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NADCA’S MOLD AWARENESS The purpose of this presentation is to give you an overview of mold, the effects it can have indoors and what you can do to help prevent mold growth.
WHAT IS MOLD?WHAT IS MOLD?
According to Webster, mold is a surface growth According to Webster, mold is a surface growth of fungus (molds, mildews, and mushrooms) of fungus (molds, mildews, and mushrooms) especially on damp or decaying matter. especially on damp or decaying matter.
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WHAT IS MOLD? According to Webster, mold is a surface growth of fungus (molds, mildews, and mushrooms) especially on damp or decaying matter. Mildews and mushrooms are normally found outside but can grow indoors. All are types of fungi.
BASIC DEFINITIONSBASIC DEFINITIONSMold Mold –– a one or many celled organism that a one or many celled organism that
relies on an external food source.relies on an external food source.
Mildew Mildew –– disease that typically affects plants.disease that typically affects plants.
Spores Spores –– reproductive reproductive ““seedsseeds”” of mold. of mold.
MycotoxinsMycotoxins –– toxic chemicals found on the toxic chemicals found on the inside and outside of spores.inside and outside of spores.
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BASIC DEFINITIONS Mold – a one or many celled organism that relies on an external food source. Mildew – disease that typically affects plants. Spores – reproductive “seeds” of mold. A single spore is microscopic. Whenever you see mold growing with the naked eye, you are seeing thousands of spores linked together. This growth is called a colony forming unit. Mycotoxins – toxic chemicals found on the inside and outside of spores. The mycotoxins are responsible for allergic reactions. These chemicals remain present even if the spores are dead or inactive. This is why it is not considered acceptable to just kill the mold with chemicals but actually remove mold contaminated materials.
IS IT DANGEROUS ?IS IT DANGEROUS ?
The most common types of fungi are The most common types of fungi are generally not hazardous to healthy individuals.generally not hazardous to healthy individuals.
However, people with asthma, hay fever, or However, people with asthma, hay fever, or other allergies or weakened immune systems other allergies or weakened immune systems are more likely to react to mold.are more likely to react to mold.
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IS IT DANGEROUS ? The most common types of fungi are generally not hazardous to healthy individuals. However, people with asthma, hay fever, or other allergies or weakened immune systems are more likely to react to mold.
IS IT DANGEROUS?IS IT DANGEROUS?
The most common symptoms are runny The most common symptoms are runny nose, eye irritation, coughing, congestion and nose, eye irritation, coughing, congestion and aggravation of asthma.aggravation of asthma.
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The most common symptoms are runny nose, eye irritation, coughing, congestion and aggravation of asthma. These are most common due to the ease of introducing spores through the respiratory tract.
IS IT DANGEROUS?IS IT DANGEROUS?
A small percentage of the population can A small percentage of the population can develop more serious effects, such as fevers develop more serious effects, such as fevers and breathing difficulties.and breathing difficulties.
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A small percentage of the population can develop more serious effects, such as fevers and breathing difficulties.
IS IT DANGEROUS?IS IT DANGEROUS?
Even though mold affects people differently Even though mold affects people differently and may not affect certain individuals at all, and may not affect certain individuals at all, it is important to take it seriously.it is important to take it seriously.
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Even though mold affects people differently and may not affect certain individuals at all, it is important to take it seriously. Due to increased media attention and high profile court cases regarding mold. It has been made a must to treat any and all concerns and complaints seriously.
WHY DO WE HAVE MOLD?WHY DO WE HAVE MOLD?
Most molds are good and necessary. Most molds are good and necessary.
Their ability to breakdown Their ability to breakdown and decompose waste and decompose waste material keeps the earth from material keeps the earth from being overtaken by dead being overtaken by dead plants, garbage and waste.plants, garbage and waste.
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WHY DO WE HAVE MOLD? Most molds are good and necessary. Their ability to breakdown and decompose waste material keeps the earth from being overtaken by dead plants, garbage and waste. However, molds are not good and necessary in our indoor environments. Mold outdoors is dispersed by the wind and can not build up in high concentrations.
WHY DO WE HAVE MOLD?WHY DO WE HAVE MOLD?
If there were no molds, life on earth would If there were no molds, life on earth would have ended long ago.have ended long ago.
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If there were no molds, life on earth would have ended long ago. Imagine leaves, trash and all other organic matter covering the earth to a depth of several miles.
MOLD AND THE EPAMOLD AND THE EPA
Ten Things You Should Know About MoldTen Things You Should Know About Mold
1.1. Potential health effects and symptoms associated with Potential health effects and symptoms associated with mold exposures include allergic reactions, asthma, and mold exposures include allergic reactions, asthma, and other respiratory complaints.other respiratory complaints.
2.2. There is no practical way to eliminate all mold and mold There is no practical way to eliminate all mold and mold spores in the indoor environment; the way to control spores in the indoor environment; the way to control indoor mold growth is to control moisture.indoor mold growth is to control moisture.
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MOLD AND THE EPA Ten Things You Should Know About Mold These are some of the first government published comments regarding mold. 1. Potential health effects and symptoms associated with mold exposures include allergic reactions, asthma, and other respiratory complaints. 2.There is no practical way to eliminate all mold and mold spores in the indoor environment; the way to control indoor mold growth is to control moisture. This statement is the position of most all professionals in the IAQ industry and is the easiest and most cost effective way to control microbial growth.
MOLD AND THE EPAMOLD AND THE EPA
Ten Things You Should Know About MoldTen Things You Should Know About Mold
3.3. If mold is a problem in your home or school, you must If mold is a problem in your home or school, you must clean up the mold and eliminate sources of moisture.clean up the mold and eliminate sources of moisture.
4.4. Fix the source of the water problem or leak to prevent Fix the source of the water problem or leak to prevent mold growth.mold growth.
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3.If mold is a problem in your home or school, you must clean up the mold and eliminate sources of moisture. This relates to any building, not just homes and schools. 4.Fix the source of the water problem or leak to prevent mold growth. Remember the water or moisture control from number 2. Moisture is a huge factor.
MOLD AND THE EPAMOLD AND THE EPA
Ten Things You Should Know About MoldTen Things You Should Know About Mold
5.5. Reduce indoor humidity (to 30Reduce indoor humidity (to 30--60%) to decrease mold 60%) to decrease mold growth by: venting bathrooms, dryers, and other growth by: venting bathrooms, dryers, and other moisturemoisture--generating sources to the outside; using air generating sources to the outside; using air conditioners and deconditioners and de--humidifiers; increasing ventilation; humidifiers; increasing ventilation; and using exhaust fans whenever cooking, dishwashing, and using exhaust fans whenever cooking, dishwashing, and cleaning.and cleaning.
6.6. Clean and dry any damp or wet building materials and Clean and dry any damp or wet building materials and furnishings within 24furnishings within 24--48 hours to prevent mold growth.48 hours to prevent mold growth.
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5.Reduce indoor humidity (to 30-60%) to decrease mold growth by: venting bathrooms, dryers, and other moisture-generating sources to the outside; using air conditioners and de-humidifiers; increasing ventilation; and using exhaust fans whenever cooking, dishwashing, and cleaning. Reduce moisture again. 6.Clean and dry any damp or wet building materials and furnishings within 24-48 hours to prevent mold growth.
MOLD AND THE EPAMOLD AND THE EPA
Ten Things You Should Know About MoldTen Things You Should Know About Mold
7.7. Clean mold off hard surfaces with water and detergent, Clean mold off hard surfaces with water and detergent, and dry completely. Absorbent materials such as ceiling and dry completely. Absorbent materials such as ceiling tiles, that are moldy, may need to be replaced.tiles, that are moldy, may need to be replaced.
8.8. Prevent condensation: Reduce the potential for Prevent condensation: Reduce the potential for condensation on cold surfaces (i.e., windows, piping, condensation on cold surfaces (i.e., windows, piping, exterior walls, roof, or floors) by adding insulation.exterior walls, roof, or floors) by adding insulation.
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7.Clean mold off hard surfaces with water and detergent, and dry completely. Absorbent materials such as ceiling tiles, that are moldy, may need to be replaced. Depending on the level of contamination on hard surfaces, it may be necessary to have the cleaning performed by a professional with proper training in order to prevent the contamination of other areas. In most all cases porous materials, such as, carpeting, fabric and ceiling tiles should be properly removed and disposed. 8.Prevent condensation: Reduce the potential for condensation on cold surfaces (i.e., windows, piping, exterior walls, roof, or floors) by adding insulation. Condensation, another reference to moisture.
MOLD AND THE EPAMOLD AND THE EPATen Things You Should Know About MoldTen Things You Should Know About Mold
9.9. In areas where there is a perpetual moisture problem, do In areas where there is a perpetual moisture problem, do not install carpeting (i.e., by drinking fountains, by not install carpeting (i.e., by drinking fountains, by classroom sinks, or on concrete floors with leaks or classroom sinks, or on concrete floors with leaks or frequent condensation).frequent condensation).
10.10. Molds can be found almost anywhere; they can grow on Molds can be found almost anywhere; they can grow on virtually any substance, providing moisture is present. virtually any substance, providing moisture is present. There are molds that can grow on wood, paper, carpet, There are molds that can grow on wood, paper, carpet, and floods.and floods.
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9.In areas where there is a perpetual moisture problem, do not install carpeting (i.e., by drinking fountains, by classroom sinks, or on concrete floors with leaks or frequent condensation). Carpeting can stay wet for long periods of time and is normally full of dust, dirt and debris. Which provides a great place for mold to grow. 10.Molds can be found almost anywhere; they can grow on virtually any substance, providing moisture is present. There are molds that can grow on wood, paper, carpet, and floods.
WHERE DID IT COME FROM?WHERE DID IT COME FROM?
When excessive moisture or water When excessive moisture or water accumulates indoors, mold growth occurs in accumulates indoors, mold growth occurs in most cases, especially when the moisture most cases, especially when the moisture problem remains undiscovered or unproblem remains undiscovered or un--addressed.addressed.
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WHERE DID IT COME FROM? When excessive moisture or water accumulates indoors, mold growth occurs in most cases, especially when the moisture problem remains undiscovered or un- addressed. Unfortunately in most cases it becomes a problem because it is left un-addressed. Mold is much less likely to become a major problem with basic preventative maintenance and quick response to mold causing issues.
WHERE DID IT COME FROM?WHERE DID IT COME FROM?
Moisture Moisture
TemperatureTemperature
+ Food Source+ Food Source
MoldMold
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Moisture + Temperature + Food Source = Mold Lets look at examples of each.
WHERE DID IT COME FROM?WHERE DID IT COME FROM?
MoistureMoisture
Water DamageWater Damage
HVAC SystemHVAC System
HumidifiersHumidifiers
Building DefectsBuilding Defects
LandscapingLandscaping
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Moisture Water Damage Proper drying needs to start immediately. HVAC System An HVAC mechanical unit not properly sized, installed or balanced can create moisture problems within a building. Humidifiers Not all areas of the country need humidifiers. Sometimes HVAC specifications are written by engineers in other parts of the country where humidifiers are needed. Building Defects Improper building techniques and/or shoddy construction often allow water intrusion in to the building or excessive condensation. Landscaping A lot of times we create huge problems for our building by trying to make the outside look nicer.
Temperature Blocked/covered vents Have you ever noticed pieces of cardboard or paper covering the air conditioning vent in offices? This can effect the balance of the entire HVAC system and cause problems with regulating temperature. Faulty Mechanical Equipment Mechanical equipment not properly working can create both increased temperature and humidity. Inadequate or lack of cooling system Mechanical units that are over or undersized can not properly regulate the temperature. Areas of the country where historically a cooling system was not needed have experienced mold problems due to extreme weather patterns. Heavily Contaminated Cooling Coils Any blockage of the coils can reduce airflow and in return reduce cooling efficiency. In addition to improper temperature control, most of the above can have a major impact on power consumption causing higher utility cost.
WHERE DID IT COME FROM?WHERE DID IT COME FROM?
+ Food Source+ Food Source
Dry WallDry Wall
Ceiling TilesCeiling Tiles
Building MaterialsBuilding Materials
Dust, Dirt & DebrisDust, Dirt & Debris
Contaminated HVAC SystemContaminated HVAC System
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Food Source Dry Wall The backside of drywall is covered with paper. If that’s not enough it is provided a safe place for mold to grow. Inside the wall cavity. Ceiling Tiles Most ceiling tiles are cellulose which is basically paper. Very absorbent and a great source of food. Building Materials Wood – framing, trim, built-in furniture and cabinets. Dust, Dirt & Debris Where there's dust, there’s mold. Housekeeping is a major part of preventing food sources for mold. A clean indoor environment, with moisture control, will help reduce the chances of mold growth. Contaminated HVAC System Housekeeping does not stop with the floors, walls and furnishings. It must extend to the interior of the ductwork and mechanical system. The HVAC systems is often neglected as a housekeeping item due to the fact that you don’t see it on a regular basis, if ever. Out of site out of mind.
WHERE DID IT COME FROM?WHERE DID IT COME FROM?
= Mold= Mold
WallsWalls
CeilingsCeilings
FlooringFlooring
HVAC SystemHVAC System
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Mold Walls Ceilings Flooring HVAC System Mold can grow on and/or in all of these items. Basically mold can be found growing on just about everything, even ceramic tile. Mold will not actually grow on the tile itself but will grow on a thin film layer of dried skin cells, hairs, dust and any other small particles attached to the tile.
WHERE DID IT COME FROM?WHERE DID IT COME FROM?
It is not practical to think we can eliminate all It is not practical to think we can eliminate all mold and mold spores in our environment.mold and mold spores in our environment.However, the way we can control indoor mold However, the way we can control indoor mold growth is to control moisture.growth is to control moisture.
The key to mold control is moisture control.The key to mold control is moisture control.Ref: EPARef: EPA
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It is not practical to think we can eliminate all mold and mold spores in our environment. However, the way we can control indoor mold growth is to control moisture. The key to mold control is moisture control. I think everyone understands the importance of controlling moisture to help prevent mold.
MOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEMMOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEM
The HVAC system is the lungs of the building.The HVAC system is the lungs of the building.
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MOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEM The HVAC system is the lungs of the building. The system inhales through the return air vents and exhales through the supply vents.
MOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEMMOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEM
Mold spores that are in the air are pulled in Mold spores that are in the air are pulled in through the return air vents.through the return air vents.
MechanicalUnit
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Mold spores that are in the air are pulled in through the return air vents.
MOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEMMOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEM
Some of these spores are captured by certain filter Some of these spores are captured by certain filter media. However, many pass through the filter and media. However, many pass through the filter and contaminate the mechanical unit.contaminate the mechanical unit.
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Some of these spores are captured by certain filter media. However, many pass through the filter and contaminate the mechanical unit. Realistically, most spores pass through the filter media.
MOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEMMOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEM
Once spores have entered the mechanical unit, Once spores have entered the mechanical unit, they are provided with moisture and a food they are provided with moisture and a food source, especially in dirty and unsource, especially in dirty and un--maintained maintained units.units.
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Once spores have entered the mechanical unit, they are provided with moisture and a food source, especially in dirty and un-maintained units.
MOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEMMOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEM
The mechanical unit can be a breeding The mechanical unit can be a breeding ground for microbial contamination.ground for microbial contamination.
Cooling coils provide a great source of moisture.
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The mechanical unit can be a breeding ground for microbial contamination. Cooling coils provide a great source of moisture.
MOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEMMOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEM
From the unit, many spores are sent From the unit, many spores are sent downstream to be deposited throughout the downstream to be deposited throughout the building.building.
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From the unit, many spores are sent downstream to be deposited throughout the building. This allows a small area of microbial contamination located in one area of the building to be spread throughout the building, creating a much larger and more expensive situation.
MOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEMMOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEM
Warning SignsWarning Signs
Visible growth on or around air ventsVisible growth on or around air vents
Condensation on air ventsCondensation on air vents
Odors when HVAC system is runningOdors when HVAC system is running
Complaints from occupantsComplaints from occupants
Evidence of poor maintenanceEvidence of poor maintenance
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Warning Signs Visible growth on or around air vents Condensation on air vents Odors when HVAC system is running Complaints from occupants Evidence of poor maintenance None of these warning signs require extensive testing or major investment. It does however require using professionals for scheduled preventative maintenance and HVAC system inspections.
MOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEMMOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEM
When You Have Warning SignsWhen You Have Warning Signs
DonDon’’t panict panic
Address safety and health issuesAddress safety and health issues
Call a qualified professionalCall a qualified professional
Locate the sourceLocate the source
Communicate your actionsCommunicate your actions
Document your actionsDocument your actions
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When You Have Warning Signs Don’t panic Address safety and health issues Call a qualified professional Locate the source Communicate your actions Document your actions Lets look at them one at a time.
MOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEMMOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEM
DonDon’’t Panict Panic
Your problem can be solved. Act quickly and call for Your problem can be solved. Act quickly and call for help. help.
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Don’t Panic Your problem can be solved. Act quickly and call for help. By showing excitement over the issue, you could create panic with your employees and tenants.
MOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEMMOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEM
Address Safety And Health IssuesAddress Safety And Health Issues
The safety and health of your employees and The safety and health of your employees and tenants should be your top priority. Relocate tenants should be your top priority. Relocate people if requested and always take health people if requested and always take health complaints seriously.complaints seriously.
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Address Safety And Health Issues The safety and health of your employees and tenants should be your top priority. Relocate people if requested and always take health complaints seriously.
MOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEMMOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEM
Call A Qualified ProfessionalCall A Qualified Professional
Your problem may become a disaster by trying Your problem may become a disaster by trying to utilize building maintenance or janitorial staff to to utilize building maintenance or janitorial staff to solve your situation.solve your situation.
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Call A Qualified Professional Your problem may become a disaster by trying to utilize building maintenance or janitorial staff to solve your situation. Limit your liability and reduce the expense by doing it right the first time.
MOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEMMOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEM
Locate The SourceLocate The Source
Did the HVAC system Did the HVAC system contaminate the building?contaminate the building?
Did the building contaminate Did the building contaminate the HVAC system?the HVAC system?
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Locate The Source Did the HVAC system contaminate the building? Did the building contaminate the HVAC system?
MOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEMMOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEM
This is an important question to answer. This is an important question to answer. The only way to verify if the HVAC system is The only way to verify if the HVAC system is contaminated is through a thorough visual contaminated is through a thorough visual inspection. inspection.
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This is an important question to answer. The only way to verify if the HVAC system is contaminated is through a thorough visual inspection.
MOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEMMOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEM
This inspection should be performed by a This inspection should be performed by a NADCA Certified Ventilation Inspector who isNADCA Certified Ventilation Inspector who istrained in inspection techniques.trained in inspection techniques.
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This inspection should be performed by a Certified Ventilation Inspector who is trained in inspection techniques.
MOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEMMOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEM
Regardless of the source, the HVAC system will Regardless of the source, the HVAC system will need to be properly cleaned and need to be properly cleaned and dede--contaminated. contaminated.
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Regardless of the source, the HVAC system will need to be properly cleaned and de-contaminated.
MOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEMMOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEM
However, if the building is the source, you want However, if the building is the source, you want to make sure it has been addressed in order to to make sure it has been addressed in order to prevent recontamination of the HVAC system. prevent recontamination of the HVAC system.
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However, if the building is the source, you want to make sure it has been addressed in order to prevent recontamination of the HVAC system.
MOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEMMOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEM
Communicate With Your Communicate With Your Employees and TenantsEmployees and Tenants
DonDon’’t keep dangerous secrets. Limit your t keep dangerous secrets. Limit your liability by notifying employees and tenantsliability by notifying employees and tenantswhat has been discovered and what is being what has been discovered and what is being done about it.done about it.
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Communicate With Your Employees and Tenants Don’t keep dangerous secrets. Limit your liability by notifying employees and tenants what has been discovered and what is being done about it. Use common sense on when and where to communicate your actions. Involve those that may be affected and provide them with information that will make them feel part of the team. Your HVAC cleaning contractor should be able to provide you with standard procedures and what to expect during the cleaning process. This information will help you inform your employees and tenants.
MOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEMMOLD AND MY HVAC SYSTEM
Document Your ActionsDocument Your Actions
If you didnIf you didn’’t write it down, it didn't happen. t write it down, it didn't happen. Maintain a file of all correspondence with Maintain a file of all correspondence with tenants, employees, contractors, insurance tenants, employees, contractors, insurance representatives and anyone else associated representatives and anyone else associated with the project.with the project.
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Document Your Actions If you didn’t write it down, it didn't happen. Maintain a file of all correspondence with tenants, employees, contractors, insurance representatives and anyone else associated with the project.
HVAC REMEDIATIONHVAC REMEDIATION
It is important to understand that no state or It is important to understand that no state or federal regulations are in place at this time federal regulations are in place at this time that directly address mold remediation.that directly address mold remediation.
Certain states have passed bills regulating Certain states have passed bills regulating remediation services but has not implemented remediation services but has not implemented them for enforcement. them for enforcement.
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HVAC REMEDIATION It is important to understand that no state or federal regulations are in place at this time that directly address mold remediation. Certain states have passed bills regulating remediation services but has not implemented them for enforcement.
HVAC REMEDIATIONHVAC REMEDIATION
In the absence of these regulations, it is In the absence of these regulations, it is important that companies performingimportant that companies performingmicrobial remediation in HVAC systems followmicrobial remediation in HVAC systems followprocedures outlined in current industry procedures outlined in current industry standards.standards.
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In the absence of these regulations, it is important that companies performing microbial remediation in HVAC systems follow procedures outlined in current industry standards.
HVAC REMEDIATIONHVAC REMEDIATION
Industry StandardIndustry Standard
ASSESSMENT, CLEANING, &ASSESSMENT, CLEANING, &RESTORATION OF HVAC SYSTEMSRESTORATION OF HVAC SYSTEMS
ACR 2006ACR 2006
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Industry Standard ASSESSMENT, CLEANING, & RESTORATION OF HVAC SYSTEMS ACR 2002
HVAC REMEDIATIONHVAC REMEDIATION
HVAC remediation should only be performed HVAC remediation should only be performed by qualified individuals with a thorough by qualified individuals with a thorough understanding of:understanding of:
Equipment usage and maintenanceEquipment usage and maintenance
OSHA requirementsOSHA requirements
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HVAC remediation should only be performed by qualified individuals with a thorough understanding of: Building containments Built by using 6-mil poly sheeting to cover all openings in which air can pass through and creating a barrier separating a clean area from a contaminated area. Maintaining negative pressure This is done by using a HEPA filtered negative air machine usually vented to the outside. Equipment usage and maintenance The size of the work area and the degree of contamination can make a big difference in determining the proper equipment needed. In addition, un-maintained equipment will often cause contamination to be spread to clean areas. OSHA requirements Earlier we talked about the lack of government regulation and now we are mentioning a government agency. OSHA does regulate IAQ or remediation projects but they do regulate worker and jobsite safety. This includes ladders, personal protection equipment and chemicals, just to name a few.
HVAC REMEDIATIONHVAC REMEDIATION
By maintaining the property, HVAC system By maintaining the property, HVAC system and addressing issues as they arise, building and addressing issues as they arise, building owners and managers will recognize the owners and managers will recognize the benefits of good indoor air quality (IAQ).benefits of good indoor air quality (IAQ).
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By maintaining the property, HVAC system and addressing issues as they arise, building owners and managers will recognize the benefits of good indoor air quality (IAQ).
BENEFITS OF GOOD IAQ Increased Employee Morale Most people enjoy spending time in a clean and well maintained environment. Increased Productivity If your comfortable in your environment you will be more productive. Fewer sick days due to allergy and sinus related symptoms. Improved Comfort Less complaints regarding temperature. Fewer Insurance Claims In a healthier environment, with fewer sick days, trips to the doctor should be lowered. Reduced Legal Claims Being proactive and addressing issues as they arise can reduce the chances of legal claims being filed against you and your company. Remember, a legal claim can be costly even if you have no liability.
THANK YOU THANK YOU
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THANK YOU I WOULD BE HAPPY TO ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS
