืืžืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช โ€“ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ

ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืฉืœื‘ ื˜ื›ื ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืžืกื•ืจืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื”ืœื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืฆื“ืง ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืช ื“ื•ื“, ืกืคืจ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื, ืคืจืง ืค"ื”, ืคืกื•ืง ื™"ื‘. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื” ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”

ืืžืช. ื”ืœื•ื’ื• ืžืฉืงืฃ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื, ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื”ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœืฉื“ื” ืคื•ืจื—.

ืืžืช, ืžืืจืฅ ืชืฆืžื—; ื•ืฆื“ืง, ืžืฉืžื™ื ื ืฉืงืฃ ื’ื-ื™ื”ื•ื”, ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘; ื•ืืจืฆื ื•, ืชืชืŸ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื”

ืจืง ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ืคืฉ ื•ืžืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืคืจื™ ืขืžืœื•. ื ื•ืฉื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืฆื“ืง ืžื•ืฉืจืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ื™

ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ืœื ืกื— ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื ืœื ื•ืข ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืงื“ืžื”, ื–ืืช ื’ื ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขืจื›ื™ื,

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืกื˜ืืจื˜-ืืค โ€œืื•ืžื”โ€. ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืืžืช.

ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืืงืกืคื• ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ืฉื ืช

ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืžื ื•ื—ืช ื”ืฉื“ื”: ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉืชื•ืœ, ืœื’ื“ืœ, ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ืคืจื™ ื”ืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”, ืฉื ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ืขืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื›ื™ื™ืฆื“ ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช. ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืกืžืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืฉื ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื 2015

ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืงื•ืจืœืฆื™ื” ืขื ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืืงืกืคื•. ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืงื™ื™ื ืžื ื”ื’ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื, ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ

ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™; ืฆื“ืง ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื–ื•ืœืช ื•ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.

ื•ื‘ืจื•ื— ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ืฆื“ืง ื•ืืžืช, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉื ืืกืคื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื“ืข, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืคืจื™ื—ืช ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื•ืœื ืขืชื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘

ื™ื•ืชืจ.ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.

ืืœืขื–ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืืงืกืคื• 2015 ืžื™ืœืื ื•

ื‘ืก"ื“ARTRIBUNE ISRAEL

ื’โ€™ื•ืจื’โ€™ื™ื” ืงืืœื•ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ื ื•ืฉื

ืืช ื”ืฉื โ€œืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืŸโ€. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื“ื™ ืื ืื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจืš ืžืืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืื ื• ื˜ื•ื ืœื™

ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉื ืช 2012. ืžืื– ืื•ืชื” ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื‘ืื™ืคื™ื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”. โ€œืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ

ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื™ืฃ ื•ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืคื•ืจื—ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืืงืกืคื•

ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืื ืœื” ืฉืœ ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ื”ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืกื™ ื™ื•ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœืงื”ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื•

ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขื•ืจืจื• ืจืžืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื•ืœื“ืขืชื ื• ื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืจืง ื˜ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืขื•ืกืง ื’ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”

ื‘ืฉื˜ื—: ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืชื•ืกืกื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื, ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช, ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื. ื”ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืœื‘

ืœื›ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื”.

ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืžืื– ื”ืงืžืชื•, ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ โ€œืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข

ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืœืื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืžืฆื™ืื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.

ืืช ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืคื•ืชื— ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืืงืกืคื•, ืžื™ืœืื ื• 2015. ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, โ€˜ืžืงื•ื ื”ืื“ืจืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืชโ€™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ

ื–ืืช ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื• ื‘-1906, ืขื ื ื•ืฉื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง: ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช. ื›ื“ื™

ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืžืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ืืœืขื–ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ. ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขื

ืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื’ื‘ืข, ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ืจืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื”โ€™ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ืโ€™ ื‘ืžื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื ืœื” ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื• ื›ืชื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื” ืฉืœ

ื”ื“ืก ืžืื•ืจ ืื•ืฆืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื ืœื”.ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื›ืžื• ืกืงื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช

ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ืœืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•-ืฉื™ื— ืขื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืŸ

ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ืœื ืžื›ื‘ืจ, ื”ืงืจืŸ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” โ€“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช

ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช. ืœืžื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ืœืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื ืชื ื”

ืืช ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜, ื•ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื’ื•ืจื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•. ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื”ื” ืžืžืœืื” ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื•ืช

ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืจืฆื• ืฉืœ ื“ื ื˜ื” ืืœื’ื™ื™ืจื™.

ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืคื™ ืžืชืžืฉืš ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ื”

ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. โ€œืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืจื—ื‘ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื•ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช

ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช.

ืžืืžืจ ืžืขืจื›ืชืžืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืื ื• ื˜ื•ื ืœื™

ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ื›ืกื˜ืืจื˜ ืืค, ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืื•ืคืง ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื

ืžืชืคืจืกื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื•ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ?ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2012 ื•ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืกืก

ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•โ€ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื, ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช

ื”ื”ืฉืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืชืคืจืกื ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘-48 ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืชืคืจืกื ืื˜ืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœโ€ืกืคืงื™ ืชื•ื›ืŸโ€ ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื•

ืœืžืฉืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืจื•ืžื ืจื‘ืชื™, ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืžื”ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื›ืžื• ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” - Street Art Roma ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื”

ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื”. ื”ื™ืฉืงื ื• ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ GTECH- ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื•ื”ืคืฆื ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ,)jobs.artribune.com( ื•ืžืฆื™ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”

Lottomatica, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ืชื›ื ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื ื™ื”ืœื ื• ื•ืขื™ืฆื‘ื ื• ืืช ืืชืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” SKY Arte. ืื–ื›ื™ืจ ื’ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื ื•

ืขื ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืงืช ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื•ืช. ื”ื•ื›ื—ื ื• ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ื ื• ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ื

ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื•ืืฃ ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ืคืจื˜ื ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืขื•ืœื. ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ืฉื•ืจืจ ืžื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžืฆื‘

ืฉืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ื–ื•, ื‘ื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžืืžืฅ ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,

ื—ืฉื ื• ืžื™ื™ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”. ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ? ื•ืžื”ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช

ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื”? ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื’โ€™ื•ืจื’โ€™ื™ื” ืงืืœื•. ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.

ืืžื™ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™, โ€œืืจื˜ืจื‘ื™ื•ืŸโ€ ื•ืžื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื ื”ื•ื’

ืืฆืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืื• ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ. ืื“ืจื‘ื, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื”

ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช: ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืขื ืคื”; ืขื•ืœื ืขืชื•ื ืื™ ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื”; ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”; ื•ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.

ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ืขื“ ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืœื ื•ืกื—ืช ื”ื‘ืจื ื“ โ€œืื˜ืจื‘ื™ื•ืŸโ€,ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื–ืžื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” 0 โ€“ ืžืขื™ืŸ โ€œืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืจืโ€ ืืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื ืคืœื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช

ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉืจื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืคืจืกื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช

ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช; ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืืช โ€œืืจื˜ืจื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€- ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืชื‘ื•ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืงื”ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื.

ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ : ืืงืกืคื• 2015ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืจ

ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืจื™ื™ื›ืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข, ืื“ืžื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื—ื•ื, ืืœื” ืจืง ื›ืžื”

ืžื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืฉืื™ืชื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื. ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช

Fieldsืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื•ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช โ€œืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืจโ€, of Tomorrow .ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ืฉื ื”ืงื•ืœืข ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ,

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืืงืกืคื• 2015 ื•ื”ื”ืžืฉืš, ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืจื™ื™ื›ืœ.ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื—ืจื‘ื” ืชืคืจื—... ืื•ืžืจ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืืชื•. ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ืขื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื›ืžื•ืช

ืืช ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื•ื”ืืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉื˜ื™ืคื—ื• ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื: ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื

ื‘ื”ื ืžื ืขื• ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืžืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื, ืื“ืžื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ื, ื”ื ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ืฉืื™ืชื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ

ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื. ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื•ืœืžืžืฉ

ืืช โ€œืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืจโ€, Fields of Tomorrow ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ืฉื ื”ืงื•ืœืข ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. 2015, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืืงืกืคื•, ื’ื ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช

ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื

ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™: ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ 2400 ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืขโ€ื™ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืงื ืคื• ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ืขโ€ื™

Avs, ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื ื•ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, โ€œื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืืงืกืคื• ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืงื•ืœืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื›ืคืฃ ืจืืฉื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื”โ€. ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ โ€“ ืฉื‘ื”ืงืžืชื• ืชืžืš ื•ืงื™ื“ื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ื ื• ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืžืชื ืฉื ื”โ€ืฉื“ื” ื•ื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืœื™โ€ ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ืฉื ื™ื

ืขืฉืจ: ืฉื“ื” ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืจื•ืฉื ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืžืจืฉื™ื, ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ืขืฉื‘ื™ ืชื‘ืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืœืคื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื“ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืฆื•ืจื”

ื•ืฆื‘ืข, ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชืงื•ืคื”. ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื•ื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืœื™, ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืงื ืคื• โ€œืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœโ€. ื›ืœ

ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืงืื” ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช )ื˜ืคื˜ื•ืฃ( ื”ืžื ืฆืœืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื˜ื”, ืื•ืจื– ื•ืชื™ืจืก, ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืฆืžื—ื™. ืืœื” ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื• ื•ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ืง

ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคืกื™ืคืก ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข, ืจื™ื— ื•ืžืจืงืโ€. ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืจืชืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืกื˜ืชื™ืช, ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื•ืžืคืชื— ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ

โ€œ ืฉืชื™ืœื” ืœื’ื•ื‘ื”โ€, ืฉืชื•ืคืกืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืš ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื—ืกื•ืš

ื•ืœื ืฆืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ืช ืงืจืงืข ื•ืžื™ื. โ€œืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื โ€“ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืงื ืคื• ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจืš ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ

ืขื‘ื•ืจ archipianich.com โ€“ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคืœื ื™ื ื’ ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืžื™ื ืืคื•ืจื™ื )ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืžื˜ื‘ื—, ืžืงืœื—ืช, ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืกื”

ื•ื›ื•'(, ื”"ื™ืจื•ืง" ื™ื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื™ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืžื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื. ื—ื™ื™ ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื ื™ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ

ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื ืืช ืžื–ื•ื ื ื•ืœื’ื“ืœ ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ืขืฉื‘ื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ืโ€. ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื•ื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืฉืงืฃ ื ืืžื ื” ืืช

ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ืฉืžื•ื ื— ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืืงืกืคื•: โ€œืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืโ€, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื•ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจ

ืงื™ื™ืžื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื ืื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.

ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืชืŸ ืฉืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืœื‘ ืžืชื—ื ื”ืืงืกืคื•, ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจื“ื• ืœื“ืจืš ื”ื“ืงื•ืžื ื•ืก โ€“ ืขื•ืจืงื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช -, ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื ืžืฆื ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™, ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืคืกืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ

ืœื™ื‘ืกืงื™ื ื“, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ืกื™ืžื ืก, ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืคืกืœื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ื›ืขื ืคื™ ืขืฅ ื”ืžืชืคืชืœ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” )ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ื›ื• ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ โ€œืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืืงืกืคื•โ€ ืื• โ€œืื™ืœื ื•ืช ื”ืืงืกืคื•โ€(. ื”โ€ื‘ื™ืชโ€ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ืžืฆื ืื ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉืš ืืœื™ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘; ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื: ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”, ื‘ื• ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช

ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื›ื ื” ืืœืขื–ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ, โ€œืคืœืื™ 2.0โ€. ืžื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ืžื•ืงืจื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”, ืžื•ืฆื’ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”

ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ืจื™ื. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื™ื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ื” ืงืฆืจื”, ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช

ื—ืœื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ื— ืืช ืฉืžืžืช ื”ื ื’ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืกื” ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื’ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™

ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืชืžื“ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ื™-ื˜ืง ื”ืžื•ืฉืš ืืœื™ื• ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืจื ืงืคื•ืœื ื™ืง, ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื•ื•ืœืงืื ื™,

ืื—ื“ ืžืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ, ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืžืกืจ ืžืžืฉื™ืš

ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืื‘ ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื—ื›ื ืฉืœ ืžืขื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื“ืข know-how ื›ืžื• ื–ื”

ืฉื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืื ื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ืฉืงื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื˜ืคื˜ืคื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื™ืžืฆื ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื ืžืฉืš

ืืœ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืขื•ืจ, ื”ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืขโ€ื™ ืงืงโ€ืœ, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื

ืงืงโ€ืœ ืจืฉืžื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืืช ืฉืชื™ืœืชื ืฉืœ 240 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. โ€œืงืงโ€ืœ โ€“ ืื•ืžืจ ืจื•ื’โ€™ืจื• ื’ื‘ืื™, ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืืงืกืคื• ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืžื™ืœืื ื• โ€“ ืžื™ืžื ื” ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ืืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื ืฉืœ 300 ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื

ืฉื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœื™ื• ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืโ€.ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ืื•ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื—ืฉื•ืš ืžืžื ื• ื ื–ืจืง ืื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืจืงื™ืข ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืžื•ืงืจื ื™ื ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœืืจื‘ืข ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื ื™ื™ื, ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช

ื—ืงืœืื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฉืงื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.ืœืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืžืกืขื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ื

ืžื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™, ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืจืฅ ืขื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช, )ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-120 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื(. ืžืžืจื•ืงื• ื•ืขื“

ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืžืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืื™ืจืŸ, ืืš ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื—, ื•ื’ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”

ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื, ืžื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ืขื, ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘โ€ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืจโ€.

ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืงืกืคื• ืžื™ืœืื ื• โ€“ โ€œืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืจโ€

ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ืืœืขื–ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™

ื”ื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื ืงืจื Fields of Tomorrow โ€“ โ€˜ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืจโ€™. ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉื ื–ื”?

ื”ืฉื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขโ€ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช AVS ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืžื›ืจื– ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”, ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืŸ. ืืฉืžื— ืœืกืคืจ ืœืš ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื. ืืช ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช

ืฉืขืงื‘ ืฉื˜ื—ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื‘ื”, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ื™ืฆื•ืื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืงื ื“ื”, ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืื• ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”. ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื”

TRANSLATIONS 47

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