as biology contents guide - doddle – meeting your · pdf file ·...

Boardworks Year 1 and AS Biology Contents Guide

2015 1/27

Boardworks A-level Year 1 and AS Biology Contents: Presentations

Biodiversity

Introducing biodiversity 10 slides

Interactive biodiversity scene

• Overview of the main types of biodiversity

• Overview of species, habitats and endemism

Completing sentences about species

The importance of biodiversity 9 slides

Guide to biodiversity hotspots

• High and low biodiversity

• Loss of biodiversity and the dangers of monoculture

Identifying areas as having high or low biodiversity

Measuring biodiversity 18 slides

• Importance of measuring biodiversity

• Species richness and species evenness

• Simpson’s Index of Diversity

Guide to calculating Simpson’s Index of Diversity

Calculations involving Simpson’s Index of Diversity

Matching terms relating to species diversity to their definitions

Guide to different methods of obtaining biodiversity data

Animation showing how quadrats can be used in random sampling

• The use of line and belt transects in sampling

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2015 2/27

Measuring diversity within a species 11 slides

• Overview of how to measure diversity within a species

• Introduction to the mean and standard deviation and how to calculate them

• A worked example of using the mean and standard deviation to interpret data

Measuring genetic diversity 15 slides

• Introduction to genetic diversity

• How genetic diversity can be measured

• A discussion of the limitations of measuring the phenotype by observation alone

• Linking the genetic code to genetic diversity, and how DNA, RNA and amino acids can be studied to infer genetic diversity

• Worked examples of using sequence data to investigate relationships between organisms

Multiple-choice quiz

Summary activities Glossary of keywords in the presentation

Identifying the correct spelling and definition of selected keywords in the presentation


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2015 3/27

Biological Monomers and Polymers

Monosaccharides 11 slides

• Overview of carbohydrates

• Hexose monosaccharides: alpha and beta glucose, fructose and galactose

• Pentose monosaccharides: ribose and deoxyribose

Animation showing the formation of a glycosidic bond between two monosaccharides

• Disaccharides: maltose, sucrose and lactose

Virtual experiment investigating Benedict's test for reducing sugars

Completing sentences about mono- and disaccharides

Polysaccharides 10 slides

Animation showing the formation of amylose and amylopectin from alpha glucose, including the formation of 1–4 and 1–6 glycosidic bonds

• Properties and biological roles of starch

Virtual experiment investigating the iodine test for starch

Animation showing the formation of cellulose from beta glucose

• Glycogen

Identifying true-or-false statements about polysaccharides

Lipids 9 slides

• Overview of lipids

Animation showing the structure of triglycerides

Guide to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, including the difference between cis and trans fatty acids

• Biological roles of lipids

Animation showing the structure of phospholipids

Virtual experiment investigating the emulsion test for lipids

Identifying parts of lipids

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2015 4/27

Proteins 16 slides

• Overview of proteins

• General structure of amino acids

Guide to the structure of the 20 naturally-occurring amino acids

Animation showing the formation of a peptide bond between two amino acids

Identifying parts of a dipeptide

Animation showing the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of a protein

Identifying the different levels of structure of a protein

• Types of bond in a protein

• Fibrous and globular proteins

Virtual experiment investigating the Biuret test for proteins

Identifying true-or-false statements about proteins



Interactive activity identifying food substances in samples

Identifying carbohydrates from their structure


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2015 5/27

Cell Division The cell cycle 5 slides

• Overview of cell division

Animation showing the main phases of the cell cycle

Identifying phases of the cell cycle

Mitosis 7 slides

• Overview of mitosis

Animation showing mitosis

Matching the stages of mitosis to their definitions and illustrations

Guide to how mitosis fits into the cell cycle

Identifying stages of mitosis from a micrograph

Cell differentiation 8 slides

• Overview of specialised cells

Animated zoom illustrating the relationships between animal cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms

Animation showing the different potencies of stem cells

• Overview of rest phase

Animated zoom illustrating the relationships between plant cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms

Completing sentences about cell differentiation

Meiosis 10 slides

• Chromosomes and gametes

• Meiosis and genetic variation

Animation showing meiosis

Identifying true-or-false statements about meiosis

Identifying the arrangement of chromosomes through the stages of meiosis

Guide to the major types of chromosome mutation



Identifying the main features of mitosis and meiosis


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2015 6/27

Cell Membranes

The fluid mosaic model 11 slides

• Overview of membranes

Timeline of major milestones in the discovery of the structure of cell membranes

• Evidence for and against the Davson–Danielli model of cell membranes

• Evidence for the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes

Animated diagram of the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes

Identifying true-or-false statements about models of cell membranes

Components of cell membranes 14 slides

Labelling components of cell membranes

• Role of phospholipids and cholesterol in cell membranes

• Overview of integral and peripheral membrane proteins

Matching components of cell membranes to their role

Guide to factors affecting the fluidity of cell membranes

Completing sentences about cell membranes

Receptors and cell signalling 7 slides

• Overview of cell signalling and transmembrane receptors

Animations showing the mechanisms of action of ligand-gated ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors




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2015 7/27

Cell Structure The building blocks of life 5 slides

• Overview of cells

Timeline of major milestones in the discovery of the cell

• Overview of the cell membrane and cytoplasm

Eukaryotic cells 12 slides

• Overview of eukaryotic cells

Animation showing organelles involved in protein synthesis

• Overview of mitochondria

Guide to microtubules and the cytoskeleton

Identifying organelles of an animal cell from their functions

• Overview of plant cells

• Chloroplasts, vacuoles and the cell wall

Matching organelles to their functions

Prokaryotic cells 8 slides

• Overview of prokaryotic cells

Guide to the common features of prokaryotic cells

• Capsules, flagella, pili and plasmids

Labelling structures of a bacterium



Identifying differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells


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2015 8/27

Circulation and Blood Circulatory systems 11 slides

• Importance of body size and surface area-to-volume ratio in the transport of substances

Investigation into the relationship between surface area and volume

• Open and closed circulatory systems

Animated guide to single and double circulatory systems

Guide to the major vessels of the mammalian circulatory system

Identifying true-or-false statements about circulatory systems

Blood vessels 8 slides

Guide to the structure and function of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins

Identifying the structure of artery and vein walls from micrographs and line drawings

Animation showing blood flow in veins, including the role of valves and skeletal muscle

• How the circulatory system maintains high blood pressure

Identifying the major features of arteries, veins and capillaries

Blood, tissue fluid and lymph 12 slides

Guide to the composition of blood

• Features of erythrocytes

Animation showing blood clotting

Identifying substances involved in blood clotting

• Overview of plasma proteins and tissue fluid

Guide to the formation of tissue fluid

• Lymph and the lymphatic system

Matching body fluids to their composition

Oxygen transport 9 slides

• Overview of haemoglobin and partial pressures

Animated graph illustrating the oxygen dissociation curve

Animated graph illustrating the effects of pH and temperature on oxygen dissociation

• Foetal haemoglobin and myoglobin

Completing sentences about oxygen transport

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2015 9/27




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2015 10/27

Classification Taxonomy 13 slides

• Overview of classification

Classifying organisms according to basic similarities

Timeline of major classification systems

Guide to the taxonomic hierarchy

• Major characteristics of the Kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista and Monera

Ordering the eight major taxonomic ranks

Phylogeny 7 slides

• Overview of phylogeny

Ordering primates according to their relatedness to humans

Guide to molecular systematics

Identifying true-or-false statements about phylogeny

What is a species? 7 slides

• Biological and phylogenetic species concepts

• Binomial naming

Identifying cat species using a dichotomous key

Completing sentences about species




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2015 11/27

Conservation Threats to biodiversity 8 slides

• Overview of conservation

• Impact of rising human population on biodiversity

• Mass extinctions

Guide to categories of conservation status

Identifying true-or-false statements about conservation

Reasons for conservation 10 slides

Voting activity on the most important reasons for conservation

• Conservation for ethical and aesthetic reasons

• Conservation for economic and practical reasons

Simulation of the effect of conservation on tourism

• Conservation for ecological reasons

Matching statements to the reason for conservation

Mechanisms of conservation 17 slides

• Overview of the strategies of conservation

• In situ conservation and coppicing

• Ex situ conservation

• Zoos and captive breeding programmes

Voting activity on whether zoos should only contain threatened animals

• Botanic gardens and seed banks

Identifying examples of in situ and ex situ conservation

Timeline of major global and UK conservation legislation

Case study of an ecologist




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2015 12/27

DNA Replication, Transcription and Translation DNA replication 9 slides

Overview of the three theoretical mechanisms by which DNA could replicate

Virtual experiment investigating how Meselson and Stahl determined that DNA replicated by a semi-conservative method

Animation showing the mechanism of DNA replication

Matching enzymes involved in DNA replication to their roles

Completing sentences about DNA replication

Animations showing three ways in which gene mutations can occur during DNA replication

Transcription 10 slides

Timeline of major milestones in the discovery of the genetic code

The triplet, degenerate and non-overlapping nature of the genetic code

mRNA, transcription and codons

Introduction to coding and non-coding DNA and RNA splicing

Guide to the genetic code

Matching features of the genetic code to their definition

Translation 7 slides

• Overview of translation

• tRNA and its role in translation

Ordering the stages of protein synthesis

Identifying the codons, anticodons and amino acids coded for by a DNA sequence



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2015 13/27

Enzymes Enzyme action 12 slides

• Overview of enzymes, their structure and specificity

Guide to the six major classes of enzymes

Animated graph illustrating how enzymes increase the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy

Animation showing the lock-and-key model of enzyme action

Animation showing the induced fit model of enzyme action

• Enzyme cofactors

Identifying true-or-false statements about enzymes

Factors affecting enzymes 10 slides

Animated graph illustrating how to calculate the initial rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction

Animated graph illustrating the effect of temperature on enzyme-controlled reactions

Animated graph illustrating the effect of pH on enzyme-controlled reactions

Virtual experiment and multiple-choice activity investigating the effect of substrate concentration on an enzyme-controlled reaction

Animated graph illustrating the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme-controlled reactions

Animated graph illustrating the effect of enzyme concentration on enzyme-controlled reactions

Completing sentences about factors affecting the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions

Enzyme inhibitors 10 slides

• Overview of enzyme inhibitors

Animations showing the mechanisms of action of competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibitors

Animated graph illustrating the effect of enzyme inhibitors on enzyme-controlled reactions

• Uses of enzyme inhibitors

Identifying molecules that interact with enzymes and the sites to which they bind




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2015 14/27

Evolution and Natural Selection Evidence for evolution 7 slides

Charles Darwin and evolution by natural selection

The evidence for evolution available to Darwin

Molecular evidence for evolution

Evolution of haemoglobin in primates: creating an evolutionary tree

Natural selection 11 slides

Introduction to the life of Charles Darwin

A sequence showing a theoretical example of natural selection

A sequence showing natural selection in the Australian common tree snake

The conditions needed for evolution

Continuous and discontinuous variation

Origins of genetic variation, including genetic mutations

How mutagenic agents affect the mutation rate

Selection pressure 7 slides

Different types of selection

Interactive graph showing how different types of selection affect populations

The influence of antibiotics on bacterial populations as an example of directional selection

Human birth weight as an example of stabilising selection



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2015 15/27

Gas Exchange The lungs 8 slides

Animated zoom illustrating the structure of the lungs, from the trachea to the alveoli

Animation showing gas exchange in the alveoli

• Functions of lung surfactant, ciliated epithelium and goblet cells

Identifying structures of the lungs from micrographs and line drawings

Ventilation 8 slides

Animation showing the mechanism of ventilation

• Composition of inhaled and exhaled air

Guide to spirometry and lung capacity

Matching spirometric terms to their definitions

Gas exchange in fish and insects 12 slides

Overview of the respiratory system of insects

Adaptations of the insect tracheal system for mass transport and diffusion

Adaptations of the insect respiratory system to conserve water

Overview of gas exchange in fish

The countercurrent flow principle for efficient gas exchange in fish




Labelling structures of the lungs


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2015 16/27

Immunology Primary defences 6 slides

Guide to physical barriers to infection

Guide to the major components of the immune response

Case study of an immunologist

Non-specific immunity 5 slides

• Overview of components of the non-specific/innate immune response

Animation showing inflammation and phagocytosis

Identifying true-or-false statements about non-specific immunity

Specific immunity 17 slides

• Overview of components of the specific/adaptive immune response

Guide to the major types of lymphocytes

Animation showing the cellular immune response

Animation showing the humoral immune response

Animations showing how antibodies inactivate pathogens

Animated graph illustrating the primary and secondary immune response

Guide to the structure of an antibody molecule

• Uses and production of monoclonal antibodies

Matching lymphocytes to their roles in the immune response

Identifying factors associated with cellular and humoral immune responses

Labelling components of an antibody molecule

Animation showing how the ELISA test works

Artificial immunity 10 slides

Guide to the ways in which immunity can be acquired

• Vaccination and antigenic variation

• The MMR controversy

Guide to interpreting scientific papers

Voting activity about the MMR controversy

Completing sentences about vaccination




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2015 17/27

Infectious Diseases

Pathogens and disease 11 slides

Animated graph illustrating the major causes of death worldwide by infectious diseases

Quiz about the major types of pathogen: bacteria, viruses and fungi

Guide to the major forms of disease transmission

• Factors affecting the spread of disease

Guide to incidence, prevalence and mortality, with a focus on HIV and tuberculosis

Case study of an infectious diseases specialist

HIV and AIDS 9 slides

• Overview of HIV and AIDS

Animation showing how HIV replicates in host cells

Animated graph illustrating lymphocyte count and HIV load during HIV infection

Ordering the stages of HIV infection

Animated graph showing the major routes of HIV transmission in the UK

Completing sentences about HIV and AIDS

Malaria 10 slides

• Overview of malaria and parasitism

Animation showing the life cycle of the malarial parasite

• Control and distribution of malaria

Map illustrating how malaria may spread as a result of climate change

Ordering the stages in the life cycle of the malarial parasite

Tuberculosis 7 slides

• Overview of tuberculosis infection and symptoms

Animated graph illustrating the correlation between poverty and tuberculosis

Identifying true-or-false statements about tuberculosis

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2015 18/27

Antibiotics 7 slides

Virtual experiment investigating the effectiveness of different antibiotics

• Antibiotic resistance and MRSA



Quiz about HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis


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2015 19/27

Inorganic Substances in Living Cells Water 6 slides

• Structure of water and hydrogen bonding

Sequence of events illustrating why water is a good solvent, using the example of water dissolving sodium chloride

Guide to the properties and biological roles of water

Inorganic ions 14 slides

• Overview of the roles of different inorganic ions in cells

• The effect of hydrogen ions on cell pH and how cells regulate pH

• The role of sodium ions in co-transport

• Iron as a functional part of haemoglobin

• The role of phosphate groups in ATP





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2015 20/27

Lifestyle and Disease

Diseases and risks 11 slides

• Overview of diseases and how they can be classified

• Graph illustrating the major causes of death in the UK

• Risk factors, and perceived vs. actual risk

Voting activity on the impact of lifestyle on health

Cardiovascular disease 22 slides

Animated graph illustrating the major types of cardiovascular disease and their contribution to the number of worldwide deaths

• Overview of coronary heart disease

Animated graph illustrating the trend in the number of deaths in the UK caused by cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease and stroke

Animated graph illustrating the effect of gender and age on the risk of death by coronary heart disease and stroke

Animation showing the process of atherosclerosis

• Risk factors for coronary heart disease

Graphs illustrating deaths by coronary heart disease and the incidence of high blood pressure in selected European countries

• Effect of cholesterol and smoking on the risk of coronary heart disease

• Overview of heart attacks and angina

Guide to the methods of diagnosing coronary heart disease

Ordering the stages of development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease

Identifying whether factors are associated with a higher or lower risk of coronary heart disease

Guide to medication used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease

• Overview of surgery for coronary heart disease

Animation showing coronary/balloon angioplasty

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2015 21/27

Lung disease 16 slides

• Overview of COPD, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema

• The role of spirometry in diagnosing COPD

Guide to the interpretation of flow–volume and volume–time spirometry graphs, with a focus on diagnosing COPD

• Overview of treatment of COPD

• Overview of lung cancer

Graphs illustrating the incidence, mortality and survival rates of different types of cancer in males and females in the UK/England

Graph illustrating the correlation between smoking and lung cancer

• Epidemiological evidence for the link between smoking, lung cancer and reduced life expectancy

Matching types of respiratory disease to their major symptoms




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2015 22/27

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Nucleotides 7 slides

• Overview of nucleotides and bases

Identifying bases from their structure

Matching bases to their complementary pairs in DNA and RNA

Animation showing how nucleotides are formed

Nucleic acids 7 slides

Animation showing how polynucleotides are formed

• Overview of how the structure of DNA was determined

Guide to the structure of DNA

Animated zoom illustrating how DNA is packaged to form chromosomes

ATP and ADP 14 slides

• Overview of the structure and role of ATP as an energy carrier

• The breakdown of ATP to ADP by ATP hydrolase

Animation showing the role of ATP in active transport

• Phosphorylation of compounds by ATP

• The synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase





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2015 23/27

Plant Transport and Disease

Transport systems 7 slides

Guide to components of plant transport systems, including xylem and phloem

Identifying structures of plant transport systems from micrographs and line drawings

Labelling structures of plant transport systems

Matching components of plant transport systems to their roles

Transpiration and water transport 11 slides

• Overview of transpiration and water potential

Virtual experiment investigating factors that affect the rate of transpiration

Completing sentences about factors that affect the rate of transpiration

Animation showing the mechanisms of transpiration

Guide to the adaptations of xerophytes

Ordering stages in the process of transpiration

Translocation of sugar 6 slides

• Overview of translocation and the pressure flow hypothesis

Animation showing the mechanism of translocation

Completing sentences about translocation

Plant pathogens 17 slides

• Overview of plant pathogens, how they are transmitted and affect the plant

• Introduction to plant diseases, including ring rot, late blight, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and black sigatoka

• Passive and active plant defences against pathogens





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2015 24/27

Studying Cells

Types of microscopes 9 slides

• Overview of different types of microscopes

• The difference between resolution and magnification

Animated zoom illustrating the size of biological structures, the limits of the human eye, optical microscopy and electron microscopy

Guide to transmission and scanning electron microscopes

• Comparison of light and electron microscopes

Calculating magnification 5 slides

• Introduction to calculating magnification, with example questions

Virtual microscope with calculations involving image size, magnification and actual size

Measuring with microscopes 8 slides

• Introduction to graticules and how to calibrate microscopes

• Example questions of how to calibrate optical microscopes and calculate object size

Specimen preparation 11 slides

Virtual experiments investigating differential and density gradient centrifugation

• Overview of how specimen are prepared for electron and light microscopy

• The use of stains in light microscopy, with examples

Summary activities Identifying features of optical and electron microscopy


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2015 25/27

The Heart

Structure of the heart 7 slides

• Overview of the human heart and cardiac muscle

Guide to the internal and external structure of the human heart

Labelling the chambers, valves and major blood vessels of the human heart

Identifying the direction of blood flow through the chambers and major blood vessels of the heart

The cardiac cycle 14 slides

Animation showing the cardiac cycle in terms of systole, diastole and blood flow

Interactive cardiac cycle, including animated graph illustrating pressure changes in the ventricles, atria and aorta

• Cardiac output

• The electrical conduction system of the heart

Animation showing the heart’s electrical activity during the cardiac cycle

Interactive cardiac cycle showing electrical activity, including animated ECG trace

Ordering stages of the cardiac cycle

• Overview of ECGs and their role in diagnosing heart abnormalities

Guide to sections of an ECG trace

Guide to normal and abnormal ECG traces




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2015 26/27

Transport Across Membranes

Diffusion 9 slides

• Overview of diffusion and Fick’s law

Simulation investigating the effect of surface area, membrane thickness and concentration gradient on the rate of diffusion

• The effect of molecule size and polarity on the rate of diffusion

Animation showing facilitated diffusion

Completing sentences about diffusion

Osmosis 13 slides

• Overview of osmosis and water potential

Animation showing the movement of water molecules during osmosis

• Solute and pressure potential

Calculations involving water, solute and pressure potential

Simulation investigating the effect of changing water potential on a plant cell

Simulation investigating the effect of changing water potential on an animal cell

Virtual experiment and activity to determine the water potential of potato cells

Identifying true-or-false statements about osmosis

Identifying factors that cause a net gain or net loss of water during osmosis

Active transport 12 slides

• Overview of active transport and its importance in the transport of molecules across cell membranes

• Introduction to the energy sources that drive active transport

Animation showing active transport

• Introduction to co-transport and the different types of carrier proteins involved

Animation showing how glucose is absorbed from the mammalian lumen into cells lining the ileum by co-transport with sodium ions


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2015 27/27

Adaptations for transport 12 slides

• Introduction to the need for efficient transport across cell membranes

• Overview of how surface area, concentration difference and the number of protein channels or carriers can affect transport efficiency

• Adaptations of specialised cells for efficient transport




Identifying the main features of diffusion, osmosis and active transport


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