Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge:Introduction for a Related

Bibliography, Website Links, and Synonymy

by Kathleen Capels and Terence Yorks, High Level Researchhttp://www.hlresearch.org/

in cooperation with Frank J. Smith, Western Ecological Serviceshttp://ecocorridors.com/western-ecological.php

Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, in Nye County, Nevada, is one of the few remaining desert oases in the southwestern United States. A combination of spring-fed wetlands and alkaline desert uplands, the refuge is home to at least 24 plants and animals found nowhere else in the world.

The information assembled here is updated from a project that reviewed the conservation status of ten of the rare plant taxa found in the refuge. Among these, one is federally listed as endangered (E) and six are currently classified as threatened (T). 1. Astragalus phoenix (Fabaceae), Ash Meadows milkvetch (T) 2. Calochortus striatus (Liliaceae), alkali mariposa lily 3. Centaurium namophilum (Gentianaceae), spring-loving centaury (T) 4. Cordylanthus tecopensis (Orobancaceae), Tecopa bird’s-beak 5. Enceliopsis nudicaulis var. corrugata (Asteraceae), Ash Meadows sunray (T) 6. Grindelia fraxinipratensis (Asteraceae), Ash Meadows gumplant (T) 7. Ivesia kingii var. eremica (Rosaceae), Ash Meadows ivesia (T) 8. Mentzelia leucophylla (Loasaceae), Ash Meadows blazing-star (T) 9. Nitrophila mohavensis (Chenopodiaceae), Amargosa niterwort (E) 10. Spiranthes infernalis (Orchidaceae), Ash Meadows lady’s-tresses

The original purpose was to gather a list of the published and unpublished (“grey”) literature for each of the selected species, using both traditional and electronic bibliographic search methods. This basic data set included the taxonomic history, life history, ecology, and land management status for each species, as well as sources of photographs and other illustrations. Various published lists and online databases were consulted to locate voucher specimens, herbarium collections, and other data on known occurrences for these taxa, along with their associated habitat characteristics and general management status. Lastly, because the nomenclature for these plants has changed over time, a synonymy entry was created for each taxon, which also noted the herbarium or herbaria in which type specimens are housed.

The collected data from that project have been checked for validity as of late July 2009 and organized into (a) a bibliography, with a comment in square brackets at the end of each entry indicating which of the ten species of interest are included in that reference, (b) a separate list of website links, which should allow users access to databases and search engines that were particularly useful, and (c) synonymy for each taxon.

However, no compilation is static. These ten rare plants may be included in new research papers and books published in the future, and websites are often revised and updated. Scientific names, too, can vary, depending on which taxonomic interpretation is being followed. The hope is that this collection will be a helpful starting point and guide for those who are interested in the Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge and some of the flora found in this unique habitat.

Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge Photographs by Frank J. Smith

Ash Meadows, named for the trees in the background: a representative general scene.

an Ash Meadows spring

Ash Meadows Photos by Frank J. Smith 3

Astragalus phoenix (Fabaceae) Ash Meadows milkvetch

Calochortus striatus (Liliaceae) alkali mariposa lily

Ash Meadows Photos by Frank J. Smith 4

Centaurium namophilum (Gentianaceae)spring-loving centaury

Cordylanthus tecopensis (Orobancaceae)Tecopa bird’s-beak

Ash Meadows Photos by Frank J. Smith 5

Enceliopsis nudicaulis var. corrugata (Asteraceae) Ash Meadows sunray

Grindelia fraxinipratensis (Asteraceae)Ash Meadows gumplant

Ash Meadows Photos by Frank J. Smith 6

Ivesia kingii var. eremica [atypcial mat form] (Rosaceae)Ash Meadows ivesia

Ivesia kingii var. eremica [normal form] (Rosaceae)Ash Meadows ivesia

Ash Meadows Photos by Frank J. Smith 7

Mentzelia leucophylla (Loasaceae)Ash Meadows blazing-star

Nitrophila mohavensis (Chenopodiaceae)Amargosa niterwort

Ash Meadows Photos by Frank J. Smith 8

Spiranthes infernalis (Orchidaceae)Ash Meadows lady’s-tresses

Ash MeAdows RefeRences

by Kathleen Capels and Terence Yorks, High Level Researchhttp://www.hlresearch.org/

in cooperation with Frank J. Smith, Western Ecological Serviceshttp://ecocorridors.com/western-ecological.php

Note: all hyperlinks were checked for validity in late July 2009. Some may require entering the desired genera or local site name into a search space on the linked page to generate appropriate information.

Abrams, Leroy, and Roxana Stinchfield Ferris. 1960. Bignoniaceae to Compositae: Begonias to Sunflowers. Vol. 4 of Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. [Enceliopsis]

Baldwin, Bruce G., Steve Boyd, Barbara J. Ertter, Robert W. Patterson, Thomas J. Rosatti, and Dieter H. Wilken, eds. 2002. The Jepson Desert Manual: Vascular Plants of Southeasten California. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. [Centaurium, Ivesia, Nitrophila]

Barneby, R[upert] C. 1970 [published 1971]. A new Astragalus (Fabaceae) from Nevada. Madroño 20(8):395–398. [Astragalus]

Beacham, Walter, Frank V. Castronova, and Suzanne Sessine. 2000. Dicots. Vol. 4 of Beacham’s Guide to the Endangered Species of North America. Detroit: Gale Group. [Nitrophila]

Beatley, Janice C. 1969. Vascular Plants of the Nevada Test Site, Nellis Air Force Range, and Ash Meadows (Northern Mojave and Southern Great Basin Deserts, South-Central Nevada). Los Angeles: University of California Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

———. 1970. Additions to Vascular Plants of the Nevada Test Site, Nellis Air Force Range, and Ash Meadows. Los Angeles: University of California Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology. [Ivesia]

———. 1971. Vascular Plants of Ash Meadows, Nevada. Los Angeles: University of California Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

———. 1973. Check List of Vascular Plants of the Nevada Test Site and Central-Southern Nevada. Cincinnati, OH: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

———. 1976. Vascular Plants of the Nevada Test Site and Central-Southern Nevada: Ecologic and Geographic Distributions. [Oak Ridge, TN]: Office of Public Affairs, Technical Information Center, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

———. 1977. Ash Meadows: Nevada’s unique oasis in the Mojave Desert. Mentzelia 3:20–24. [Ash Meadows]

Brandegee, T.S. 1899. New species of western plants. Botanical Gazette 27(6):444–457. [Mentzelia]

Bonneville Power Administration. 1994. Appendix D: Biological assessment and supporting materials. Non-Federal Participation in Ac Intertie Final Environmental Impact Statement. http://gc.energy.gov/NEPA/nepa_documents/EIS/EIS0145/eis0145_d.html#299. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

Broome, C. Rose. 1978. Chromosome numbers and meiosis in North and Central American species of Centaurium (Gentianaceae). Systematic Botany 3(3):299–312. [Centaurium]

Ash Meadows References 2

———. 1981. A new variety of Centaurium namophilum (Gentianaceae) from the Great Basin. Great Basin Naturalist 41(2):192–197. [Centaurium]

Calflora. Calflora database. http://www.calflora.org/index0.html. [Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

California Department of Fish and Game, Habitat Conservation Planning Branch. 2005. The Status of Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Animals and Plants of California 2000–2004. Sacramento: State of California Resources Agency. Document is available online at http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/t_e_spp/docs/2004/t_esummary.pdf. [Nitrophila]

California Native Plant Society. 2008. CNPS considered but rejected taxa. http://www.cnps.org/cnps/rareplants/pdf/cbr.pdf. [Centaurium, Mentzelia]

———. Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants. 7th ed. http://cnps.web.aplus.net/cgi-bin/inv/inventory.cgi. [Calochortus, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Nitrophila]

California Native Plant Society, Bristlecone Pine Chapter. 1983. Newsletter 2(4) [August]: 1–2. http://www.bristleconecnps.org/Newsletters/cnv024.htm. [Nitrophila]

———. 1993–1995 scrapbook, May 27–28, 1995. http://www.bristleconecnps.org/Scrapbook/1993-95.htm. [1 photo of Enceliopsis]

Center for Biological Diversity. 2000. Center for Biological Diversity challenges BLM to protect and recover 24 imperiled species on 10.2 million acre California Desert Conservation Area. http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/swcbd/goldenstate/cdca/CDCAphotos.htm. [Grindelia, Nitrophila]

Center for Environmental Education and Information. Endangered species early warning: Plant species. http://www.esew.org/warning_lists/plants/plants.htm. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Chuang, T.I., and L.R. Heckard. 1973. Taxonomy of Cordylanthus subgenus Hemistegia (Scrophulariaceae). Brittonia 25(2):135–158. [Cordylanthus]

Clark, Curtis. Encelia and its relatives. http://www.csupomona.edu/~jcclark/encelia/species.html. [Enceliopsis]

Consortium of California Herbaria. Specimen database. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/. [Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Grindelia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Coville, Frederick Vernon. 1892. Descriptions of new plants from southern California, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 7(2):65–80. [Ivesia]

Crapo, Mike. ESRA state by state information [information for Nevada]. http://crapo.senate.gov/issues/cresa/cresa_by_state.cfm?state=nv/. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

Cronquist, Arthur. 1972 [published 1973]. A new variety of Enceliopsis nudicaulis (Asteraceae) from southern Nevada. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 99(5):246–247. [Enceliopsis]

Cronquist, Arthur, Arthur H. Holmgren, Noel H. Holmgren, James L. Reveal, and Patricia K. Holmgren. 1984. Subclass Asteridae (Except Asteraceae). Vol. 4 of Intermountain Flora: Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Bronx: New York Botanical Garden. [Cordylanthus]

———. 1994. Asterales. Vol. 5 of Intermountain Flora: Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Bronx: New York Botanical Garden. [Enceliopsis]

Czech, Brian, Paul. R. Krausman, and Patrick K. Devers. 2000. Economic associations among causes of species endangerment in the United States. Bioscience 50(7):593–601. [Nitrophila]

Ash Meadows References 3

Davis, William S. 2005. Meiotic and mitotic chromosome numbers for Mentzelia leucophylla Brandegee (Loasaceae). Madroño 52(3):207. Also available online at http://oregonstate.edu/~knausb/pubs/Knaus_2005_Madrono.pdf. [Mentzelia]

Desert Managers Group. 2001. Table 3: Federally listed plants and animals of the California desert as of May 2001. Desert Managers Group White Paper. http://www.dmg.gov/documents/PAP_White_Attchmnts_DMG_091401.doc. [Centaurium, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

———. 2001. Table 5: Federal and state listed plants and animals and species of special concern associated with California desert wetlands and riparian habitats. Desert Managers Group White Paper. http://www.dmg.gov/documents/PAP_White_Attchmnts_DMG_091401.doc. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

Eight more Ash Meadows species proposed as endangered. 1983. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin 8(11):1, 8–10. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Elisens, Wayne, Amy Buthod, and Priscilla Crawford. 2005. The vascular plant type specimens in the Robert Bebb Herbarium of the University of Oklahoma (OKL). Publications of the Oklahoma Biological Survey, ser. 2, 6:1–14. [Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia]

Ellis, David J. 1996. An oasis in Nevada. American Gardener 75 (May/June):9. [Ash Meadows]

Ertter, Barbara. 1989. Revisionary studies in Ivesia (Rosaceae: Potentilleae). Systematic Botany 14(2):231–244. [Ivesia]

———. 2002. On the trail, with Purpus, in California. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/Purpus/talk24.html. [Ivesia]

Fehlberg, Shannon D., and Tom A. Ranker. 2007. Phylogeny and biogeography of Encelia (Asteraceae) in the Sonoran and Peninsular deserts based on multiple DNA sequences. Systematic Botany 32(3):692–699. [Enceliopsis]

Fielder, Peggy Lee. 1985. Heavy metal accumulation and the nature of edaphic endemism in the genus Calochortus (Liliaceae). American Journal of Botany 72(11):1712–1718. [Calochortus]

———. 1996. Rare Lilies of California. Sacramento: California Native Plant Society. [Calochortus]

Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 2002. Magnoliophyta: Lilidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Vol. 26 of Flora of North America North of Mexico. New York: Oxford University Press. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1/. [Calochortus Spiranthes]

———. 2003. Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, Part 1. Vol. 4 of Flora of North America North of Mexico. New York: Oxford University Press. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1/. [Nitrophila]

———. 2006. Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, Part 7; Asteraceae, Part 2. Vol. 20 of Flora of North America North of Mexico. New York: Oxford University Press. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1/. [Grindelia]

———. 2006. Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, Part 8; Asteraceae, Part 3. Vol. 21 of Flora of North America North of Mexico. New York: Oxford University Press. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1/. [Enceliopsis]

Fraser, Jody, and Cynthia Martinez. 2002. Restoring a desert oasis. Endangered Species Bulletin 2002 (March–June):18–19. [Ash Meadows]

Gentian Research Network. Endangered gentians: Vulnerable, threatened, and endangered species. http://gentian.rutgers.edu/endang.htm. [Centaurium]

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). GBIF data portal [for information on specimens and observations]. http://www.gbif.org/about_gbif/. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

Greater Las Vegas Orchid Society. 2006. Sunday, March 5, 2006 Newsletter. http://www.glvos.com/newsletter.html. [1 photo of Spiranthes]

Ash Meadows References 4

Hartman, Ronald L., and B.E. Nelson. 1998. Taxonomic Novelties from North America North of Mexico: A 20-Year Vascular Plant Diversity Baseline. Monographs in Systematic Botany 67. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. [Centaurium, Spiranthes]

Harvard University Herbaria. Index of botanical specimens database. http://asaweb.huh.harvard.edu:8080/databases/specimen_index.html. [Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

Hasselquist, Niles J. and Michael F. Allen. Increasing demands on limited water resources: Consequences for two endangered plants in Amargosa Valley, USA. AJB [American Journal of Botany] Advance Access (February 12, 2009), doi:10.3732/ajb.0800181. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/ajb.0800181v1/. [Grindelia, Nitrophila]

Heckard, Lawrence. 1977. Cordylanthus tecopensis Munz and Roos. Mentzelia 3:22. [Cordylanthus]

Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. [Calochortus, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

Hitchcock, C. Leo, Arthur Cronquist, Marion Ownbey, and J.W. Thompson. 1955. Part 5: Compositae. Vol. 5 of Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press. [Enceliopsis]

Holmgren, Patricia K., and Noel H. Holmgren. 1998 [continuously updated]. Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Home page available online at http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp. Search page at http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/.

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). ITIS report. http://www.itis.gov/index.html. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

International Legume Database and Information Service (ILDIS). Legume web. http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/. [Astragalus]

Isley, Duane. 1998. Native and Naturalized Leguminosae (Fabaceae) of the United States (Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii). Provo, UT: Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University. [Astragalus]

Kartesz, John Thomas. 1987. A flora of Nevada. PhD dissertation, University of Nevada–Reno. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

Kay, Jane. 2001. Compromise over desert protects 24 state species. San Francisco Chronicle, January 19, A2. Also available online at http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/public_lands/deserts/california_desert_conservation_area/media_highlights.html. [Grindelia, Nitrophila]

Knight, Teri A., and Glenn H. Clemmer. 1987. Status of Populations of the Endemic Plants of Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada. Reno, NV: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Great Basin Complex. Also available online at http://heritage.nv.gov/reports/ashmtext.pdf. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Kruckeberg, Arthur R., and Deborah Rabinowitz. 1985. Biological aspects of endemism in higher plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16:447–479. [Mentzelia]

Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Native plant database. http://www.wildflower.org/plants/. [1 photo of Calochortus]

Mansion, Guilheim. 2004. A new classification of the polyphyletic genus Centauirum Hill (Chironiinae, Gentianaceae): Description of the New World endemic Zeltnera, and reinstatement of Gyranda Griseb. and Schenkia Griseb. Taxon 53(3):719–740. [Centaurium]

Mansion, Guilheim, and Louis Zeltner. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships within the New World endemic Zeltnera (Gentianaceae-Chironiinae) inferred from molecular and karyological data. American Journal of Botany 91(2):2069–2086. [Centaurium]

Ash Meadows References 5

Missouri Batanical Garden. W3 TROPICOS nomenclatural database [also includes information on and some images of type specimens, as well as some distribution data]. http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

Morefield, James D., ed. 2001. Nevada Rare Plant Atlas. Compiled by the Nevada Natural Heritage Program. Portland, OR: Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

Morefield, James D., and Teri A. Knight. 1991. Endangered, Threatened, and Sensitive Vascular Plants of Nevada. Reno: Nevada State Office, U.S. Bureau of Land Management. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

Mozingo, Hugo N. 1977. Nitrophila mohavensis Munz and Roos. Mentzelia 3:24. [Nitrophila]

Mozingo, Hugh N., and Margaret Williams. 1980. Threatened and Endangered Plants of Nevada: An Illustrated Manual. Portland, OR: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Reno, NV: Nevada State Office, U.S. Bureau of Land Management. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Munz, Philip A. 1974. A Flora of Southern California. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. [Calochortus, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Nitrophila]

Munz, Philip A., and David D. Keck. 1959. A California Flora. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. [Calochortus, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Munz, Philip A., and John C. Roos. 1950. California miscellany II. Aliso [as ‘El Aliso’] 2(3):217–238. [Cordylanthus]

———. 1955. California miscellany III. Aliso [as ‘El Aliso’] 3(2):111–129. [Nitrophila]

Nash, J. Madeleine. 2009. Silenced springs? High Country News 41(17):13–18. [Ash Meadows]

NatureServe. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life. http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

Nevada Natural Heritage Program. 2007. Plant species status reports and surveys available or in preparation. http://heritage.nv.gov/statreps.htm. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia]

———. Index to available images. http://heritage.nv.gov/images.htm (accessed February 25, 2009). [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

———. Nevada wildflower reports on-line [25–26 April 2000, 22 June 2003, 31 July 2004, and 4 April 2007]. http://heritage.nv.gov/wildflow.htm. [Calochortus and Enceliopsis in 2000; Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Ivesia, Nitrophila, and Spiranthes in 2003; Centaurium, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Spiranthes in 2004; Astragalus, Enceliopsis, Ivesia, Mentzelia in 2007]

Nevada, State of. 2001. Adopted temporary regulation of the Division of Forestry of the State Department of Conservation and Natural Resources: LCB file no. T044-01. Register of Administrative Regulations, 2000–2001 Temporary Regulations. http://www.leg.state.nv.us/Register/indexes/2000_NAC_TEMPORARY_NUMERICAl.htm [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

———. 2003. Adopted regulation of the State Forester Firewarden: LCB file no. R222-03. Register of Administrative Regulations, 2003 Regulations. http://www.leg.state.nv.us/Register/indexes/2003_NAC_REGISTER_NUMERICAl.htm [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

———. Chapter 527: Protection and preservation of timbered lands, trees, and flora. Nevada Administrative Code. http://leg.state.nv.us/NAC/NAC-527.html. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Ash Meadows References 6

New York Botanical Garden, International Plant Science Center, C.V. Starr Virtual Herbarium. Vascular plant types catalog. http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/hcol/vasc/index.asp. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Parish, Samuel B. 1902. The southern California species of Calochortus II. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 1(9):120–125, 280. [Calochortus]

Pinzl, Ann. 1982. T/E Map Book: 1982 Revised Maps. [Astragalus, Calochlortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia]

Photoshelter. Photographer archives. http://pa.photoshelter.com/. [photo of Calochortus]

Pitts, James. Pollination biology of rare plants project. http://www.biology.usu.edu/htm/our-people/faculty/memberID=3096. [Mentzelia, Spiranthes]

Proksch, Peter, Matthias Breuer, Aristotelis Mitsakos, and Herbart Budzikiewicz. 1987. New dihydroflavenols from Enceliopsis and Geraea. Planta Medica 53(4):334–337. [Enceliopsis]

Purpus, C[arl] A[lbert]. 1898. Report by C.A. Purpus on his expedition to the desert areas of southern and western Nevada, northern Arizona, and western Utah. Translated by Barbara Ertter. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/Purpus/18981.html#Para0190/. [Ash Meadows]

———. 1899. A cactus-collecting trip to the deserts of southern Nevada, northwestern Arizona, and southwestern Utah. Translated by Barbara Ertter. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/Purpus/1898p2.html#Para0180 / [Ash Meadows]

Ramsar. Ramsar Sites database, Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge. http://www.wetlands.org/RSIS/_COP9Directory/Directory/4US001.html. [Ash Meadows]

Reveal, James L. 1977. Astragalus phoenix Barneby. Mentzelia 3:27. [Astragalus]

———. 1977. Centaurium namophilum Reveal, Broome, and Beatley. Mentzelia 3:16–17. [Centaurium]

———. 1977. Mentzelia leuycophylla Brandegee. Mentzelia 3:31. [Mentzelia]

———. An array of botanical images. http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/WWW/flowers.html. [5 photos of Ash Meadows, 1 photo of Nitrophila]

———. An array of botanical images: The slide collection [index]. http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/RevealSlides/slideindex.html. [6 photos of Astragalus]

Reveal, James L., and Janice C. Beatley. 1971 [published 1972]. A new Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae) and Grindelia (Asteraceae) from southern Nye County, Nevada. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 98(6):332–335. [Grindelia]

Reveal, James L., C. Rose Broome, and Janice C. Beatley. 1973 [published 1974]. A new Centaurium (Gentianaceae) from the Death Valley region of Nevada and California. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 100(6):353–356. [Centaurium]

Riverside[, California] Metropolitan Museum. Clark Herbarium type specimens. http://www.riversideca.gov/museum/na-clark.asp. [Nitrophila]

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Electronic plant information centre (ePIC). http://www.kew.org/searchepic/searchpage.do. [Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

Rydberg, Per Axel. 1898. Monograph of the North American Potentilleae. Memoirs, Department of Botany, Columbia College [University] 2:1–223. [Ivesia]

———. 1908. Ivesia T[orrey] & [A.] G[ray]. North American Flora 22(3):283–291. Reprinted Bronx, NY: New York Botanical Garden, 1963. [Ivesia]

Ash Meadows References 7

Sada, Don W. 1990. Recovery Plan for the Endangered and Threatened Species of Ash Meadows, Nevada. Portland, OR: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

San Diego State University, Soil Ecology and Research [Restoration] Group. 2002. Death Valley. http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/SERG/restorationproj/mojave%20desert/deathvalley.html. [Grindelia, Nitrophila]

———. 2004. Demographics and ecology of the Amargosa niterwort (Nitrophila mohavensis) and Ash Meadows gumplant (Grendelia [sic] fraxino-pratensis) of the Carson Slough Area. http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/SERG/restorationproj/mojave%20desert/deathvalleyfinal.htm. [Grindelia, Nitrophila]

Sheviak, Charles J. 1989. A new Spiranthes (Orchidaceae) from Ash Meadows, Nevada. Rhodora 91(867):225–234. [Spiranthes]

Siegel, Carol. 2004. The native orchids of Nevada. Native Orchid Conference Journal 1(3):1–11. [Spiranthes]

Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History. Botanical type specimen register. http://botany.si.edu/types/. [Calochortus, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Southern California Association of Governments. 2008. 3.3: Biological resources. Draft 2008 Regional Transportation Plan (RTP) Update Program Environmental Impact Report (PEIR). http://scag.ca.gov/RTPpeir2008/draft/index.htm. [Cordylanthus]

Tank, David C., and Richard G. Olmstead. 2008. From annuals to perennials: Phylogeny of subtribe Castillejinae (Orobanchaceae). American Journal of Botany 95(5):608–625. [Cordylanthus]

Terrill, Ceiridwen. 2005. Pister’s pupfish. Isotope: A Journal of Literary Nature and Science Writing 3.2:16–20. [Ash Meadows]

———. 2007. Chapter 2: Pister’s pupfish. In Unnatural Landscapes: Tracking Invasive Species, 45–72. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. [Ash Meadows]

Tiehm, Arnold (Jerry). Geographical index of Carl Purpus. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/Purpus/geoidxA.html#NVAshMdws/. [Ash Meadows]

———. U.S. types based on Purpus collections. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/Purpus/types.html. [Mentzelia]

Tiner, Ralph W. 2003. Geographically isolated wetlands of the United States. Wetlands 23(3):494–516. [Centaurium, Grindelia]

Trammell, Erick Jamie. 2006. Groundwater, land use, and land cover change in the Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge from 1948 to 1999. Master’s thesis, University of Nevada, Reno.

Trammell, Erick Jamie, Kate Berry, Scott Basset, and Donald W. Sada. 2008. Distribution and recovery of vegetational assemblages in Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, Nevada. Southwestern Naturalist 53(3):326–334. [Centaurium, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre. CITES [Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora] species database. http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/. [Spiranthes]

———. UNEP–WCMC species database. http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/species/dbases/about.cfm. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

University of California, Berkeley, Biodiversity Sciences Technology Group (BSCIT), Berkeley Natural History Museum. CalPhotos photo database. http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/. [1 photo of Astragalus, 35 photos of Calochortus, 4 photos of Nitrophila]

Ash Meadows References 8

University of Nevada, Reno. Biodiversity data: Threatened and endangered plants of the Great Basin. http://www.biodiversity.unr.edu/data/threatened_endangered/plants/. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzerlia, Nitrophila]

University of North Carolina, Herbarium. Type specimen database. http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/types.htm. [Enceliopsis, Grindelia]

University of Vermont. Images of the Loasaceae family. http://www.uvm.edu/~sfriend/bot109/images.html. [1 photo of Mentzelia]

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Area. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). http://www.ars-grin.gov/. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. PLANTS database. http://plants.usda.gov/. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes]

U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management. 2002. Chapter 3.1.5.1.3: Special status species. Final Environmental Impact Statement for a Geologic Repository for the Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste at Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada, Vol. 1. http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/feis_a/index.htm. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1997. Chapter 9, biological resources: Federal candidate, California listed and Bureau sensitive species parcel and geographic area lists. Caliente Resource Area Resource Management Plan. http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/bakersfield/Programs/planning/rmpcontents/chapt9_sens_species.html [Calochortus]

———. 1998. Nevada special status species list. Instruction Memorandum No. NV-98-013. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

———. Projects funded by SNPLMA (Southern Nevada Public Land Management Act), environmentally sensitive land acquisitions. http://www.blm.gov/nv/st/en/snplma/snplma_prephase_1.html [click on “advanced search”, then choose the category “environmentally sensitive land acquisitions” and the project name “Ash Meadows”]. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, California. 2000. County of Kern sensitive plant species, supplemental information. http://gis.ca.gov/catalog/BrowseRecord.epl?id=21235/. [Calochortus]

———. Special status plants of the Bakersfield Field Office. http://www.blm.gov/ca/pa/ssp/fo/bakssp.htm. [Calochortus]

———. Special status plants of the Barstow Field Office. http://www.blm.gov/ca/pa/ssp/fo/barssp.htm. [Calochortus, Cordylanthus, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, California, Barstow Field Office. 2007. Amargosa River Area of Critical Environmental Concern Implementation Plan [draft]. BLM/CA/GI-2006-028+8300. http://www.blm.gov/ca/pdfs/barstow_pdfs/amargosa_ea/Index.pdf. [Centaurium, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983. 50 CFR 17 Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: Proposed endangered status and critical habitats for seven plant and one insect species in Ash Meadows, Nevada and California. Federal Register 48, no. 199 (October 13):46590–46598. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

———. 1995. 50 CFR 17 Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: Determination of threatened status with critical habitat for six plants and one insect in Ash Meadows, Nevada and California; and endangered status with critical habitat for one plant in Ash Meadows, Nevada and California. Federal Register 50, no. 97 (May 20):20777–20794. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Ash Meadows References 9

———. 1998. II: County/species list [for Nevada]. Federal Register 63, no. 189 (September 30):52536–52537. [Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

———. 2005. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: Extension of comment period. Federal Register 70, no. 221 (November 3):66842–66844. [Centaurium, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

———. 2005. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: Initiation of 5-year reviews. Federal Register 70, no. 129 (July 7):39327–39329. [Centaurium, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

———. 2006. Ash Fire burned area emergency stabilization accomplishment report, Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge. Prepared by Matt Burks. http://www.fws.gov/fire/Rehab/FAR/Ash ES-FAR.pdf [Centaurium, Grindelia].

———. Environmental Conservation Online System (ECOS). http://ecos.fws.gov/ecos_public/index.do;jsessionid=8FACC9CD03F533C4B31744EB24D2E8DF. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

———. Threatened and endangered plant species found on the National Wildlife Refuge system. http://www.fws.gov/refuges/whm/tes.html. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

———. Threatened and endangered species, Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge. http://www.fws.gov/desertcomplex/ashmeadows/endangered.htm. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

———. Welcome to Ash Meadows NWR. http://www.fws.gov/desertcomplex/ashmeadows/index.htm. [Ash Meadows]

U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Refuge Planning. 1999. Planning update 1: Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge. http://www.fws.gov/pacific/planning/am_pu1.pdf [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 1998. Appendix D: Species of special consideration within the Northern and Eastern Mojave Planning Area. Draft Environmental Impact Statement and General Management Plan, Mojave National Preserve/California, Produced as a Component of the Northern and Eastern Mojave Planning Effort. http://www.nps.gov/archive/moja/mojaplan/mojaappd.html. [Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

———. 2000. Affected environment. Death Valley National Park Revised Draft Environmental Impact Statement and General Management Plan, July 2000, Vol. 1. http://www.nps.gov/archive/moja/planning/devarevisedplan/devavol1e.pdf. [Astragalus, Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia]

———. 2000. Appendix C: Species of special consideration, first part. Death Valley National Park Revised Draft Environmental Impact Statement and General Management Plan, July 2000, Vol. 1. http://www.nps.gov/archive/moja/planning/devarevisedplan/devavol1j.pdf. [Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

———. 2000. Appendix C: Species of special consideration, second part. Death Valley National Park Revised Draft Environmental Impact Statement and General Management Plan, July 2000, Vol. 1. http://www.nps.gov/archive/moja/planning/devarevisedplan/devavol1j1.pdf. [Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

———. 2001. Corrections and revisions to the revised Draft Environmental Impact Statement/General Management Plan. Abbreviated Final Environmental Impact Statement & General Management Plan, Death Valley National Park, California & Nevada, June 2001. http://www.nps.gov/archive/moja/devafeis/correct3.htm. [Cordylanthus]

———. Flora & fauna: Some listed and proposed for listing animals and plants of the Northern and Eastern Mojave Planning Area. NEMO: Northern and Eastern Mohave Planning Effort. http://www.nps.gov/archive/moja/planning/fauna.htm. [Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Nitrophila]

———. Some threatened and endangered species in the Great Basin. Ecology of the Great Basin. Document no longer available on National Park Service website. [Astragalus, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

U.S. District Court, Northern District of California. 2000. Center for Biological Diversity, Sierra Club, and Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility, Plaintiffs v. Bureau of Land Management, Defendant, and High Desert

Ash Meadows References 10

Multiple Use Coalition, Desert Vipers Motorcycle Club, San Diego Off-Road Coalition, California Association Of 4-Wheel Drive Clubs, and The Blueribbon Coalition, Defendant-Intervenors, case no. C-00-0927 WHA (JCS). Stipulation and Proposed Order Concerning All Further Injunctive Relief. http://www.off-road.com/land/mojave_correct.PDF. [Grindelia, Nitrophila]

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2001. Appendix 1: Demography and ecosystems. Public Health and Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Final Background Information Document for Final 40 CFR 197 (EPA 402-R-01-004). http://www.epa.gov/radiation/yucca/bid.html. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Montzelia]

U.S. National Arboretum. Specimen isotype image of Enceliopsis nudicaulis var. corrugata. http://www.usna.usda.gov/graphics/usna/Research/Herbarium/Specimens/0026456.jpg. [Enceliopsis]

Virginia Tech, Fish and Wildlife Information Exchange (FWEI). Endangered species information system, plants. http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/WWW/esis/plants.htm. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

Wikimedia Commons. Free media repository. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page. [10 photos of Calochortus, 7 photos of Nitrophila]

Wikipedia. Free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ [Calochortus, Centaurium, Cordeylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila, Spiranthes].

Wikispecies. Free species directory. http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page. [Astragalus, Grindelia]

Williams, Cynthia D. 1984. The decline of Ash Meadows, a unique desert ecosystem. In California Riparian Systems: Ecology, Conservation, and Productive Management, ed. Richard E. Warner and Kathleen M. Hendrix, 716–719. Berkeley: University of California Press. [Astragalus, Centaurium, Cordylanthus, Enceliopsis, Grindelia, Ivesia, Mentzelia, Nitrophila]

References cited elsewhere but not found:California Department of Fish and Game. 1995. Rare find report. Natural Diversity Database. [Calochortus]

———. 2000. Natural Diversity Database (RareFind2), Version 2.1.2 [Note: must be a paid subscriber to view this database]. [Calochortus]

Cochrane, Susan A. 1981. Status report for the Ash Meadows gumplant (Grindelia fraxino-pratensis Reveal and Beatley). Portland, OR: Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. [note in NatureServe says manuscript is in files of Nevada Natural Heritage program]

Reveal, James L. 1978. Status report on Astragalus phoenix. Portland, OR: Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.

———. 1978. Status report on Nitrophila mohavensis Munz & Roos (Amargosa niterword). U.S. Department of the Interior. 36 pp.

———. [no date]. Status report on Mentzelia leucophylla Brandegee (Ash Meadows stick-leaf). Draft report for the U.S. Department of the Interior. 36 pp.

Threloff, D. 1990. Status report on Ash Meadows lady’s tresses (Spiranthes infernalis). Las Vegas: Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.

Tollefson, R. 1992. The Nature Conservancy Monitoring Report. [Calochortus]

Ash MeAdows BookMArks

by Kathleen Capels and Terence Yorks, High Level Researchhttp://www.hlresearch.org/

in cooperation with Frank J. Smith, Western Ecological Serviceshttp://ecocorridors.com/western-ecological.php

[Leading blue name entries should be active hotlinks, with a text repetition of their URL below.]

BioOne [note: this particular link may not open without browser cookies enabled] http://www.bioone.org/

Research journals focused on biological, ecological, and environmental sciences.

Bureau of Land Management, California http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en.2.html

Bureau of Land Management, Nevada http://www.blm.gov/nv/st/en.2.html

Calflora database http://www.calflora.org/index.html

California Native Plant Society - Rare Plant Program http://www.cnps.org/cnps/rareplants/

The California Native Plant Society (CNPS) is a non-profit organization dedicated to the understanding and appreciation of California’s native plants and to conserve them and their natural habitats through education, science, advocacy, horticulture and land stewardship.

Carl Albert Purpus types in UC/JEPS (University of California and Jepson herbaria) http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/Purpus/types.html

Consortium of California Herbaria database: Search page http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/

Dogpile Web Search Home Page http://www.dogpile.com/

Dogpile.com has the most frequently used search engines piled into one, so you can search the Web in more depth with one click.

Electronic Plant Information Centre (ePIC) - Search page (Kew) http://www.kew.org/searchepic/searchpage.do

Plant information from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew including plant names, bibliographies, species, and specimen data.

Endangered Species Program, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service http://www.fws.gov/endangered/wildlife.html

Home page of the Endangered Species Program, with links to Program details, endangered and threatened species information, Endangered Species Act information, and relevant Federal Register notices.

Encyclopedia of the Earth http://www.eoearth.org/eoe/about

An encyclopedia covering topics relating to the Earth, its natural environments, and their interaction with society.

Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) Biodiversity Data Portal http://www.gbif.org/about_gbif/

GBIF is an open-source global network of data providers who supply species-level primary scientific data and biodiversity information.

Google Image Search http://images.google.com/

Harvard University Herbaria (HUH) specimen database http://asaweb.huh.harvard.edu:8080/databases/specimen_index.html

Index to Plant Chromosome Numbers (IPCN) http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/ipcn.html

Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) http://www.itis.gov/index.html

Hosted by the USGS Center for Biological Informatics (CBI), through the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII).

International Legume Database and Information Service (ILDIS) LegumeWeb (version 10) http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/

IPNI - The International Plant Names Index (nomenclature) http://www.ipni.org/index.html

Mike Crapo, U.S. Senate: ESRA State by State Information http://crapo.senate.gov/issues/cresa/cresa_by_state.cfm?state=nv

Endangered Species Recovery Act (ESRA) information for each state from U.S. Senator Mike Crapo.

Missouri Botanical Garden (MO): W3TROPICOS (nomenclature) http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html

This database also includes information on and some images of type specimens, as well as some distribution data.

National Agricultural Library catalog (AGRICOLA): Titles http://agricola.nal.usda.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?PAGE=sbSearch&SEQ=20070919162750&PID=RrPQWWLF6j9fI8Jj4fkFeGFL-H9f/

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Entrez database http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Database/index.html

Entrez is the text-based search and retrieval system used at NCBI for all of the major databases, including PubMed, Nucleotide and Protein Sequences, Protein Structures, Complete Genomes, Taxonomy, OMIM, and many others.

NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/

NatureServe Explorer is an authoritative source for conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals, and ecological communities of the United States and Canada.

Nevada legislature - Nevada Register of Administrative Regulations http://www.leg.state.nv.us/register/

Nevada Native Plant Society http://heritage.nv.gov/nnps.htm

Nevada Natural Heritage Program - Home Page http://heritage.nv.gov/index.htm

The Nevada Natural Heritage Program, providing biological information for balanced land-use decisions and charting Nevada’s biological health since 1986.

New York Botanical Garden (NY) vascular plant type specimen database http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/hcol/vasc/index.asp

New York Botanical Garden (NY) C.V. Starr Virtual Herbarium http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/vii2.asp

Riverside Metropolitan Museum - Clark Herbarium type database http://www.riversideca.gov/museum/na-clark.asp

Smithsonian Institution - U.S. National Herbarium (US) type specimen database http://botany.si.edu/types/

United Nations Environmental Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNCP-WCMC) CITES species database http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/?displaylanguage=eng/

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) species of conservation concern database.

United Nations Environmental Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNCP-WCMC) species database http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/species/dbases/about.cfm

The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre is the biodiversity information and assessment arm of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The Centre provides objective, science-based ecosystem assessments, support for implementation of environmental agreements, regional and global biodiversity information, research on threats and impacts, and development of indicators and future scenarios for the living world.

University of Nevada, Reno - T & E Plants of the Great Basin http://www.biodiversity.unr.edu/data/threatened_endangered/plants/

University of North Carolina (UNC) Herbarium, type specimen database http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/types.htm

U.S. Department of Agriculture-ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) database http://www.ars-grin.gov/

U.S. Department of Agriculture-NRCS, PLANTS database http://plants.usda.gov/

The home page for the United States Department of Agriculture’s PLANTS Database

U.S. Department of Energy - NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act) Web site http://www.eh.doe.gov/nepa/

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - Environmental Conservation Online System (ECOS) http://ecos.fws.gov/ecos_public/index.do;jsessionid=8FACC9CD03F533C4B31744EB24D2E8DF/

ECOS is a gateway Web site that provides access applications which manage data regarding threatened and endangered species, fisheries, habitat conservation, environmental contaminants, and other ecological data.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - Threatened and Endangered Species System (TESS) database http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/

Virginia Tech, Fish and Wildlife Information Exchange (FWIE) http://fwie.fw.vt.edu/WWW/esis/plants.htm.

Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

Free online media repository.

Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Free online encyclopedia.

Wikispecies http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

Free online species directory.

WorldCat http://www.worldcat.org/account/?page=searchItems

Online global library catalog (click on “Advanced Search” to search by keyword, author, title, and/or subject, or to limit the search results).

Other databases consulted [available only on-site at subscribing libraries and institutions]Biological & Agricultural Index (citation only)

Agricultural and biology citation index.

Biological Sciences (citation only)

Biology abstracts & citations.

BioOne.2

Research journals focused on biological, ecological, and environmental sciences.

BIOSIS Previews (citation only)

Plant, animal, and human biology periodical indexing.

Conference Papers Index (citation only)

Citations to papers and poster sessions presented at major scientific meetings.

Digital Dissertations (Dissertation Abstracts)

Doctoral dissertations and some masters’ theses from almost all North American graduate schools and many European universities; 1997–present full-text, citations & abstracts earlier years.

Ecology Abstracts (citation only)

Current ecology research from a wide range of sources.

Environmental Sciences & Pollution Management (citation only)

All aspects of Environmental Sciences research.

Illustrata Natural Resources

Indexes tables, figures, charts, and illustrations in biological and environmental sciences.

Web of Science (citation only)

Multidisciplinary database with citation search feature.

Synonymy For Ten oF The rare PlanT Taxa

Found In The aSh meadowS naTIonal wIldlIFe reFuge

by Kathleen Capels and Terence Yorks, High Level Researchhttp://www.hlresearch.org/

in cooperation with Frank J. Smith, Western Ecological Serviceshttp://ecocorridors.com/western-ecological.php

Astragalus phoenix Barneby, Madroño 20:395, f. 1 (1970) [published 1971]. Holotype: NY 5656; Isotypes: BRY, RSA, UTC; U.S.A., Nevada: Nye Co., on barren, alkaline, white clay slopes overlooking a dry wash at the east end of Ash Meadows, elevation 2300 feet, T18S R 50E, Sec. 1 or 12, plants forming mat-cushions up to 4 dm across, corolla pink-purple, the banner pale but still anthocyanic; 21 April 1966; Arthur Cronquist 10657.

Calochortus striatus Parish, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1(9):122 (1902). Type [from protologue; no holotype designated]; Isotypes: MO, US; U.S.A., California: [San Bernardino Co.], Mohave Desert, in alkaline meadows at Rabbit Springs, altitude 2700 feet; May 1882; S.B. Parish & W.F. Parish 1342.

Centaurium namophilum Reveal, C.R. Broome & Beatley, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 100(6):353 (1974). Zeltnera namophila (Reveal, C.R. Broome & Beatley) G. Mans., Taxon 53(3):732 (2004). Holotype: US; Isotypes: ARIZ, BRY, CAS, COLO, DUKE, G, GH, K, MICH, MO, NY, OKL, P, RM, RSA, SMU, TEX, UC, UTC, WTU, “and elsewhere”; U.S.A., Nevada: Nye Co., Ash Meadows, in moist soil near spring at the “Collins Ranch”, 1 km south of Devil’s Hole, Death Valley National Monument, along the Ash Meadows road, T 18S, R 50E, Sec. 1, SW 1/4, elevation 700 m; 25 July 1972; Beatley & Reveal 13447. [NOTE: no information about the holotype is listed in the online Botanical Type Specimen Register at US; Mansion’s 2004 article lists the holotype at GH, but the Harvard University Herbaria online Index of Botanical Specimens lists GH 178901 (barcode 72134) as an isotype.]

Cordylanthus tecopensis Munz & J.C. Roos, Aliso [as ‘El Aliso’] 2(3):233 (1950). Holotype: RSA 48170 [RSA 48735 in Consortium of California Herbaria online database]; U.S.A., California: Inyo Co., below Tecopa Hot Springs, elevation 1400 feet, sunny, moist alkaline seep; 9 October 1949; P.A. Munz & G.R. Campbell 14358.

Enceliopsis nudicaulis var. corrugata Cronquist, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 99(5):246, f. 1 (1972) [published 1973]. Holotype: NY 168360; Isotypes: NA, NCU, NTS, NY, OKL; U.S.A., Nevada, Nye Co., about outcrops of a pale, hard limestone which weathers to a whitish, alkaline soil, in Larrea desert above the southwest side of a large playa, about 25 km (airline) southeast of Lathrop Wells, T 17S R 51 E, about Sec. 20, elevation about 730 m, rays 11–23, yellow, disk orange; 20 April 1966; Arthur Cronquist 10648.

Grindelia fraxinipratensis [published as ‘fraxino-pratensis’] Reveal & Beatley, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 98(6):334 (1971) [published 1972]. Holotype: US 2632682 (barcode 8205); Isotypes: “35 sheets will be distributed by US” [includes NCU, OKL]; U.S.A., Nevada: Nye Co., Amargosa Drainage Basin, Ash Meadows, meadow along Ash Meadows road between Devil’s Hole and Ash Meadows Lodge, 0.8 airline miles northwest of lodge, T 18S, R 50E, Sec. 23, SE 1/4, elevation 2160 feet; 21 August 1968; J.L. Reveal & N.H. Holmgren 1887.

Ivesia kingii var. eremica (Coville) Ertter, Syst. Bot. 14(2):244 (1989). Potentilla eremica Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 7(2):76 (1892); Horkelia eremica (Coville) Rydb., [Monograph of the North American Potentilleae], Mem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Coll. 2:147, pl. 89 (1898); Ivesia eremica (Coville) Rydb., N. Amer. Fl. 22(3):286 (1908). Holotype: US 16084 (barcode 36817); U.S.A., Nevada: Nye Co., near Ash Meadows [Watkins’] ranch, about 2 miles east of the ranch, altitude 740 m; 2 March 1891; F.V. Coville & F. Funston 366, Death Valley Expedition.

Mentzelia leucophylla Brandegee, Bot. Gaz. 27(6): 448 (1899). Holotype: UC 108365; Isotype: US; U.S.A., Nevada: Nye Co., Ash Meadows; 1 May–1 October 1898; C.A. Pupus 6032.

Nitrophila mohavensis Munz & J.C. Roos, Aliso [as ‘El Aliso’] 3(2):112, f. 1–3 (1955). Holotype: RSA 89531; Isotypes: CAS, Clark Herbarium at Riverside [Calif.] Metropolitan Museum, COLO, DS, GH, K, MO, NY, RM, UC, US, WTU; U.S.A., California: Inyo Co., open flats of Amargosa Desert, 3 miles northeast of Death Valley Junction along Ash Meadows road, elevation 2050 feet, locally abundant in heavily alkaline mud, with Cordylanthus tecopensis, Distichlis stricta, and Cleomella brevipes; 13 June 1954; J.C. Roos & A. R. Roos 6140.

Spiranthes infernalis Sheviak, Rhodora 91(867):226, f. 1 (1989). Holotype: NYS; U.S.A., Nevada: Nye Co., side of road northeast from Death Valley Junction, 2.4 miles south of turn-off to Devil’s Hole, Ash Meadows, T 18S, R 50E, Sec. 23 (center E edge), elevation 2190 feet, marshy meadow along stream, in sod of Distichlis spicata var. gracilis, with Spartina gracilis and Anemopsis californica; 8 August 1984; C.J. Sheviak 2741a.

Additional Notes:Centaurium namophilum versus Zeltnera namophilum: Many information sources, including

the USDA PLANTS database, list Centaurium namophilum as the accepted name for this species. However, James S. Pringle, the author of the Centaurium treatment for the Jepson Manual (ed. 2; draft treatment available online at http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/tjm2/review/treatments/gentianaceae.html) and for the forthcoming volume 14 in the Flora North America series (anticipated publication ca. 2012), will be using Zeltnera namophilum as the accepted name.

Various online sources (ITIS, NatureServe, and the USDA PLANTS database) do not recognize varieties for Ivesia kingii; they list Ivesia kingii var. eremica as a synonym of Ivesia kingii. Nonetheless, Barbara Ertter will be maintaining Ivesia kingii var. eremica in her treatment of this genus in the forthcoming volume 9 of the Flora North America series.

AbbreviationsAuthors:

G. Mans. = G. MansionRydb. = Rydberg

Publications:Bot. Gaz. = Botanical GazetteBull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. = Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of SciencesBull. Torrey Bot. Club = Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical ClubMem. Dept. Bot. Columbia Coll. = Memoirs, Department of Botany, Columbia College

[University]

N. Amer. Fl. = North American FloraProc. Biol. Soc. Wash. = Proceedings of the Biological Society of WashingtonSyst. Bot. = Systematic Botany

Herbarium abbreviations are from P.K. Holmgren and N.H. Holmgren, Index Herbariorum: A Global Directory of Public Herbaria and Associated Staff. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/.