asetazolamid

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Asetazolamid Reduces rate of aqueous humor formation by direct inhibition of enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) on secretory ciliary epithelium, causing in turn a reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP). More than 90% of CA must be inhibited before IOP reduction can occur. May reduce IOP by 40-60%. Effects are seen in about an hour, they peak in 4 h, and trough in about 12 h. Derived chemically from sulfa drugs. If one form is not well tolerated, another form may be better or lower dose of the drug may better tolerated. Used for adjunctive treatment of chronic simple (open-angle) glaucoma and secondary glaucoma and preoperatively in acute angle-closure glaucoma when delay of surgery desired to lower IOP Dosing Interactions Contraindications Precautions Adult Asymptomatic glaucoma: 250 mg PO qid or 500 mg cap SR bid Symptomatic / 'acute' glaucoma: 250-500 mg IM/IV; may repeat in 2-4 h to maximum 1 g/d Pediatric 8-30 mg/kg/d or 300-900 mg/m 2 /d PO divided q8h Alternatively, 20-40 mg/kg/d IV/IM divided q6h; not to exceed 1 g/d Pilocarpine Pilocarpine telah digunakan dalam pengobatan sudut terbuka kronis glaukoma akut dan glaukoma sudut-penutupan selama lebih dari 100 tahun. [3] ini bekerja pada sebuah subtipe dari muscarinic reseptor (M 3) yang ditemukan pada otot sfingter iris, menyebabkan otot kontrak dan menghasilkan miosis. Pilocarpine also acts on the ciliary muscle and causes it to contract.

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asetazolamid

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AsetazolamidReduces rate of aqueous humor formation by direct inhibition of enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) on secretory ciliary epithelium, causing in turn a reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP). More than 90% of CA must be inhibited before IOP reduction can occur. May reduce IOP by 40-60%. Effects are seen in about an hour, they peak in 4 h, and trough in about 12 h. Derived chemically from sulfa drugs. If one form is not well tolerated, another form may be better or lower dose of the drug may better tolerated.Used for adjunctive treatment of chronic simple (open-angle) glaucoma and secondary glaucoma and preoperatively in acute angle-closure glaucoma when delay of surgery desired to lower IOP Dosing Interactions Contraindications PrecautionsAdultAsymptomatic glaucoma: 250 mg PO qid or 500 mg cap SR bidSymptomatic / 'acute' glaucoma: 250-500 mg IM/IV; may repeat in 2-4 h to maximum 1 g/dPediatric8-30 mg/kg/d or 300-900 mg/m2/d PO divided q8hAlternatively, 20-40 mg/kg/d IV/IM divided q6h; not to exceed 1 g/d

PilocarpinePilocarpine telah digunakan dalam pengobatan sudut terbuka kronis glaukoma akut dan glaukoma sudut-penutupan selama lebih dari 100 tahun. [3] ini bekerja pada sebuah subtipe dari muscarinic reseptor (M 3) yang ditemukan pada otot sfingter iris, menyebabkan otot kontrak dan menghasilkan miosis. Pilocarpine also acts on the ciliary muscle and causes it to contract. Pilocarpine juga bekerja pada otot ciliary dan menyebabkannya kontrak. When the ciliary muscle contracts, it opens the trabecular meshwork through increased tension on the scleral spur. Ketika otot ciliary kontrak, itu membuka trabecular meshwork melalui peningkatan ketegangan di scleral taji. This action facilitates the rate that aqueous humor leaves the eye to decrease intraocular pressure . Tindakan ini memfasilitasi menilai bahwa humor berair meninggalkan mata untuk menurunkan tekanan intraokular. Pilocarpine is often used as an antidote for scopolamine , atropine , and hyoscyamine poisoning. Pilocarpine sering digunakan sebagai penangkal untuk scopolamine, atropin, dan hyoscyamine keracunan. In ophthalmology pilocarpine is also used to reduce the possibility of glare at night from lights if the patient underwent implantation of phakic intraocular lenses ; the use of pilocarpine would reduce the size of the pupils, relieving these symptoms. Dalam pilokarpin ophthalmology juga digunakan untuk mengurangi kemungkinan silau di malam hari dari lampu-lampu jika pasien mengalami implantasi phakic intraokular lensa; penggunaan pilokarpin akan mengurangi ukuran pupil, mengurangi gejala ini. The most common concentration for this use is pilocarpine 1%, the weakest concentration. Konsentrasi yang paling umum untuk penggunaan ini pilokarpin 1%, konsentrasi yang paling lemah. Pilocarpine is also used to treat dry mouth ( xerostomia ) that can occur for example as a side effect of radiation therapy for head and neck cancers. Pilocarpine juga digunakan untuk mengobati mulut kering (xerostomia) yang dapat terjadi misalnya sebagai efek samping dari terapi radiasi untuk kanker kepala dan leher. Pilocarpine stimulates the secretion of large amounts of saliva and sweat . Pilocarpine merangsang sekresi sejumlah besar air liur dan keringat. Pilocarpine is used to stimulate sweat glands in a sweat test to measure the concentration of chloride and sodium that is excreted in sweat. Pilocarpine digunakan untuk merangsang kelenjar keringat dalam tes keringat untuk mengukur konsentrasi dari klorida dan natrium yang dibuang dalam keringat. It is used to diagnose cystic fibrosis (CF). Hal ini digunakan untuk mendiagnosa cystic fibrosis (CF). PREPARATION: the drug and powdered leaf of pilocarpin microfelixis are subjected to extracted forotoal alkaloid with ethanol acidified with HCL with solvents removed under reduced pressure and resultant aqueous residue is neutralized with ammonia and kept aside till all the resin is settled down completely. PERSIAPAN: obat dan bubuk daun pilocarpin microfelixis yang terkena alkaloid forotoal diekstraksi dengan etanol diasamkan dengan larutan HCL dengan dihapus di bawah tekanan berkurang dan residu yang dihasilkan berair dinetralisir dengan amonia dan terus sampai semua selain resin tenang sepenuhnya. It is filtered and concentrated by sugar solution to a small volume made alkaloid with ammonia and finally extracted with chloroform. Itu disaring dan pekat dengan larutan gula untuk buku kecil yang dibuat alkaloid dengan amonia dan akhirnya diekstraksi dengan kloroform. The solvent is removed under reduced pressure. Pelarut dihilangkan di bawah tekanan berkurang