AS 2118.12006Automatic fire sprinkler systemsPart 1: General systems(Incorporating Amendment No. 1)

ASGeneral systems

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This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee FP-004, FP-004-01, FP-004-02. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 28 November 2006. This Standard was published on 29 December 2006.

The following are represented on Committee FP-004:

Association of Consulting Engineers Australia Australasian Fire Authorities Council Australian Buildings Code Board Australian Industry Group CSIRO Consumers Federation of Australia Department of Defence (Australia) Department of Human Services (Victoria) Engineers Australia Fire Protection Association Australia Insurance Council of Australia Property Council of Australia

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 02568. Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that contributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on the Committee and through the public comment period.

Keeping Standards up-to-date Australian Standards are living documents that reflect progress in science, technology and systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and new editions are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued. Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they are using a current Standard, which should include any amendments that may have been published since the Standard was published. Detailed information about Australian Standards, drafts, amendments and new projects can be found by visiting www.standards.org.au Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Contact us via email at mail@standards.org.au, or write to Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001.

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AS 2118.12006 (Incorporating Amendment No. 1)

Australian Standard

Automatic fire sprinkler systems

Part 1: General systems

Originated as AS CA161939. Revised and redesignated in part as AS 2118.11995. Third edition 2006. Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 1 (August 2010).

COPYRIGHT

Standards Australia Limited

All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by

any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written

permission of the publisher, unless otherwise permitted under the Copyright Act 1968.

Published by SAI Global Limited under licence from Standards Australia Limited, GPO Box

476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia

ISBN 0 7337 7916 6

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AS 2118.12006 2

PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee FP-004, Automatic Sprinkler Installations, to supersede AS 2118.11999, Automatic fire sprinkler systems, Part 1: General systems.

This Standard incorporates Amendment No. 1 (August 2010). The changes required by the

Amendment are indicated in the text by a marginal bar and amendment number against the

clause, note, table, figure or part thereof affected. Minor style changes have been made (for

consistency) and any spelling mistakes have been corrected in this amended edition.

The objective of this edition is to include changes that reflect recent advances in technology and to refine the content for clarity and conciseness.

Changes to Sections 3, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12

(a) Sections 3, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12 have been revised.

(b) Permitted exceptions in Section 3 have been reduced to reflect safety and compatibility issues.

(c) Tables for sprinkler clearances in Section 5 have been expanded to include Light Hazard spray sprinklers.

(d) Concealed space protection has been revised to take into account potential changes during the life of the building.

(e) Requirements for systems interface alarm signals have been added to Section 8 to align with current practice.

(f) The design process for ordinary hazard in Section 10 has been simplified to align with the previously adopted approach in Section 9 particularly in regard to the number of sprinklers in operation.

(g) The principles for calculations in Section 12 remain unchanged, however, the determination of the design area has been simplified. An appendix has been provided to assist the designer with hydraulic calculations in preparing the graphical representation of supply and demand curves and includes worked examples.

Changes to Section 4

The restructured Section 4 discards the principle of graded water supplies. Instead, it accepts a single town main supply meeting prescribed criteria, including the capability of simultaneously supplying specified hydrant flows, as the benchmark reliable supply.

Other acceptable sources of water supply are selected to equate to this reliability benchmark. For example, when a town main supply requires boosting by automatic pumps in order to meet the specified flow and pressure demand, two parallel-connected full capacity pumps are required, one electric motor-driven and the other diesel engine-driven.

Where a higher degree of water supply reliability is required (in the case, for example, of a high-rise apartment building), Section 4 introduces the concept of dual water supplies. Dual water supplies are not duplicate supplies, but are considered to be more reliable than single supplies. This is illustrated in the case of pump suction tanks which, as single supplies, may be 2/3 capacity (if provided with adequate automatic inflow) and supply two automatic full capacity pumps, one electric motor-driven and the other diesel engine-driven.

The corresponding dual water supply arrangement would involve two-pump suction tanks (each 2/3 capacity and not requiring automatic inflow) supplying two automatic full capacity pumps, one electric motor-driven and the other diesel engine-driven.

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3 AS 2118.12006

Changes to Section 11

Section 11 has been significantly expanded based on full-scale fire test data with

consequential cost reductions. It incorporates summary tables to simplify understanding of

the expanded section.

Changes to Sections 7, 13 and 14

(AS 2118.8, AS 2118.9 and AS 2118.10) have been included in this Standard, consistent

with consolidating the AS 2118 sprinkler suite of Standards.

Section 15

Consistent with the elements comprising design, installation and commissioning of

automatic fire sprinkler systems, Section 15 addresses commissioning and acceptance

testing of sprinklers and covers the hydrostatic pressure test, pre-test equipment checks,

equipment tests and water supply tests. Personnel involved in the commissioning process

have a commissioning check list to follow to ensure that, when complete, the system is

ready for operation.

Appendix E

Appendix E, Graphic representation of hydraulic characteristics, is a new addition and sets

out a series of worked examples, in step-by-step format, plotting water supply versus

demand for various field conditions. This appendix should be of considerable assistance

when interpreting the detailed water supply requirements set out in Sections 4 and 12.

The suite of sprinkler installation systems and components, when completed, will

incorporate the current AS 4118 series and will comprise two sets, all within the AS 2118

designation, as follows:

AS 2118 Automatic fire sprinklerSystems

Part 1: General systems requirements

Part 2: Drenchers

Part 3: Deluge

Part 4: Sprinkler systems for accommodation buildings not exceeding four storeys in

height

Part 5: Home fire sprinkler systems (Supersedes Domestic)

Part 6: Combined sprinkler and hydrant systems in multistorey buildings

AS 4118 Automatic fire sprinklerComponents

Part 1.1: Sprinklers and sprayers

Part 1.2: Alarm valves (wet)

Part 1.3: Water motor alarms

Part 1.4: Valve monitors

Part 1.5: Deluge and pre-action valves

Part 1.6: Stop valves and non-return valves

Part 1.7: Alarm valves (dry)

Part 1.8: Pressure reducing valves

Part 2.1: PipingGeneral

Statements expressed in mandatory terms in notes to tables are deemed to be requirements

of this Standard.

The terms normative and informative have been used in this Standard to define the

application of the appendix to which they apply. A normative appendix is an integral part

of a Standard, whereas an informative appendix is only for information and guidance.

This Standard incorporates commentary on some of the clauses. The commentary directly

follows the relevant clause, is designated by C preceding the clause number and is printed

in italics in a panel. The commentary is for information only and does not need to be

followed for compliance with the Standard.

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AS 2118.12006 4

CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD.............................................................................................................................. 8

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 9 1.2 OBJECTIVE................................................................................................................ 9 1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS .................................................................................. 9 1.4 DEFINITIONS .......................................................................................................... 10

SECTION 2 CLASSIFICATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS AND DESIGN DATA 2.1 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS........................................................ 18 2.2 HAZARD CLASSES OF OCCUPANCY .................................................................. 18 2.3 TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS AND AREA LIMITATIONS ......................... 19

SECTION 3 EXTENT OF PROTECTION AND SYSTEM MONITORING 3.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 27 3.2 PROTECTION AGAINST EXPOSURE HAZARDS ................................................ 27 3.3 ALARM SIGNALLING ............................................................................................ 33 3.4 LOCAL ALARM....................................................................................................... 34 3.5 SYSTEM COMPONENT FAULT MONITORING................................................... 34

SECTION 4 WATER SUPPLIES 4.1 SUPPLY .................................................................................................................... 36 4.2 DUAL WATER SUPPLIES....................................................................................... 37 4.3 GENERAL WATER SUPPLY PROVISIONS ......................................................... 39 4.4 PROVING OF WATER SUPPLIES .......................................................................... 59 4.5 CONNECTIONS FOR OTHER SERVICES ............................................................. 60

SECTION 5 SPACING AND LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS 5.1 SPACING OF SPRINKLERS.................................................................................... 63 5.2 MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN SPRINKLERS ............................................... 63 5.3 LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS (OTHER THAN SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS) ....... 63 5.4 SPACING AND LOCATION OF SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS................................. 66 5.5 OBSTRUCTIONS TO SPRINKLER DISCHARGE.................................................. 66 5.6 CONCEALED SPACES............................................................................................ 72 5.7 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS (SUPPLEMENTARY PROTECTION) .................. 74

SECTION 6 SPRINKLERS, SPRAYERS AND MULTIPLE CONTROLS 6.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 82 6.2 TYPES OF SPRINKLERS, SPRAYERS AND MULTIPLE CONTROLS................ 82 6.3 HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STANDARD SPRINKLERS ................... 83 6.4 APPLICATION OF SPRINKLER TYPES ................................................................ 83 6.5 TEMPERATURE RATINGS..................................................................................... 84 6.6 COLOUR CODING................................................................................................... 84 6.7 STOCK OF REPLACEMENT SPRINKLERS .......................................................... 84 6.8 ANTI CORROSION TREATMENT OF SPRINKLERS ........................................... 85 6.9 SPRINKLER GUARDS ............................................................................................ 85 6.10 ESCUTCHEON PLATE ASSEMBLIES ................................................................... 85 6.11 PROTECTION AGAINST FROST ........................................................................... 85

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5 AS 2118.12006

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SECTION 7 PIPING 7.1 PIPE AND PIPE FITTINGS...................................................................................... 86 7.2 HYDRAULIC TEST PRESSURE ............................................................................. 86 7.3 PIPING IN NON-SPRINKLER-PROTECTED BUILDINGS.................................... 86 7.4 HAZARDOUS PROCESSES AND EXPLOSION HAZARDSPECIAL

PRECAUTIONS CONCERNING PIPING AND VALVES ...................................... 86 7.5 DRAINAGE .............................................................................................................. 87 7.6 FLEXIBLE TUBE ASSEMBLIES ............................................................................ 87 7.7 ORIFICE PLATES .................................................................................................... 88 7.8 SUPPORT OF SPRINKLER PIPING ........................................................................ 88 7.9 INSTALLATIONGENERAL ................................................................................ 96 7.10 INSTALLATIONSTEEL PIPING ......................................................................... 98 7.11 INSTALLATIONLIGHT WALL STEEL PIPING ................................................ 99 7.12 INSTALLATIONCOPPER PIPING .................................................................... 100 7.13 INSTALLATIONPLASTIC PIPING ................................................................... 101

SECTION 8 VALVES AND ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT 8.1 CONTROL ASSEMBLIES...................................................................................... 103 8.2 STOP VALVES....................................................................................................... 104 8.3 BLOCK PLAN ........................................................................................................ 104 8.4 SPRINKLER STOP VALVE INSIDE PLATE ..................................................... 107 8.5 EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS ........................................................................... 107 8.6 PRESSURE GAUGE SCHEDULE.......................................................................... 107 8.7 SYSTEM INTERFACE DIAGRAM ....................................................................... 109 8.8 STOP, DRAIN AND TEST VALVES, AND ALARM COCKS.............................. 109 8.9 NON-RETURN (BACK-PRESSURE) VALVES .................................................... 109 8.10 ALARM VALVES .................................................................................................. 110 8.11 PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE STATIONS ...................................................... 110 8.12 DELUGE AND PRE ACTION VALVES................................................................ 110 8.13 ALARM DEVICES ................................................................................................. 111 8.14 REMOTE TEST VALVES ...................................................................................... 113 8.15 PRESSURE GAUGES............................................................................................. 114

SECTION 9 LIGHT HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS 9.1 GENERAL .............................................................................................................. 116 9.2 DESIGN DATA....................................................................................................... 116 9.3 WATER SUPPLY ................................................................................................... 116 9.4 SPRINKLERS ......................................................................................................... 117 9.5 PIPING .................................................................................................................... 118

SECTION 10 ORDINARY HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS 10.1 GENERAL .............................................................................................................. 119 10.2 DESIGN DATA....................................................................................................... 119 10.3 WATER SUPPLY ................................................................................................... 120 10.4 SPRINKLERS ......................................................................................................... 121 10.5 PIPING .................................................................................................................... 122

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AS 2118.12006 6

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SECTION 11 HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS 11.1 GENERAL .............................................................................................................. 123 11.2 HIGH HAZARD CLASS TERMINOLOGY ........................................................... 123 11.3 GENERAL SYSTEM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ............................................... 142 11.4 GENERAL HYDRAULIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ........................................ 144 11.5 HYDRAULIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS............................................................ 152 11.6 CATEGORIZED COMMODITIES ......................................................................... 166 11.7 SPECIAL COMMODITIES .................................................................................... 224 11.8 WATER SUPPLIES ................................................................................................ 285

SECTION 12 HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS 12.1 GENERAL .............................................................................................................. 288 12.2 DESIGN AREAS (ASSUMED AREAS OF OPERATION).................................... 288 12.3 SPRINKLERS IN SIMULTANEOUS OPERATION .............................................. 289 12.4 SPRINKLER DISCHARGE FLOW RATES........................................................... 289 12.5 POSITION OF DESIGN AREAS............................................................................ 290 12.6 SHAPE OF DESIGN AREAS ................................................................................. 296 12.7 SUPPLY-DEMAND GRAPH.................................................................................. 298 12.8 WATER SUPPLIES ................................................................................................ 298 12.9 PUMPSETS............................................................................................................. 299 12.10 CALCULATION OF PRESSURE LOSS IN PIPES ................................................ 300 12.11 PRESSURE LOSSES .............................................................................................. 302 12.12 ACCURACY OF CALCULATIONS ...................................................................... 302 12.13 MINIMUM SPRINKLER DISCHARGE PRESSURE (HIGH HAZARD ONLY) .. 302 12.14 MINIMUM PIPE SIZES.......................................................................................... 303 12.15 VELOCITY LIMITATION ..................................................................................... 303 12.16 VELOCITY PRESSURE......................................................................................... 303 12.17 IDENTIFICATION OF FULLY HYDRAULICALLY CALCULATED SYSTEMS303

SECTION 13 MINOR WORKS 13.1 SCOPE .................................................................................................................... 305 13.2 GENERAL .............................................................................................................. 305 13.3 MINOR WORKS .................................................................................................... 305 13.4 PERSONNEL ......................................................................................................... 305 13.5 SPRINKLERS ......................................................................................................... 305 13.6 PIPE AND FITTINGS ............................................................................................ 306 13.7 PIPE SIZING .......................................................................................................... 306 13.8 PIPE SUPPORT ..................................................................................................... 306 13.9 BLOCK PLAN AND PRESSURE GAUGE SCHEDULE....................................... 306 13.10 LIGHT HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS .................................................................... 306 13.11 ORDINARY HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS ........................................................... 307 13.12 PRECAUTIONS ..................................................................................................... 307 13.13 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................ 308

SECTION 14 DOCUMENTATION 14.1 SCOPE .................................................................................................................... 309 14.2 SPRINKLER SYSTEMS......................................................................................... 309 14.3 DRENCHER SYSTEMS ......................................................................................... 311

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7 AS 2118.12006

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SECTION 15 COMMISSIONING AND ACCEPTANCE TESTING 15.1 GENERAL .............................................................................................................. 314 15.2 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE TEST....................................................................... 314 15.3 PRE-TEST EQUIPMENT CHECKS ....................................................................... 314 15.4 EQUIPMENT TESTS ............................................................................................. 314 15.5 WATER SUPPLY TESTS ...................................................................................... 315 15.6 COMMISSIONING ................................................................................................ 317

APPENDICES A OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATIONS ...................................................................... 318 B REFERENCED DOCUMENTS .............................................................................. 340 C ORIFICE PLATES .................................................................................................. 341 D WATER SUPPLY ARRANGEMENTS .................................................................. 344 E GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS........... 348 F AEROSOLSSUPPLEMENTARY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS...................... 379 G APPROVAL DOCUMENTATION ......................................................................... 395

INDEX ................................................................................................................................... 401

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AS 2118.12006 8

FOREWORD

Automatic fire sprinklers provide an important level of fire safety for the occupants of buildings, and fire service personnel engaged in search, rescue and firefighting operations whilst providing an important level of fire protection for buildings and structures. In addition, the use of automatic fire sprinkler systems minimizes water consumption during firefighting operations.

In modern buildings and indeed with older buildings and any structure that is being upgraded to meet the latest requirements in fire safety, there is a need to consider other systems that impact on the function and operation of a sprinkler system. Other systems that can either interface with the sprinkler system, or be integrated with it, are automatic heat and smoke detection systems, emergency warning and intercommunication systems and smoke control and air-handling systems. Hence, when designing sprinkler systems, it will be necessary to consider the interaction of sprinkler systems with other structure and building fire safety systems in order to maximize protection and provide an optimal approach for the overall objectives of fire safety.

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9 AS 2118.12006

www.standards.org.au Standards Australia

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard

Automatic fire sprinkler systems

Part 1: General systems

S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L

1.1 SCOPE

This Standard specifies requirements for the design, installation and commissioning of automatic fire sprinkler systems in buildings and structures.

NOTE: Occupancy classifications are given in Appendix A.

1.2 OBJECTIVE

The objective of this Standard is to provide designers and installers with minimum requirements for the design and installation of automatic fire sprinkler systems.

1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

The following documents are referred to in this Standard: NOTE: For a list of informative documents referenced in this Standard, see Bibliography

(Appendix B) at the end of the document.

AS 1074 Steel tubes and tubulars for ordinary service

1281 Cement mortar lining of steel pipes and fittings

1349 Bourdon tube pressure and vacuum gauges

1432 Copper tubes for plumbing, gasfitting and drainage applications

1516 The cement mortar lining of pipelines in situ

1579 Arc-welded steel pipes and fittings for water and waste-water

1650 Galvanized coatings on ferrous articles Metric Units

1670 Fire detection, warning, control and intercom systemsSystem design, installation and commissioning

1670.1 Part 1: Fire 1670.3 Part 3: Fire alarm monitoring

1674 Safety in welding and allied processes 1674.1 Part 1: Fire precautions

1724 Cast grey iron pressure pipes and fittings with bolted gland joints

1735 Lifts, escalators and moving walks

1834 Material for soldering 1834.1 Part 1: Solder alloys

1873 Powder-actuated (PA) hand-held fastening tools

2118 Automatic fire sprinkler systems 2118.1 Part 1: General requirements

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AS 2118.1-2006 AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEMS - GENERAL SYSTEMS PREFACECONTENTSFOREWORDSECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE 1.2 OBJECTIVE 1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 1.4 DEFINITIONS 1.4.1 Alarm signalling equipment (ASE) 1.4.2 Alarm valve 1.4.3 Automatic inflow 1.4.4 Building owner 1.4.5 Compartment 1.4.6 Design area 1.4.7 Design density 1.4.8 Designated building entry point (DBEP) 1.4.9 Designated site entry point (DSEP) 1.4.10 Effective height 1.4.11 Fire and draught stop 1.4.12 High-rise 1.4.13 Installation 1.4.14 K factor (nominal) 1.4.15 Listed 1.4.16 Maximum flow rate of the system (Qmax.) 1.4.17 Monitoring centre 1.4.18 Multiple controls 1.4.19 Multistorey 1.4.20 Net positive suction head (NPSH) 1.4.21 Open joists and exposed common rafters 1.4.22 Post or box pallet 1.4.23 Relevant authority 1.4.24 Special sprinkler 1.4.25 Special sprinkler system 1.4.26 Sprayer 1.4.27 Sprinkler-protected area 1.4.28 Sprinkler-protected building 1.4.29 Sprinkler system 1.4.30 Standard sprinkler 1.4.31 Standard sprinkler system 1.4.32 Structure 1.4.33 Thermal sensitivity

SECTION 2 CLASSIFICATION OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS AND DESIGN DATA 2.1 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS 2.2 HAZARD CLASSES OF OCCUPANCY 2.3 TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS AND AREA LIMITATIONS 2.3.1 General 2.3.2 Standard sprinkler system 2.3.3 Special sprinkler systems 2.3.4 Sprinkler compatibility

SECTION 3 EXTENT OF PROTECTION AND SYSTEM MONITORING 3.1 GENERAL 3.1.1 Extent of protection 3.1.2 Safety and compatibility-Omitted protection

3.2 PROTECTION AGAINST EXPOSURE HAZARDS 3.2.1 General 3.2.2 Sprinklers 3.2.3 Shielding 3.2.4 Sprinkler spacing and location 3.2.5 Piping 3.2.6 Performance 3.2.7 Water supply

3.3 ALARM SIGNALLING 3.3.1 General 3.3.2 Transmission of the alarm signal to the fire brigade 3.3.3 Integrity and marking requirements-Electrical wiring

3.4 LOCAL ALARM 3.5 SYSTEM COMPONENT FAULT MONITORING 3.5.1 General 3.5.2 Fault monitoring devices 3.5.3 Systems to be monitored 3.5.4 Components to be monitored 3.5.5 Installation

SECTION 4 WATER SUPPLIES 4.1 SUPPLY 4.1.1 General 4.1.2 Reliable water supply 4.1.3 Acceptable sources of water supply

4.2 DUAL WATER SUPPLIES 4.2.1 General 4.2.2 Acceptable arrangements

4.3 GENERAL WATER SUPPLY PROVISIONS 4.3.1 General 4.3.2 Town main water supply 4.3.3 Private system water supply 4.3.4 Pump suction tank water supply 4.3.5 Supply from natural source 4.3.6 Gravity tank water supply 4.3.7 Elevated private reservoir water supply 4.3.8 Pressure tank water supply 4.3.9 Pump system design and installation 4.3.10 Pumpsets

4.4 PROVING OF WATER SUPPLIES 4.5 CONNECTIONS FOR OTHER SERVICES 4.5.1 General 4.5.2 Combined sprinkler and hydrant water supply 4.5.3 Fire hose reel connections 4.5.4 Fire brigade booster connection

SECTION 5 SPACING AND LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS 5.1 SPACING OF SPRINKLERS 5.1.1 Standard sprinkler spacing 5.1.2 Special sprinkler spacing 5.1.3 Staggered spacing

5.2 MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN SPRINKLERS 5.3 LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS (OTHER THAN SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS) 5.3.1 General 5.3.2 Walls and partitions 5.3.3 Ceilings, roofs and underside of stairs

5.4 SPACING AND LOCATION OF SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS 5.4.1 General 5.4.2 Spacing of special sidewall sprinklers 5.4.3 Maximum spacing of sidewall sprinklers 5.4.4 Distance between rows of sprinklers

5.5 OBSTRUCTIONS TO SPRINKLER DISCHARGE 5.5.1 General 5.5.2 Standard upright and pendent sprinklers 5.5.3 Standard sidewall sprinklers 5.5.4 Standard upright and pendent sprinklers near columns 5.5.5 Standard sidewall sprinklers near columns 5.5.6 Roof trusses 5.5.7 Clear space below sprinklers 5.5.8 Obstructions in clear space 5.5.9 Obstructions under sprinklers

5.6 CONCEALED SPACES 5.6.1 General 5.6.2 Protection criteria 5.6.3 Hydraulic design-concealed spaces 5.6.4 Deformable ceilings

5.7 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS (SUPPLEMENTARY PROTECTION) 5.7.1 Machinery pits and production lines 5.7.2 Hoists, lift shafts, building services shafts and enclosed chutes 5.7.3 Elevators, rope or strap races, exhaust ducts, gearing boxes and dust receivers 5.7.4 Corn, rice, provender and oil mills 5.7.5 Bins and silos 5.7.6 Escalators 5.7.7 Canopies 5.7.8 Roof overhang 5.7.9 Exterior docks and platforms 5.7.10 Covered balconies 5.7.11 Enclosed paint lines, drying ovens, drying enclosures 5.7.12 Spray booths 5.7.13 Oil and flammable liquid hazards 5.7.14 Commercial type cooking equipment and associated ventilation systems 5.7.15 Air handling plant 5.7.16 Computer and other electronic equipment areas 5.7.17 Cupboards and wardrobes 5.7.18 Film and television production studios 5.7.19 Theatres and music halls (protection on the stage side of the proscenium wall) 5.7.20 Cold storage warehouse

SECTION 6 SPRINKLERS, SPRAYERS AND MULTIPLE CONTROLS 6.1 GENERAL 6.2 TYPES OF SPRINKLERS, SPRAYERS AND MULTIPLE CONTROLS 6.2.1 Standard sprinklers 6.2.2 Special sprinklers 6.2.3 Sprayers 6.2.4 Multiple controls

6.3 HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF STANDARD SPRINKLERS 6.4 APPLICATION OF SPRINKLER TYPES 6.5 TEMPERATURE RATINGS 6.6 COLOUR CODING 6.7 STOCK OF REPLACEMENT SPRINKLERS6.7.1 Special sprinklers

6.8 ANTI CORROSION TREATMENT OF SPRINKLERS6.9 SPRINKLER GUARDS6.10 ESCUTCHEON PLATE ASSEMBLIES6.11 PROTECTION AGAINST FROST

SECTION 7 PIPING7.1 PIPE AND PIPE FITTINGS7.2 HYDRAULIC TEST PRESSURE7.3 PIPING IN NON-SPRINKLER-PROTECTED BUILDINGS7.4 HAZARDOUS PROCESSES AND EXPLOSION HAZARDSPECIAL PRECAUTIONS CONCERNING PIPING AND VALVES7.5 DRAINAGE7.5.1 Wet system piping7.5.2 Dry or alternate wet and dry system piping

7.6 FLEXIBLE TUBE ASSEMBLIES7.7 ORIFICE PLATES7.8 SUPPORT OF SPRINKLER PIPING7.8.1 General7.8.2 Design7.8.3 Corrosion protection of pipe supports7.8.4 Requirements for pipe support components (see Figures 7.8.8.1(A) and (B))7.8.4.1 Hook bolts7.8.4.2 U-bolts clamping down7.8.4.3 U-bolts clamping up and rods7.8.4.4 U-hangers (clips)7.8.4.5 Cantilever type supports, saddle brackets, girder or beam clamps7.8.4.6 Pipe bands7.8.4.7 Pipe support beams (trapeze bar)

7.8.5 Fixing of pipe supports7.8.5.1 General7.8.5.2 Fixing to concrete, brick or masonry7.8.5.3 Fixing to timber7.8.5.4 Fixing to steel

7.8.6 Spacing of supports7.8.7 Location of supports7.8.7.1 General7.8.7.2 Change of direction7.8.7.3 Range pipes7.8.7.4 Distribution pipes7.8.7.5 Main distribution pipes7.8.7.6 Risers

7.8.8 Verification of design7.8.8.1 General7.8.8.2 Verification test

7.9 INSTALLATIONGENERAL7.9.1 Pipe and pipe fitting specifications7.9.1.1 General7.9.1.2 Pipes above ground7.9.1.3 Pipes below ground7.9.1.4 Protection of underground pipes

7.9.2 Welding of piping7.9.3 Hydrostatic pressure test7.9.4 Pneumatic leak test7.9.5 Embedding of piping7.9.6 Corrosion protection of piping7.9.7 Protection of piping against mechanical damage7.9.8 Facilities for flushing piping7.9.9 Prohibited use of piping7.9.9.1 Electrical earth7.9.9.2 Hoisting

7.9.10 Pipe sizes7.9.11 Spacing of brackets and clips

7.10 INSTALLATIONSTEEL PIPING7.10.1 Pipe and pipe fitting specifications7.10.1.1 General

7.10.2 Pipes7.10.2.1 Pipes above ground7.10.2.2 Pipes below ground

7.10.3 Pipe jointing7.10.3.1 Welded joints7.10.3.2 Rolled groove fittings

7.11 INSTALLATIONLIGHT WALL STEEL PIPING7.11.1 Pipe and pipe fitting specifications7.11.2 Pipes7.11.2.1 Above ground7.11.2.2 Below ground

7.11.3 Pipe jointing7.11.3.1 Welded joints7.11.3.2 Fittings and other pipe jointing methods7.11.3.3 Fittings

7.12 INSTALLATIONCOPPER PIPING7.12.1 General7.12.2 Pipes7.12.2.1 Pipes above ground7.12.2.2 Pipes below ground

7.12.3 Pipe jointing7.12.3.1 Brazing7.12.3.2 Soft-soldered joints7.12.3.3 Manipulated joints7.12.3.4 Capillary fittings7.12.3.5 Compression fittings

7.12.4 Pipe bending

7.13 INSTALLATIONPLASTIC PIPING7.13.1 Pipe and pipe fitting specifications7.13.1.1 General7.13.1.2 Pipe and pipe fittings above ground7.13.1.3 Pipes and pipe fittings below ground7.13.1.4 Installation restrictions7.13.1.5 Pipe storage

7.13.2 Pipe and fittingsJointing7.13.2.1 Jointing7.13.2.2 Threaded connections

7.13.3 Corrosion protection of piping

SECTION 8 VALVES AND ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT8.1 CONTROL ASSEMBLIES8.1.1 General8.1.2 Designated site and building entry points

8.2 STOP VALVES8.2.1 General8.2.2 Main stop valves8.2.3 Stop valves controlling water supplies8.2.4 Subsidiary stop valves

8.3 BLOCK PLAN8.4 SPRINKLER STOP VALVE INSIDE PLATE8.5 EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS8.6 PRESSURE GAUGE SCHEDULE8.7 SYSTEM INTERFACE DIAGRAM8.8 STOP, DRAIN AND TEST VALVES, AND ALARM COCKS8.9 NON-RETURN (BACK-PRESSURE) VALVES8.10 ALARM VALVES8.10.1 Wet8.10.2 Dry8.10.3 Composite alarm valves8.10.4 Accelerators or exhausters for alarm valves (dry system)8.10.5 Identification of control assemblies and water motor alarms

8.11 PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE STATIONS8.12 DELUGE AND PRE ACTION VALVES8.12.1 Deluge valves8.12.2 Pre action valves

8.13 ALARM DEVICES8.13.1 General8.13.2 Prevention of false alarms8.13.3 Water motor alarms8.13.3.1 General8.13.3.2 Height above valve8.13.3.3 Piping finish and size8.13.3.4 Drainage provisions8.13.3.5 Alarm valve not to be bypassed

8.13.4 Fire alarm signal8.13.5 System interface alarm signal8.13.6 Lock-open valve8.13.7 Testing of alarm devices

8.14 REMOTE TEST VALVES8.15 PRESSURE GAUGES

SECTION 9 LIGHT HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS9.1 GENERAL9.2 DESIGN DATA9.3 WATER SUPPLY9.3.1 Flow and pressure requirements9.3.2 Water storage capacity9.3.3 Additional storage capacity9.3.4 Pump suction tanks9.3.5 Pressure tanks9.3.6 Pumpsets9.3.7 Proving of water supplies

9.4 SPRINKLERS9.4.1 Size and type9.4.2 Maximum area coverage per sprinkler9.4.3 Reduced coverage9.4.4 Maximum spacing9.4.5 Special sprinklers

9.5 PIPING9.5.1 Pipe types9.5.2 Pipe sizes9.5.3 Hydraulic calculations9.5.4 Concealed spaces

SECTON 10 ORDINARY HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS10.1 GENERAL10.2 DESIGN DATA10.2.1 General10.2.2 Sprinklers under flat roofs and ceilings10.2.3 Sprinklers under sloping roofs and in bays

10.3 WATER SUPPLY10.3.1 Flow and pressure requirements10.3.2 Water storage capacity10.3.3 Additional storage capacity10.3.4 Pump suction tanks10.3.5 Pressure tanks10.3.6 Pumpsets10.3.7 Proving of water supplies

10.4 SPRINKLERS10.4.1 Size and type10.4.2 Maximum area coverage per sprinkler10.4.3 Reduced coverage10.4.4 Maximum spacing10.4.5 Maximum distance from walls and partitions (see also Clause5.5)10.4.6 Special sprinklers

10.5 PIPING10.5.1 Pipe types10.5.2 Pipe sizes10.5.3 Hydraulic calculations10.5.4 Concealed spaces

SECTION 11 HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS11.1 GENERAL11.2 HIGH HAZARD CLASS TERMINOLOGY11.2.1 Aisle11.2.2 Banded paper11.2.3 Bin box storage11.2.4 Bundled tyres11.2.5 Carpet storage11.2.6 Closed array (roll paper storage)11.2.7 Commodity11.2.8 Double row rack (DRR)11.2.9 Draft curtain11.2.10 Dunnage (roll paper storage)11.2.11 Encapsulation11.2.12 Face sprinkler11.2.13 Flue spaces11.2.14 Fully loaded (tyre storage)11.2.15 Green tyres11.2.16 Heavyweight paper (roll paper storage)11.2.17 Horizontal barriers (within and above racks)11.2.18 Horizontal channel11.2.19 In-process non-rack storage (aerosols)11.2.20 In-rack sprinklers (IRS) (also called rack storage sprinklers or intermediate level sprinklers)11.2.21 Locations other than warehouses (tyre storage)11.2.22 Lightweight paper (roll paper storage)11.2.23 Medium-weight paper (roll paper storage)11.2.24 Movable rackA rack on fixed rails or g11.2.25 Multiple row rack (MRR)11.2.26 On-floor storage (tyre storage)11.2.27 On-side storage (tyre storage)11.2.28 On-tread storage (tyre storage)11.2.29 Open array (roll paper storage)11.2.30 Open-top combustible containers11.2.31 Palletized storage11.2.31.1 General11.2.31.2 Tyre storage on pallets

11.2.32 Partially loaded (tyre storage)11.2.33 Portable Rack11.2.34 Rack storage11.2.35 Roof/ceiling sprinklers11.2.36 Shelf storage11.2.37 Single row rack11.2.38 Solid-pile storage11.2.39 Solid shelving11.2.40 Standard array (roll paper storage)11.2.41 Storage heightMaximum height of storage11.2.42 Tyre Rack (tyre storage)11.2.43 Vertical barriers

11.3 GENERAL SYSTEM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS11.3.1 Wet systems11.3.2 Pre-action systems and alternate wet and dry systems11.3.3 Dry Systems11.3.4 Process occupancies11.3.5 Storage occupancies11.3.6 Incidental High Hazard storage

11.4 GENERAL HYDRAULIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS11.4.1 Roof/ceiling sprinklers11.4.1.1 Sprinkler types11.4.1.2 Temperature ratings11.4.1.3 Location and orientation11.4.1.4 Extension of higher hazard into lower hazard11.4.1.5 Spacing of roof/ceiling sprinklers11.4.1.6 Maximum area coverage per roof/ceiling sprinkler11.4.1.7 Maximum floor area per installation control assembly

11.4.2 In-rack sprinklers11.4.2.1 Types and temperature ratings11.4.2.2 Location and orientation11.4.2.3 Connection to distribution pipes attached to the building structure11.4.2.4 Horizontal spacingStorage height up to 7.6 m11.4.2.5 Vertical spacingStorage height up to 7.6 m11.4.2.6 Horizontal and vertical spacingStorage height greater than 7.6 m11.4.2.7 Maximum area coverage per sprinkler in multiple row racks11.4.2.8 In-rack sprinkler installation control assemblies11.4.2.9 Maximum floor area per sprinkler installation control assembly

11.4.3 Sprinkler protection of concealed spaces11.4.4 Sprinkler protection of exposed steel building columns11.4.5 1System drainage

11.5 HYDRAULIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS11.5.1 Sizing of pipework11.5.2 Orifice plates11.5.3 Roof/ceiling slope11.5.4 Hydraulic calculation for mixed hazard classifications11.5.5 Concealed spaces11.5.6 Small compartments11.5.7 Sprinklers beneath ducts, cable trays, etc.11.5.8 Platforms and mezzanines with solid floors11.5.9 Non-solid floors (including platforms and mezzanines)11.5.9.1 General11.5.9.2 Design constraints11.5.9.3 Design requirementsGeneral11.5.9.4 Design requirementsProcess occupancies11.5.9.5 Design requirementsSolid pile, palletized, shelf and bin box storage11.5.9.6 Design requirementsRack storage

11.5.10 Walkways (solid and non-solid)11.5.10.1 Rack storage11.5.10.2 Shelf and bin box storage

11.5.11 Process occupancies11.5.12 Storage occupancies11.5.12.1 Roof/ceiling sprinklers11.5.12.2 In-rack sprinklers11.5.12.3 Concealed space sprinklers11.5.12.4 Excessive clearanceCategorized commodities11.5.12.5 Excessive clearanceSpecial commodities

11.6 CATEGORIZED COMMODITIES11.6.1 General11.6.2 Design decision trees for categorized commodities11.6.3 Solid pile, palletized, shelf and bin box storage11.6.4 Rack storage height up to 7.6 m11.6.5 Rack storage height greater than 7.6 m

11.7 SPECIAL COMMODITIES11.7.1 General11.7.2 Rubber tyre storage11.7.2.1 General11.7.2.2 Prerequisites to the sprinkler system design criteria11.7.2.3 General11.7.2.4 Roof/ceiling sprinkler hydraulic design11.7.2.5 In-rack sprinkler hydraulic design11.7.2.6 In-rack sprinkler spacing and area coverage11.7.2.7 High-expansion foam systems

11.7.3 Roll paper storage11.7.3.1 General11.7.3.2 Roll paper classification11.7.3.3 Re-classification by wrapping11.7.3.4 Plastic-wrapped roll paper11.7.3.5 Special paper types11.7.3.6 Banded paper (see Clause11.2.2)11.7.3.7 Storage arrangements11.7.3.8 Mixed storage11.7.3.9 System type11.7.3.10 Sprinkler types and temperature ratings11.7.3.11 Area coverage and spacing of roof/ceiling sprinklers11.7.3.12 Steel protection11.7.3.13 Protection of lightweight paper11.7.3.14 Protection of medium-weight/heavyweight roll paper

11.7.4 Baled fibres and waste paper storage11.7.4.1 Storage in racks11.7.4.2 Solid pile storage

11.7.5 Hanging garments storage11.7.5.1 General11.7.5.2 Prerequisites to the sprinkler system design criteria11.7.5.3 General and hydraulic design11.7.5.4 Hydraulic design criteriaStorage up to 4.6m on stationary pipe racks11.7.5.5 Hydraulic design requirementsStorage up to or over 4.6m high on stationary pipe racksOption 211.7.5.6 Hydraulic design criteriaStorage up to 7.6m in vertical carousels (or similar)Option 111.7.5.7 Hydraulic design criteriaStorage up to 7.6m in vertical carousels (or similar)Option 2

11.7.6 Carpet storage11.7.6.1 General11.7.6.2 General design requirements11.7.6.3 Hydraulic design requirements11.7.6.4 Protection of covered aisles

11.7.7 Idle pallet11.7.7.1 General11.7.7.2 Classification of pallets11.7.7.3 Prerequisites to the sprinkler system design criteria11.7.7.4 General11.7.7.5 Hydraulic design criteriaLimited on-floor storage of idle pallets11.7.7.6 Hydraulic design criteriaRack storage of idle pallets11.7.7.7 Location and spacing of in-rack sprinklers

11.7.8 Aerosols storage11.7.8.1 General11.7.8.2 Aerosol hazard classification11.7.8.3 Mixed storage11.7.8.4 Prerequisites to the sprinkler system design requirements11.7.8.5 System type11.7.8.6 Sprinkler types and temperature rating11.7.8.7 Area coverage per sprinkler11.7.8.8 Spacing of sprinklers11.7.8.9 Solid pile and palletized sprinkler design requirements11.7.8.10 In-rack sprinkler design requirementsLevel 1 aerosols11.7.8.11 In-rack sprinkler design requirementsLevel 2 aerosols11.7.8.12 In-rack sprinkler design requirementsLevel 3 Aerosols11.7.8.13 Picking areasLevel 3 aerosols (see Paragraph F2.4 (ix, Appendix F)):11.7.8.14 Roof/ceiling sprinklers hydraulic design11.7.8.15 In-rack sprinklers hydraulic design

11.7.9 Distilled spirits storage11.7.9.1 General11.7.9.2 Prerequisites to the sprinkler system design criteria11.7.9.3 General11.7.9.4 System type11.7.9.5 Sprinkler types and temperature rating11.7.9.6 Area of coverage per sprinkler11.7.9.7 Clearance11.7.9.8 Roof/ceiling sprinkler hydraulic design11.7.9.9 Location and hydraulic design of in-rack sprinklers

11.8 WATER SUPPLIES11.8.1 General11.8.2 Town main11.8.3 Water storage capacity11.8.4 Pumps

SECTION 12 HYDRAULIC CALCULATIN OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS12.1 GENERAL12.2 DESIGN AREAS (ASSUMED AREAS OF OPERATION)12.3 SPRINKLERS IN SIMULTANEOUS OPERATION12.4 SPRINKLER DISCHARGE FLOW RATES12.4.1 Light Hazard and Ordinary Hazard class systems12.4.2 High Hazard class systems

12.5 POSITION OF DESIGN AREAS12.5.1 Hydraulically most unfavourable areas of operation12.5.2 Hydraulically most favourable areas of operation

12.6 SHAPE OF DESIGN AREAS12.6.1 Hydraulically most unfavourable areas of operation12.6.1.1 Light Hazard and Ordinary Hazard class systems12.6.1.2 High Hazard class systems

12.6.2 Hydraulically most favourable areas of operation12.6.2.1 Terminal main system with terminal range pipes or looped main systems with terminal range pipes12.6.2.2 Gridded system

12.7 SUPPLY-DEMAND GRAPH12.7.1 General12.7.2 Supply characteristics12.7.3 Demand characteristics

12.8 WATER SUPPLIES12.9 PUMPSETS12.9.1 General12.9.2 Maximum flow rate of the system (Qmax.)12.9.2.1 Determination12.9.2.2 Pumps drawing from pump suction tanks12.9.2.3 Pumps drawing from town mains

12.10 CALCULATION OF PRESSURE LOSS IN PIPES12.11 PRESSURE LOSSES12.11.1 Fittings and valves12.11.2 Dry pendent (or upright) sprinklers

12.12 ACCURACY OF CALCULATIONS12.13 MINIMUM SPRINKLER DISCHARGE PRESSURE (HIGH HAZARD ONLY)12.14 MINIMUM PIPE SIZES12.15 VELOCITY LIMITATION12.16 VELOCITY PRESSURE12.17 IDENTIFICATION OF FULLY HYDRAULICALLY CALCULATEDSYSTEMS

SECTION 13 MINOR WORKS13.1 SCOPE13.2 GENERAL13.3 MINOR WORKS13.4 PERSONNEL13.5 SPRINKLERS13.5.1 Compatibility13.5.2 Spacing and location13.5.3 Escutcheon plates13.5.4 Spare sprinklers

13.6 PIPE AND FITTINGS13.7 PIPE SIZING13.8 PIPE SUPPORT13.9 BLOCK PLAN AND PRESSURE GAUGE SCHEDULE13.10 LIGHT HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS13.10.1 Pipe sizes13.10.2 Limitations13.10.2.1 Maximum pipe lengthDN2013.10.2.2 Maximum combined pipe lengthDN20 and DN2513.10.2.3 Distribution pipe

13.11 ORDINARY HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS13.11.1 Pipe sizes13.11.2 Limitations13.11.2.1 Maximum pipe lengthDN2513.11.2.2 Distribution pipe

13.12 PRECAUTIONS13.13 ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS

SECTION 14 DOCUMENTATION14.1 SCOPE14.2 SPRINKLER SYSTEMS14.2.1 Preliminary stage14.2.2 Prior to commencing installation14.2.2.1 General14.2.2.2 Detailed requirements14.2.2.3 Water supply authority approval

14.2.3 On completion of installation14.2.4 Compliance requirements

14.3 DRENCHER SYSTEMS14.3.1 Preliminary stage14.3.2 Prior to commencing installation14.3.2.1 General14.3.2.2 Detailed requirements14.3.2.3 Water supply authority approval

14.3.3 On completion of installation14.3.4 Compliance requirements

SECTION 15 COMMISSIONING AND ACCEPTANCE TESTING15.1 GENERAL15.2 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE TEST15.3 PRE-TEST EQUIPMENT CHECKS15.4 EQUIPMENT TESTS15.5 WATER SUPPLY TESTS15.5.1 General15.5.2 Main drain valve water supply test15.5.3 Water supply proving test15.5.4 Compression ignition (diesel) engine-driven pump start and run tests15.5.5 Electric motor-driven pump start and run tests15.5.6 Pressure maintenance/jacking pumpsets

15.6 COMMISSIONING

APPENDIX A - OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATIONSA1 INTRODUCTIONA2 LIGHT HAZARD OCCUPANCIESA3 ORDINARY HAZARD OCCUPANCIESA3.1 Ordinary Hazard 1 occupancies (OH1)A3.2 Ordinary Hazard 2 occupancies (OH2)A3.3 Ordinary Hazard 3 occupancies (OH3)A3.4 Ordinary Hazard Special (OH Special) occupancies

A4 HIGH HAZARD OCCUPANCIESA4.1 High HazardProcess occupanciesA4.2 High HazardStorage occupanciesA4.2.1 GeneralA4.2.2 Mixed category goods.A4.2.3 Use of plastic pallets for storage of commoditiesA4.2.4 Categories of High Hazard storage

A4.3 Special commoditiesA4.4 Commodity category tables

APPENDIX B - REFERENCED DOCUMENTSAPPENDIX C - ORIFICE PLATESC1 GENERALC2 REQUIREMENTSC3 NOTES ON THE USE OF TABLES C1 AND C2

APPENDIX D - WATER SUPPLY ARRANGEMENTSAPPENDIX E - GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICSE1 GENERALE2 THE SUPPLY-DEMAND GRAPHE3 STATIC PRESSURE AND DEMAND CURVESE4 SINGLE TOWN MAIN SUPPLYE5 PUMPS DRAWING DIRECT FROM A SINGLE TOWN MAIN SUPPLYE6 DUAL TOWN MAIN SUPPLIESE7 HIGH-RISE SYSTEMS WITH BOOSTED TOWN MAIN SUPPLIESE8 PUMPS DRAWING FROM PUMP SUCTION TANKS

APPENDIX F - AEROSOLSSUPPLEMENTARY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSF1 CLASSIFICATION OF AEROSOL HAZARD LEVELF1.1 GeneralF1.2 ClassificationF1.3 Sources for chemical heat of combustion

F2 PREREQUISITES TO THE SPRINKLER SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIAF2.1 GeneralF2.2 Mercantile locations (supermarkets, department and discount stores)F2.3 Palletized and solid pile aerosols storageF2.4 Rack storage of Level 2 aerosolsF2.5 Rack storage of Level 3 aerosols

APPENDIX G - APPROVAL DOCUMENTATIONINDEX

Title: AS 2118.1-2006, Automatic fire sprinkler systems General systemsTitleLink: