ASIAN MEDICAL INSTITUTEKANT, KYRGYZSTAN

TOPIC-Pancreas of child

BY

PRABHAT KUMAR KESHAV5TH GROUP,3RD YEARSubject-Pediatrics

Index• Definition• Position• General information• Anatomy• Margins• Histology• Developmental stages• Functions• Clinical relevance• Bibliography

PANCREAS

• DEFINITION-The pancreas , is a glandular organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates.

• POSITION-In humans, it is located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach.

PANCREAS• GENERAL INFORMATION- It is an endocrine

gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide which circulate in the blood. The pancreas is also a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. These enzymes help to further break down the carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the chyme.

PANCREAS• The pancreas is an endocrine organ that lies in the abdomen,

specifically the upper left abdomen. It is found behind the stomach, with the head of the pancreas surrounded by the duodenum. The pancreas is about 15 cm (6 in) long.

• Anatomy-the pancreas is divided into a head, which rests within the concavity of the duodenum, a body lying behind the base of the stomach, and a tail, which ends abutting the spleen. The neck of the pancreas lies between the body and head, and lies anterior to the superior mesenteric artery and vein. The head of the pancreas surrounds these two vessels, and a small uncinat process emerges from the lower part of the head, lying behind the superior mesenteric artery.

PANCREAS

PANCREAS

PANCREAS

MARGIN OF PANCRESAS• The superior margin of pancreas is blunt and flat to the right; narrow and

sharp to the left, near the tail.

• It commences on the right in the tuber omentale, and is in relation with the celiac artery, from which the hepatic artery courses to the right just above the gland, while the lienal artery runs toward the left in a groove along this border.

• The inferior margin of pancreas separates the posterior from the inferior surface;the superior mesenteric vessels emerge under its right extremity.

• The anterior margin of pancreas separates the anterior from the inferior surface of the pancreas, and along this border the two layers of the transverse mesocolon diverge from one another; one passing upward over the anterior surface, the other backward over the inferior surface.

PANCREAS

HISTOLOGY• The pancreas contains tissue with an endocrine and exocrine role, and this

division is also visible when the pancreas is viewed under a microscope.[5]

• The tissues with an endocrine role can be seen under staining as lightly-stained clusters of cells, called islets of Langerhans.[5]

• Darker-staining cells form clusters called acini, which are arranged in lobes separated by a thin fibrous barrier. The secretory cells of each acinus surround a small intercalated duct. Because of their secretory function, these cells have many small granules of zymogens that are visible. The intercalated ducts drains into larger ducts within the lobule, and finally interlobular ducts. The ducts are lined by a single layer of columnar cells. With increasing diameter, several layers of columnar cells may be seen

PANCREAS DEVELOPEMENT

DEVELOPEMENTAL STAGE

Developemental stage

Developemental stages

FUNCTION

• The pancreas is a dual-function gland, having features of both endocrine and exocrine glands.

• The part of the pancreas with endocrine function is made up of approximately a million[8] cell clusters called islets of Langerhans. Four main cell types exist in the islets. They are relatively difficult to distinguish using standard staining techniques, but they can be classified by their secretion: α alpha cells secrete glucagon (increase glucose in blood), β beta cells secrete insulin (decrease glucose in blood), Δ delta cells secrete somatostatin (regulates/stops α and β cells) and PP cells, or γ (gamma) cells, secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

ENDOCRINE

• The islets are a compact collection of endocrine cells arranged in clusters and cords and are crisscrossed by a dense network of capillaries. The capillaries of the islets are lined by layers of endocrine cells in direct contact with vessels, and most endocrine cells are in direct contact with blood vessels, either by cytoplasmic processes or by direct apposition. According to the volume The Body, by Alan E. Nourse,[10] the islets are "busily manufacturing their hormone and generally disregarding the pancreatic cells all around them, as though they were located in some completely different part of the body." The islets of Langerhans play an imperative role in glucose metabolism and regulation of blood glucose concentration

Exocrine--

• The pancreas also functions as an exocrine gland that assists the digestive system. It secretes pancreatic fluid that contains digestive enzymes that pass to the small intestine. These enzymes help to further break down the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (fats) in the chyme.

• In humans, the secretory activity of the pancreas is regulated directly via the effect of hormones in the blood on the islets of Langerhans and indirectly through the effect of the autonomic nervous system on the blood flow.

EXOCRINE

• The exocrine component of the pancreas, often called simply the exocrine pancreas, is the portion of the pancreas that performs exocrine functions. It has ducts that are arranged in clusters called acini (singular acinus). Pancreatic secretions are secreted into the lumen of the acinus, and then accumulate in intralobular ducts that drain to the main pancreatic duct, which drains directly into the duodenum.

Clinical relevance• A puncture of the pancreas, which may lead to the

secretion of digestive enzymes such as lipase and amylase into the abdominal cavity as well as subsequent pancreatic self-digestion and digestion and damage to organs within the abdomen, generally requires prompt and experienced medical intervention.

• It is possible for one to live without a pancreas, provided that the person takes insulin for proper regulation of blood glucose concentration and pancreatic enzyme supplements to aid digestion.

Clinical relevance

• Inflammation.• Cancer.• Diabetes.

BIBLIOGRAPHY------

• HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY• WIKIPEDEA.