as psychology the core studies
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AS Psychology The Core studies. Individual Differences approach & Psychodynamic perspective. The Three Faces of Eve. A case study Multiple personality disorder Thigpen & Cleckley (1954). The Three Faces of Eve. This is a case study and a record of a therapeutic process. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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AS PsychologyAS PsychologyThe Core The Core studiesstudies
Individual Differences approach& Psychodynamic perspective
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The Three Faces of EveThe Three Faces of EveA case studyMultiple personality disorderThigpen & Cleckley (1954)
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The Three Faces of EveThe Three Faces of EveThis is a case study and a record of a therapeutic
process
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The Three Faces of EveThe Three Faces of EveWho were Thigpen & Cleckley?
• They were psychiatrists (medically qualified)• Their paper was published in the Journal of
abnormal & social psychology (1954)
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The Three Faces of EveThe Three Faces of EveWho was Eve?• A 25 year old woman who was referred because
of her severe & blinding headaches and spells of amnesia
• Thigpen & Cleckley tested her with Psychometric tests, projective tests
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The Three Faces of EveThe Three Faces of EveIn the initial interviews (Eve White)Eve complained of (symptoms)• Blinding Headaches• Blackouts• Marital Problems• Personal problems
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The Three Faces of EveThe Three Faces of EveWhat was Eve White like?• IQ score 110• Memory - excellent• Repressive personality• Conservative, shy, dutiful• Loving wife and mother
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The Three Faces of EveThe Three Faces of EveThen What Happened?
Eve WhiteEve showed amnesia for a recent trip and washypnotised in order to restore her memory
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The Three Faces of EveThe Three Faces of EveThen What Happened?
• First sign of something odd!A letter arrived which was written in two kinds of handwriting!
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The Three The Three Faces Faces of Eveof Eve
The letter is objective evidence
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The Three Faces of EveThe Three Faces of EveWhat did Eve say about the letter?
She denied writing it, though she did say she hadbegun a letter which she had not finished
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The Three Faces of EveThe Three Faces of EveWhat happened then?• Eve became distressed and asked “whether
hearing voices in her head meant she was insane”
• she said that she had heard a voice in her head speaking to her
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The Three Faces of EveThe Three Faces of EveThis was a critical interviewSeveral times she put her hands to her head as if in pain
and then...
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The Three Faces of EveThe Three Faces of EveThe Transformation!
Eve White changed and became Eve Black!
1st ‘alter-ego?
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The Three Faces of EveThe Three Faces of EveThe Transformation!The therapist notedA quick reckless smile…”hi
doc”Eve White now displayed a
childishly daredevil air, an erotic glance, even her sitting posture changed
Eve White became Eve Black
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The Three Faces of EveThe Three Faces of EveWhat was Eve Black like?• IQ score 104• Memory - poor• Regressive personality• Childish, extrovert, mischievous• Denied being a wife & mother
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The Three Faces of EveThe Three Faces of Eve• The therapy lasted 14 months and 100 hours of
interviews
• Eve Black would sometimes ‘appear’ but could only be called out under hypnosis
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The Three Faces of EveThe Three Faces of Eve• Eve White was not aware of Eve Black• Eve Black was aware of Eve White
• Eve Black had existed since childhood• Eve Black - “would emerge, would behave badly
and then retreat and let Eve White take the blame…(parents verified incidents)
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The Three Faces of EveThe Three Faces of EveHow T & C described Eve Black• “childish, irresponsible & shallow• “seeking pleasure & excitement• “denied marriage to EW’s husband (whom she
despised)• “denied relationship with EW’s daughter
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The Three Faces of EveThe Three Faces of EveDid her family not notice anything odd?
When they observed EB they put her harshness &aggression down to ‘occasional temper tantrums ina normally gentle woman
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How did the therapists How did the therapists measure the variables of measure the variables of
personality?personality?
Personality tests (psychometric tests)Rorschach ink blot testsEW = repressive (Freud)EB = regressive (Freud)Electroencephalograms (EEG) to record brain
activity)
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How did the therapists How did the therapists measure the variables of measure the variables of
personality?personality?
Rorschach ink blot test = a projective test
Discussion:
• What do you see?
• Is what you see a projection of your unconscious mind?
• Is this a quantitative or qualitative measure?
• How valid is this measure?
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How did the therapists How did the therapists measure the variables of measure the variables of
personality?personality?
Thematic Apperception Test = a projective test
Write a storyline for the pic:
• What has been happening?
• What is happening?
• What will happen?
Is your story a projection of your unconscious fears/desires?
How valid is this measure?
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As treatment As treatment progressedprogressed
• EW headaches recurred & got worse• Blackouts increased• Both EW & EW denied awareness in these
blackouts• EW state of mind deteriorated (confinement was
considered)Then what happened?
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Another personality Another personality appears!appears!
A Third Personality • Called herself Jane• Jane had full awareness of EW and EB • Neither EW nor EB were aware of Jane
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What did Thigpen & What did Thigpen & Cleckley do?Cleckley do?
• All three personalities were tested by electroencephalogram
• Clear differences were recorded• Therapy continued to treat all three women in
the one body
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The decision of The decision of
Thigpen & CleckleyThigpen & CleckleyJane seemed to be the person most likely to bring a solution to the troubled mind
She was increasingly dominant over the other personalities
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The moral dilemma The moral dilemma (ethics) (ethics)
They noted the moral problem
The problem of killing one or more of the personalities
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Other explanations?Other explanations?• Was the woman a very good actress (were T & C
conned?)• Was the woman psychotic (schizophrenic?)• Could the hypnotism have caused the multiple
personality effect?
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What did T & C What did T & C conclude?conclude?
• They did wonder whether they had become so involved that they ‘lost their sense of judgement and over dramatised the case’
• They remain convinced that they witnessed a case of multiple personalityNote: A film was made!
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Another strange caseAnother strange caseThe multiple personalities of
Sybil(see Schreiber 1973)
Extract from Film ~ Sybil
3 faces of Eve
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Back to the question?Back to the question?What do we mean by personality?• Is personality a stable trait?• What do we mean by
o not like himself/herself o s/he’s a changed persono acting out of character
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The Three faces of Eve The Three faces of Eve - postscript- postscript
• In 1975 a woman came forward and said she was Eve White
• said she had experienced many other personalities both before therapy and since (22 in all)
• that the fragmentation of her personality had been to protect herself from ‘unbearable experiences’
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Ethical problemsEthical problems• Killing one/more of the personalities - who should
decide this?• Making a film for profit - who benefits & what
about patient confidentiality?• During the treatment Eve White got worse. ‘Who’
gives informed consent for the treatment procedures ?
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Ethical problemsEthical problems• Which personality do you think T & C approved of
most?
• Might there be a culture & gender bias issue here? Were their judgements biased by the ‘social norms’ of the 1950s
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Questions you should Questions you should be able to answerbe able to answer
• What were the similarities & differences between Eve White and Eve Black?
• What is the main difference between multiple personality disorder & schizophrenia?
• What problems with the case study method does this study highlight?
• What factor(s) may have influenced their diagnosis?
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Multiple Personality Multiple Personality DisorderDisorder
• Frequency distribution• 14 cases between 1944 - 1969• 50 cases in the 1970s ! (6 by Sybil’s therapist)• even more in the 1980s (an epidemic)• the rise & fall correlates with the
impact of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
• Mostly in the USA
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Research into DIDResearch into DID• Research is ambiguous. • 2011 place the prevalence of DID at about 1-3% of the general population • But studies that these guidelines refer to show that prevalence of DID ranges
from 0.4% (Akyüz et al, 1999) to 14% (Sar et al, 2007) • studies of all dissociative disorders range from 1.7% (Akyüz et al, 1991) to
40.8% (Ross et al, 2002). • So which is right – less than 2% or over 40%? • And how on earth can anyone be certain of the accuracy of these results? • A review of prevalence studies shows that DID is found in 0.4% to 7.5% of
psychiatric inpatients (Sar, 2011). • Rates for outpatients – so people accessing mental health services but on an
appointment basis – range from 2% to 6% for DID. • And finally, community studies – so research based on people with no
involvement with mental health services, ie ‘Joe Bloggs’ – show the prevalence of DID ranging between 0.4% and 3.1%. .
• To put that in perspective, prevalence rates for schizophrenia generally sit around the 0.55-1% range of the general population (Goldner et al, 2002).
• So arguably more people have DID than schizophrenia and yet there is more rigorous research, appropriate treatment services, charity support and government investment for schizophrenia than for people with DID
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Further reading…Further reading…• See blog for
Discussion points.docx
T&C Evaluation Sheet.doc
Homework ~ To complete all evaluation material for T and CWatch the videos on the blog for next session