as level human geography - population dynamics
TRANSCRIPT
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Population Dynamic
AS LEVEL HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
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TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED
Natural Increase and changes in
Population
Demographic Transition
Population and Resources
Management of Population
Growth
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Demographic Changes in Recent Time• Millions of years ago –
population growth rate was 0.1%• One of the first rise in the rate of
population growth came around the time of the Industrial Revolution
• Population has been increasing very rapidly since the 1950’s Baby boom
• We are currently at 7 billion and will most likely be reaching 8 billion in 13 years
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Demographic Changes in Recent Times• Most of the population growth occur in LEDCs –
since 1950• MEDCs had their peak growth nearer to the first
Industrial Revolution• Mid-1960s – population growth rate in LEDC was
2.4%• By 1990s had drop to 1.8%• Rate of population growth in MEDCs is now very low• While only in nations like Africa do we still see VERY
high rate of growth
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Population Density
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Ranking of population total1. East Asia – 1.58 billion2. South Asia – 1.5 billion3. Central-South Africa – 700 M4. Southeast Asia – 600 M5. Middle East – 550 M6. South America – 550 M7. Europe – 400 M8. North America – 340 M9. Eastern Europe – 220 M10. Russia – 145 M11. Japan – 127 M12. Mexico -115 M13. Central Asia – 100 M14. Mediterranean – 70 M15. Central America – 45 M16. Caribbean – 40 M17. Oceania – 23 M
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Where do people live (settle)Factors affecting where people settle1. Climate2. Geology3. Morphology, relief4. Vegetation
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Climate• Polar regions are not densely
populated (Arctic, Antarctic, Greenland, Tibetan Plateau, Canada)
• Arid areas are not densely populated (Sub-Saharan, Victoria desert, Arabian desert, Western coast of Africa, Kalahari, Gobi)
• Tropic regions – usually quite populated
• Mediterranean climates are mild• Mid-latitude areas – densely populated
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Geology• Fertile soil – very attractive• Coastal Margin – usually
flat – develop into a Port town
• Hard, impermeable surface – difficult to farm in
• Frozen soil in Permafrost – not suitable
• Arid soil in desert – not suitable
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Natural Hazards• People may avoid
volcanoes• Areas that can be flooded• Mountainous regions in
risk of mass movement• However, certain
volcanoes offer fertile soil (Mt. Pinatubo)
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Morphology/ Landforms• Mountainous areas are not densely
populated (Rocky system, Himalayas, Alps, Andes, Kilimanjaro)
• Plains/ Floodplains/ Delta – Populated
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Vegetation• Too vegetated not well populated
(Amazon) – Too dense• Coniferous forest – difficult to settle near• Grasslands are more highly populated
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Human impacts to population distribution• Historical Factors• Economic Factors• Transport/ Communication• Political Factors
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Historical Factor• Stable civilizations (China,
India, Southeast Asia)• The civilization started
slow• The long continuous
growth• Added up to a large
population• THIS HAS TO BE
CONDUCIVE OF THE PHYSICAL AREA
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Historical Factors• Europe – Industrial Revolution marked the
first growth of population• North America followed• Allowed for more availability of food• Lower death rate
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Economic Factors• Rural areas of Farmland
are not well populated – subsistence farming low in population
• Areas with intensive farming – more popular (Netherland)
• Urban areas – economy of scale, agglomeration of businesses are more popular
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4 most populated area• East Asia• South Asia• Europe• Eastern coast of United State
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Components of Population Change• P = (B-D) + M• Population = (Birth - Death) + Migration• Can be expressed in absolute term – real
numbers• Can be expressed in rate per thousands
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Terms and concepts• Crude Birth Rate: The Number of Birth per
1000 people per year, not taking in account the gender and age (to be fair, the ratio should only be limited to woman and to people whose age are capable of child birth)
• Fertility Rate: the number of live birth per 1000 woman per year
• Total Fertility Rate: The average number of live birth born to a woman in her lifetime
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Definition• Replacement fertility is the total fertility
rate at which women give birth to enough babies to sustain population levels.
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Fertility RateThe measurement of population growth
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Links• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFgh9
WU0lPs&list=PLBFE251E4ED632C59&index=2
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Demographic Factors• Other demographic factors• If Infant mortality Rate is high, parents
would have more kids to compensate• High death rate would always lead to
higher birth rate• More young, economically active
population
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Social and Cultural Factors• Some cultures value boys• Some cultures value large
families• Certain religions value large
families• Certain religions oppose birth
control• Many society condemns barren
women with no child• Low literacy among female• Woman’s rights to make
decisions• Education on birth control
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Economic Factors• Children may be used to work
in farms• Children are expected to be a
financial asset for when one grows older
• With MEDCs, Children became liability
• MEDC: High taxes, education, more housing, high living cost
• Most people in MEDCs, including women are employed – do not have time for kids
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Health Care and its effect• High level of Health
care can reduce Infant Mortality Rate – Reduce Fertility Rate
• Available Contraceptive and birth control
• Lower death rate• HIV/ STD
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Fertility Decline• Fertility rate has been declining in many
countries around the world• Replacement level fertility: The number of
children needed to replace a death of the parents – 2.1 (0.1 to adjust for IMR)
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Reasons for Fertility Decline• Improvement in healthcare = less
Infant Mortality/ less mortality as a whole
• Birth controls – made available in LEDCs/ MEDCs
• Government policies/ awareness on population growth and effects on development
• Emancipation of woman/ more education
• Industrialization = less requirement for children to work in farms
• Many other factors…
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MORTALITYThe measurement of population growth
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Factors affecting Infant Mortality• The improvement in hygiene – clean water
leads to better health of the mother• The improvement in healthcare• Improvement in education – more doctors• Proximity of hospitals/ clinics – transport
and infrastructure• Education of woman – better ante-natal
care
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Effects on the Mortality Rate• Crude death rate –
heavily influenced by age structure (older ages – more deaths)
• Life Expectancy/ Infant Mortality rate is a better indication of quality of life/ mortality
• Most LEDCs: Diseases common are parasitic and infectious e.g. Aids
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Epidemiological transition• Most MEDCs: Diseases
common are degenerative (diabetes, heart disease)
• Health care• Education regarding health/
hygiene• Infrastructures - sewers,
hospitals, clinics• Nutrition – leads to poor
immune system• Environment – in some
urban areas of LEDCs – air pollution is common
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Interpretations of the Pyramid• Population Structure: The composition of a
population, the most important elements are age and sex
• Population Pyramid: A bar chart, arranged vertically, that shows the distribution of a population by age and sex
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Website on population pyramid• https://populationpyramid.net/
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Dependency Ratio• Too young or too old to work = dependants• Dependency ratio = (number of young + old)/
(the rest)• 60/100 ratio means for every 100 economically
active people, there are 60 depending on them• In MEDCs = Dependency is around 50 -75 –
mostly elderly population• In LEDCs = Dependency is higher – mostly
young population
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The Demographic Transition• A theory/ model that helps explain the
structure of the population and how population changes over time as the society evolves.
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The Demographic Transition Model
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Stage 1• Birth rate and death
rate fluctuate at high level
• Low rate of population growth
• Exist with nomadic tribes
• At this stage – human is at the expense of nature
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Stage 1• Reasons for high birth rate:1. In agricultural society: need farm labors2. No contraceptive/ birth control3. Lack of good hygiene = high Infant Mortality rate – leads
to higher fertility rate4. High death rate – always associated with high birth rate5. Birth = signs of virility for men and fertility for women6. Lack of policies for population control/ no government/
taxes – living cost low7. Due to Religious reasons – higher child bearing8. Due to Early marriages – a patriarchal society- ‘women
are just there to give birth’
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Stage 1• Reasons for high death rate:1. Bad sanitation/ hygiene – susceptibility
to disease – also breeding grounds for diseases (Malaria, Cholera, Bubonic, Kwashiorkor)
2. Lack of medical care3. Lack of communication/ awareness of
diseases4. Natural disasters – no way to predict/
prevent5. Nomadic lifestyle – conflicts/ raiding -
lack of a uniform law6. Lost of natural resources – famine due
to uncertain food supply
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Stage 2• Signifies the fall the initial fall of Birth rate• Most people will associate this with
industrialization• A huge part of the reduction in death rate
however is a credit to medical advancement
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Stage 2• Reasons for the fall of Death rate:1. Improvement in medical care
(Discovery of antibiotic)2. Child mortality reduces3. More transportation = higher
accessibility to health care all around…
4. Which is a result of urbanization – concepts of having essential amenities accessible to all people
5. Industrialization/ improvement in transport network – better distribution of food supply
6. Food production improves
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Stage 2• Why did stage 2 not see a decline in birth
rate?1. Birth rate is influenced almost mainly by
social ideas, religions and culture. They are much harder to change than the technology
2. A reduction in birth rate will only come when the country reaches its fully industrialized stage in stage 3
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Stage 3• Birth rate falls
rapidly while death rate falls slowly and steadily
• Slow increase in population – one that is slowing down
• Usually occurs in fully industrialized economy
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Stage 3• Reasons for the fall in birth rate1. Improvement and distributions of birth
control technologies/ drugs2. Generally lower death rate, and much lower
infant mortality rate3. Fully industrialized economy – no more
need for child laborer4. Reduction in fertility – as a result of
emancipation/ education of women
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Stage 4• Birth rate and death rate fluctuates at low
rate• Natural increase low• Post-industrial society• Most ly developed MEDCs nations
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Stage 5• When birth rate finally falls below death
rate• Death rate may remain high due to
degenerative diseases, alcohol and STDs
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Will Africa follow the DTM?• 3 Views on Mortality fall1. When Mortality/IMR falls, fertility will
subsequently fall – to compensate!2. Education changing the mindset of
people – the changes the norm of family size – emancipation of women
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Criticisms of the Model• Too Eurocentric – based upon Europe• Doesn’t take in account the recent decrease in rate
of growth among the MEDC nations – 5th Stage?• Migration has not been accounted for• Will certain nations in Africa industrialize quickly
enough• Certain nations in Southeast Asia have effectively
skipped stages• New LEDCs are influenced by international agenda
- THAILAND
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DTM in LEDCs• In stage 2 – Birth rate is usually higher• Death rate fell more steeply – with
different causes (less war, less famine, diseases cured)
• Countries with large base population may experience a lag time between stage 2 and 3 – population momentum
• Fall in fertility steeper in stage 3
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Ageing PopulationLife Expectancy/ Death rates/ Results of
stage 5 of the DTM
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Ageing Population• A phenomenon that usually occurs in MEDCs• Is also a case in LEDCs (pop. Over 60 to quadruple
by 2050)• Caused by a declining birth and death rate• Decline in fertility + A constantly high/ increasing Life
Expectancy• Indicated by the rise in the median age (Life
Expectancy)• Global Expectancy (1950-46, 1970-60, 2050-74)• In MEDC – aged population outnumbering the youth
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Ageing Population• Population aged over 80 is the falsest
growing section of the global population• Population changes in LEDCs have been
faster then MEDCs – most likely due to the quicker process of industrialization – or the abundance of natural resources – or the existence of technological advancement elsewhere
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Effects of Ageing Population• Healthcare system under
strains• Pensions under strain• Government funding under
strains• Strains on the economically
active population• An ongoing – self serving
process• Difficult to overturn – can’t
increase fertility nor can death rates be increased
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Taking care of the Elderly• Elderly left to their own devices? (Pay-as-you-go
system)• Work of the youthful population (Asian culture)• Government to take care of• Financial planning is needed for retirees• Increased taxation to prevent elderly poverty• Technology?• Changing our perception to ageing – can elderly be
the economically active?- childcare can be conducted by elders – volunteers in charity
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Population and Development• Development: The improvement in the
quality of life including wealth , education and health
• A complicated, perceptive concept• Includes those Social, Economic,
Environmental, Political factors
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Population and Development• There are strong positive correlations
between low rate of population growth and economic development
• However the relationship is complex• The lack of investment and political
instability are known as the more possible causes of social decline
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Causes for developments:- Increase in local food supply- Improvement in investment and economy
– increase in incomes- More productions (INDUSTRIALIZATION)- Higher literacy rate- Extension of electricity grids to rural areas- Improvement in the transport network
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Question to ask…• Has the increase in population been the
cause for the lack of development all this time – or is it the other way round?
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Demographic Indices• Check figure 1.25• Infant Mortality rate and death rate have both reduced
over the year • IMR is used to measure socio-economic development• A decline in fertility have been a case• Child mortality rate reduced – due to better health care• Maternal Mortality rate – A great indication of
development – high differences between LEDCs and MEDCs
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Child Mortality The number of children who died before
their 5th birthdays per 1000 live birth• A factor that has been falling
significantly• Due to improvement in healthcare,
urbanizing society, changes in age structure
• Breast-feeding provide immunity• Successes in Small pox eradication
program• Measles vaccination• Unicefs: Majority of child’s death are still
preventable = more work to be done
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Maternal MortalityThe death of a woman during or shortly
after pregnancy• 1/6000 in MEDCs• 1/22 in LEDCs• Affected by Pre-natal care/ attendance at
birth
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Carrying Capacity Carrying capacity is the amount of
people/ organisms an environment can support with its resources
• This is a fluid concept – resources accessibility can increase with the improvement of technology
• Growth of the economy has had massive influences on the resources – they are becoming depleted and the ‘waste sinks’ are becoming full
• The distribution of resources is not fair
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Theory of Optimum population• States that there is a point when the
growth of population will result in economic development that leas to the highest standard of living – The number of population that will result in the highest standard of living in an areas
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Definition bunches Biocapacity: The capacity of an area or a given
ecosystem to generate an ongoing supply of resources and to absorb its waste.
Ecological footprint: A sustainability indicator that expresses the relationship between population and the natural environment. It takes into account the use of natural resources by a country’s population
Global hectare: One hectare of biologically productive space with world average productivity.
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Ecological Footprint• The sum of all crop lands, grazing lands, fishing grounds,
timbers to produce and resources both in objects and lands required for absorbing the waste
• Biocapacity: The level of resources the earth has – expressed in global hectares
• Issue: Biocapacity(supply) – Ecological Footprint(Demand) = Negative number – hence the world is exceeding its limit of resource usage
• Carbon footprint is the dominant element• This is different between countries• Effected by: The size of population, the type of resources
being used, the way they impact the natural environment• Global trades had had great influences on the footprints• ECOLOGICAL OVERSHOOT
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Food Shortages• Mostly occurring in Africa• Can be both human/ natural
problems• Can have effects on children – in
early stages• Malnutrition can have long term
effects in inducing mortality• Reduces people’s capacity to
work• Cycle of: Ill health – low
productivity - underdevelopment
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Food Shortages• Caused by: Soil Exhaustion, Drought,
flood, Cyclones, pests, diseases• Human causes: Lack of investment, Rapid
growth of population, political instability/ war hindering the economy, transport difficulties
• Case studies: Sudan
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Thomas Malthus• A British demographer/ reverend• Published the essay on
population growth in 1798• States that food grows
arithmetically while population grows exponentially
• Population will soon exceed resources
• At which point - population will begin to decrease in form of checks
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Thomas Malthus• Preventive check: Population
decrease in the form of abstinence – promotion of lower fertility/ postponing marriages
• Positive check: Population is reduces by increase in death rate: famine, drought, disease, war, natural disasters
Malthus’ views effects on the Irish Potato famine
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The Roles of technologies in resource developments• Global use of resources has changed• As we know – development/ carrying
capacity is a fluid concept• Development has been enhanced by
improvement in Technologies
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New Energy Resources• Uranium as nuclear
power source in France• Wind farms in the
Netherlands• Tidal powers• Developments of
Hydrological powers• Solar powers in Japan
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The Green Revolution The Introduction of high-yielding seeds
and modern agricultural techniques in developing countries
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Food Production• Innovation in food production and distribution –
fed the rising population of the world• HVP programs in India in 1966-67• Hybrid varieties of: wheat, rice, maize. Sorghum
and millet• Refrigeration/ uses of hormones – allow
transport of food to the more remote areas• Higher accessibilities play a part• Increase in market forces, industrialization and
surplus of workforce – plays a positive feedback loop to development
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The Green Revolution (HYV)Advantages• Yields are twice/ four times
higher than traditional practices/ varieties
• Shorter growth seasons = extra crops introduced
• Increase incomes – better seeds/ fertilizers/ pesticides
• More varied rural diet• Improvement in infrastructures
as market develops• Employments increase with
more productions• Increase in irrigation
Disadvantage• Costly in terms of economy
• Consequences to the environment
• Requires more weed controls/ more susceptible to diseases
• Lower income farmers still left out
• Expansion of irrigation – higher salinization
• Inferior taste• Lower in minerals/ vitamins
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Perennial Crops• Crops that grow all year long• Overcomes the factors of climate/ time• Allow for higher annual yields/ production
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The Role of Constraints• Constraint in resources can cause out-
migration• It can result in population decline in
extreme conditions
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Overpopulation Overpopulation: Where there are too many
people in relative to the available resources and technologies
• In basic terms it is caused by: lack of food, lack of clean water, high population density, land constraint, lack of clean air
• In nowadays terms it is caused by: Lack of Education, Waste disposal, Housing, Health Care
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Underpopulation• Where there too few people to fully exploit the
resources efficiently or not enough collective learning for full improvement of technologies
• In basic terms: Lack of development, low population growth, at the mercy of nature, high death rate, raiding/ conflicts
• In nowadays terms: Apply more to MEDCs e.g. Australia ; lack of development despite abundance of resources, lesser market forces, low population growth, out-migration
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Population capacity• Increasing population: Full exploitation of
resources – lead to technological innovations• However: Increase pressure on resources result
in a decline The optimum population is one that achieves a
given aim in the most effective way Economic Optimum: The level of population that,
through the production of goods and services, provides the highest average standard of living
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Population Ceiling• The population ceiling involves simply the
carrying capacity of a population• A population may grow to reach an equilibrium
near the carrying capacity (the ceiling)• Or it may experience a dieback• Population Ceiling is the population size
beyond which the population cannot grow due to limiting factors caused by population pressure
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Population Adjustment Overtime• S-curves: Begins with exponential growth
– due to population pressure, the growth rate slows down, becomes stable and tapers off
• J-curves: Population grows exponentially, and the it suddenly collapses – population exceeds carrying capacity before diebacks
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Management of Natural Increase Population Policy: A government’s stated
aim on an aspect of its population, and the measures taken to achieve that aim
Pro-natalist policy: A population policy that aims to encourage more births through the use of incentives
Anti-natalist policy: A population policy designed to limit fertility thorough the use of both incentives and deterrant
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Management of natural increaseFamily planning programme: A programme that
regulates the number and spacing of children in a family through the practice of contraception or other methods of birth controls
Civil Liberties: The rights and freedoms that protect an individual from the state
Selection Abortion: An abortion performed because of the gender of the fetus or when a genetic test is performed that detects undesirable results