as level paper 1 and 2. a2 level paper 1 and 3 - topics 1 -4 · 2017. 12. 29. · section 3.4...
TRANSCRIPT
Section3.1:BiologicalMolecules3.1.1MonomersandPolymers3.1.2Carbohydrates3.1.3Lipids3.1.4.1Proteins3.1.4.2Enzymes3.1.5.1Nucleicacidstructure3.1.5.2DNAReplication3.1.6ATP3.1.7Water3.1.8InorganicIons
ASLevelPaper1and2.A2LevelPaper1and3- Topics1-4
Section3.2:Cells3.2.1.1Eukaryoticcells3.2.1.2Prokaryoticcellsandviruses3.2.1.3Studyingcells3.2.2Mitosis3.2.3Transportacrosscellmembranes3.2.4Cellrecognitionandtheimmunesystem
Section3.3Organismsexchangesubstanceswiththeirenvironment3.3.1Surfaceareatovolumeratio3.3.2Gasexchange3.3.3Digestionandabsorption3.3.4.1Masstransportinanimals3.3.4.2Masstransportinplants
Section3.4Geneticinformation,variationandrelationshipsbetweenorganisms3.4.1DNA,genesandchromosomes3.4.2DNAandproteinsynthesis3.4.3Geneticdiversity- mutationsandmeiosis3.4.4Geneticdiversityandadaptation– naturalselection3.4.5Speciesandtaxonomy3.4.6Biodiversity3.4.7Investigatingbiodiversity
Canyouexplainthatalllivingthingshaveasimilarbiochemicalbasis?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.1MonomersandPolymers(p4-5)
Whatisamonomer?
Whatisapolymer?
Canyougivesomeexamplesofmonomers?
Canyougivesomeexamplesofpolymers?
Canyoudescribewhatacondensationreactionis?
Canyoudescribewhatahydrolysisreactionis?
Canyoudescribehowlargercarbohydratesaremadefrommonosaccharidemonomers?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.2Carbohydrates– monosaccharidesanddisaccharides(p8-11)
Canyoulistsomecommonmonosaccharides?
Drawadiagramtoshowhowacondensationreactionoccursbetweentwomonosaccharidestoformmaltose.Labelthebondthatforms.
Whataremaltose,sucroseandlactoseformedfrom?
Canyoudescribehowdisaccharidesareformed? Canyoudescribehowglucosehastwoisomersanddrawthetwodifferentisomers?
Explainhowyouwouldtestforreducingandnon-reducingsugarsandtheresultsyouwouldexpect:
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.2Carbohydrates– polysaccharides(p11-15)
Canyoudescribehowpolysaccharidesareformed?
Canyouexplainhowglycogenandstarchareformed?Labelthediagram.
Canyouexplainhowcelluloseisformed?Labelthediagram.
Canyouexplainhowyouwouldtestforstarchandwhatresultyouwouldexpecttosee?
Canyoudescribetherelationshipofstructuretofunctionofstarch?
Canyoudescribetherelationshipofstructuretofunctionofcellulose?
Canyoudescribetherelationshipofstructuretofunctionofglycogen?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.3Lipids(p16-17)
Whatarelipids? Canyouexplainhowtriglyceridesareformed?Drawadiagramtoshowthishappening.Labelthemoleculesinvolved,thetypeofreactionandthetypesofbondsformed.
Canyouexplainhowphospholipidsareformed?Drawadiagramtoshowthishappening.Labelthemoleculesinvolvedandnamethetypeofreaction.Labelthehydrophilicandhydrophobicpartofthemoleculeandexplainwhatthosetermsmean.
CanyouexplainthattheR-groupofafattyacidmaybesaturatedorunsaturated?Whatdothesetermsmean?
Canyouexplainhowthestructureoftriglyceridesrelatestotheirproperties?
Canyouexplainhowthestructureofphospholipidsrelatestotheirproperties?
Canyoudescribehowyouwouldtestforlipids?
Whataretheirroles?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.4.1Proteins(p19-22)
Whatisthegeneralstructureofanaminoacid?
Howdotwoaminoacidsformadipeptide?
Howmanydifferenttypesofaminoacidarethere?Howaretheydifferent?
Howdoesapolypeptideform?
Canyoudescribetherelationshipbetweenprimary,secondary,tertiaryandquaternarystructure,andproteinfunction?
Canyouexplainthatafunctionalproteinmaycontainoneormorepolypeptides?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.4.1Proteins(p19-22)
Canyouexplainthatproteinshaveavarietyoffunctionswithinalllivingorganisms? Canyoudescribetheroleofhydrogenbonds,ionicbondsanddisulfide bridgesinthestructureofproteins?
Canyoudescribehowyouwouldtestforproteins?
Canyourelatethestructureofproteinstopropertiesofavarietyofproteins?Globularandfibrousproteins
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.4.2Enzymes(p23-33)
Canyouexplainhoweachenzymelowerstheactivationenergyofthereactionitcatalyses?
Canyoudrawadiagramtodescribetheinduced-fitmodelofenzymeaction ?
Howdoesanenzyme’sstructurerelatetoit’sfunction?
Canyoudescribehowmodelsofenzymeactionhavechangedovertime?(Hint:lockandkeymodel)
Describehowyoucouldmeasuretherateofanenzyme-catalysedreactionandexplaintheresultsyouwouldexpect?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.4.2Enzymes(p23-33)
Howdoesthetemperatureaffecttherateofanenzyme-controlledreaction?
HowdoesthepHaffecttherateofanenzyme-controlledreaction?
Howdoesthesubstrateconcentrationaffecttherateofanenzyme-controlledreaction?
Howdoestheenzymeconcentrationaffecttherateofanenzyme-controlledreaction?
Howdoestheconcentrationofcompetitiveinhibitoraffecttherateofanenzyme-controlledreaction?
Howdoestheconcentrationofnon-competitiveinhibitoraffecttherateofanenzyme-controlledreaction?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.5.1Nucleicacidstructure(p36-41)
WhatareDNAandRNAandwhataretheirfunctions?
Whatisthestructureofanucleotide?Drawandlabelanucleotide.
Explainthecomplementarybasepairingrules:
CanyoucompareandcontrastthecomponentsofaDNAandRNAnucleotide:
Whatisaphosphodiester bondandhowisitformed?
CanyoucompareandcontrastthestructureofDNAandRNAmolecules?
HowisthestructureofDNArelatedtoitsfunction?
CanyouexplainhowtherelativesimplicityofDNAledmanyscientiststodoubtthatitcarriedthegeneticcode?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.5.2DNAReplication(p42-45)
Canyoudescribethesemi-conservativemethodofDNAreplication? CanyouevaluatetheworkofscientistsinvalidatingtheWatson–CrickmodelofDNAreplication?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.6ATP(p44-47)
Canyoudescribehowasinglemoleculeofadenosinetriphosphate(ATP)isanucleotidederivative?
DrawalabelledmoleculeofATP:
CanyouexplainhowATPisconvertedtoADP?Includethetypeofreactionthatitisandtheenzymethatcatalyses it.
CanyouexplainhowATPisresynthesisedfromADP?Includethetypeofreactionthatitisandtheenzymethatcatalyses it.
WhatthreewaysisATPresynthesised?
WhataretherolesofATP?WhyisATPsuitableforitsfunction?
Topic1:BiologicalMolecules- 3.1.7Waterand3.1.8InorganicIons(p47-48)
Drawawatermoleculeandexplainwhatismeantbydipolar:
Whatarethepropertiesthatareimportantinwater?Howarethesepropertieslinkedthethepolarnatureofthemolecule?Whatisthesignificanceofthesepropertiestolivingorganismsandprocesses?Trytousethefollowingtermsinyouranswer:solvent,specificheatcapacity,latentheatofvaporisation,cohesion,metabolite,density,transparent.
Explainhowwaterhydrogenbonds: Inorganicionsoccurinsolutioninthecytoplasmandbodyfluidsoforganisms.Eachionhasaspecificrole,dependingonitsproperties.
Canyourecognisetheroleofthefollowingions:• hydrogenionsandpH
• ironionsasacomponentofhaemoglobin
• sodiumionsintheco-transportofglucoseandaminoacids
• phosphateionsascomponentsofDNAandofATP