as surveyors measure the earth?!
TRANSCRIPT
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SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU – GEODETSKI FAKULTET
Prof. dr. sc. Brankica Cigrovski-Detelić
KAKO GEODETI MJERE ZEMLJU?!
Festival znanosti, 24.04.2010.KAKO GEODETI MJERE ZEMLJU?!
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ŠTO JE TO GEODEZIJA?GEODEZIJA JE FUNDAMENTALNA NAUKA KOJA
MJERENJIMAPOVEZUJE PRIRODNE I TEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI
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PODJELA GEODEZIJE
1. NAUČNA GEODEZIJA2. PRAKTIČNA I PRIMIJENJENA GEODEZIJA
STROGA PODJELA GEODEZIJE NIJE MOGUĆA, JER SVAKI KONKRETNI GEODETSKI ZADATAK SADRŽI ELEMENTE I NAUČNE I PRAKTIČNE GEODEZIJE.
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ŠTO GEODETI MJERE?• DULJINE-metar• HORIZONTALNE I VERTIKALNE KUTOVE, stupnjevi, gradi• VISINSKE RAZLIKE-metar•ASTRONOMSKE ŠIRINE I DULJINE-stupnjevi•GRAVIMETRIJSKA MJERENJA-UBRZANJE SILE TEŽE m/s2
•SVAKA MJERENA DULJINA IMA I SVOJU “MJERU”•DULJINE – metar (kokodakanje kokoši, muk krave, posuda čaja-”daleko”
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ŠTO JE TO GEDETA?
“GEODETA” JE STRUČNJAK KOJI SE BAVI TERENSKIM MJERENJIMA I RAČUNANJIMA S KRAJNIM CILJEM:
PRIKAZATI VEĆI ILI MANJI DIO ZEMLJINE POVRŠINE NA KARTAMA I PLANOVIMA.
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HISTORIJSKI PRIKAZ RAZVOJA GEODEZIJEPOPLAVE NILA - GEODETI PRIJE PITAGORE ISKOLČUJU PRAVI KUT PITAGORA (582. p. Krista) I ARESTOTEL (382-322 p. Krista) – ZEMLJA KUGLA
ERATOSTEN (276-195. pr. Kr.) PRVI ODREDIO OBLIK I DIMENZIJE ZEMLJE NA PRINCIPU “GRADUSNIH MJERENJA” KOJI SE UPOTREBLJAVA I DANAS
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NEWTON 1687. ZAKON O PRIVLAČENJU MASA - DOKAZAO DA JE ZEMLJA
ELIPSOID;
SNELLIUS (1615) -TRIANGULACIJA ODREĐIVANJE KOORDINATA TOČAKA NA OSNOVI MJERENJA KUTOVA U TROKUTU I MINIMALNIH LINEARNIH MJERENJA.
ZA DOKAZ SU MJERENA DVA LUKA.SJEVER – CASSINIJUG – LA HIEER 1683 (i sin 1700-1718.)REZULTAT: ZEMLJA JE “JAJE” tj. PRODUŽENA NA POLOVIMA
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LAPLANDSKA I PERUANSKA EKSPEDICIJA FRANCUSKA AKADEMIJA
• LAPLAND
• MAUPERTUIS (1736.-1737.)
• VRLO BRZO ZAVRŠIO MJERENJA , VRATIO SE U FRANCUSKU I DOKAZAO NEWTON-ovu teoriju
• PERU
• 3 “VOĐE” mjere 2 luka• GODIN – 1 LUK, nikad nije
upotrebljen, -ostao u Peruu• BOGGUER i La CONDAMIN• 1735-1744-mjerenja• Bogguer se vratio 1744., a
Condamin 1769. • MJERENJA VRLO TOČNA –
osnova državne mreže Francuske
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SATELITSKA GEODEZIJA -GPS
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METODE MJERENJA: NEPOSREDNE INSTRUMENT I OPAŽAČ (ANTENA GPS-a) SE NALAZE NA TOČKI ČIJE SE KOORDINATE ODREĐUJU
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GPS na kopnu, moru i zraku
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INDIREKTNE – POSREDNE- METODE GEODETSKIH MJERENJA:
FOTOGRAMETRIJADALJINSKA ISTRAŽIVANJA
- METODE GEODETSKIH MJERENJA BEZ NEPOSREDNOG DODIRA SA TERENOM
SNIMANJEM IZ ZRAKA ILI SVEMIRA: AVION, HELIKOPTER… shuttle, teleskop.
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FOTOGRAMETRIJA• TERESTRIČKA – kamera na površini Zemlje
AERO-FOTOGRAMETRIJA – kamera u avionu ili helikopteru.• MJERNE KAMERE-DEFINIRAN KOORDINATNI SUSTAV I MJERILO
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VIZUALIZACIJA RELJEFA U GIS-alatima
PRIKAZ RELJEFA RAZLIČITIM MODELIMA UZ DODATAK (GEODETSKIH) IZOHIPSI
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ZEMLJA - GEOID – ELIPSOIDFestival znanosti 2010, 24.04.2010.
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RELJEFNA KARTA HRVATSKEGEOGRAFSKI POLOŽAJ HRVATSKE
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GEODETSKI PLANOVI-”KLASIČNA GEODEZIJA”
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GEODETSKE PODLOGE ZA URBANISTIČKE PLANOVE
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Što ipak GPS ne može?
NE MOŽE MJERITI TAMO TAMO GDJE NE PRIMA SIGNALE OD SATELITA
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SNIMANJE MOSTA U MOSTARU U SKLOPU PROJEKTA “ZAŠTITA SPOMENIKA KULTURE” –METODOM TERESTRIČKE FOTOGRAMETRIJE
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NIZVODNA STRANA Starog mosta M: = 1:50
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AŽURIRANI KATASTARSKI PLAN
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DIO PROJEKTNOG PLANA AUTO-CESTE
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PROMETNICE
ISKOLČENJE LINIJA: PRAVAC, KRUŽNA KRIVINA, KLOTOIDA, LEMNISKATA, ELIPSA, KRUŽNICA......
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Za potpunu predodžbu nekog područja potrebno je, pored horizontalnog prikaza terena, prikazati i visinske odnose između snimljenih točaka radi potrebe projektiranja prometnica, vijadukata,
tunela, mostova, brana, građevinskih objekata, kanala......
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GPS + LASERI U TUNELIMA
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Što je GPS zauvijek promijenio?
GPS JE ZAUVIJEK JE PROMIJENIO SLIKU O TOME „ŠTO JE TO GEODETA?“
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DINAMIČKI MODELI TEKTONSKIH POMAKA
Kompresija
Ekstenzija
Bakar
Kompresija prostoraEkstenzija prostora
Kompresija-dobivena na
osnovu mjerenja
Palagruža
max.kompresija
Split
Žuto-zelena stabilnazona Pula
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Korelacija geološkog i geodetskog modela tektonskih pomaka
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BEZ OBZIRA KOJOM METODOM MJERILI – POTREBNO JE IZRAČUNATI KOORDINATE U RAVNINI I IZRADITI KARTE I PLANOVE RAZLIČITIH
MJERILA ZA PRAKTIČNU UPOTREBU
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HVALA NA PAŽNJI!
VI PITATE JA ODGOVARAM!!!