asif shuja khan - pak epa.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Presenter:
Asif S. Khan
DG (Pak-EPA)
(Ministry of Environment)
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Air Quality
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AIRNitrogen (78.084%)+ Oxygen (20.946%)+ Carbon Dioxide (0.033%)
Vehicles
Brick Kilns
Natural Dust
Stone
Crushers Industry
Transboundary
Pollution
Domestic
Burning
Bio-mass Burning
Garbage
Burning
COHC
NO NO2
N2OO3HC PM10
SPM
PM2.5
N2O
PM10
SPM
PM2.5PM10
SO2
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Pollution by Steel Furnaces
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Level of Suspended Particulate Matters
PM10
Source: EPD/SUPARCO/NWFP EPA/PAK-EPA
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
834
520
709
895 870
1030
230
Safe Limit
WHO Guidelines:120 g/m3Japanese Standards:200 g/m3
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Islamabad Lahore Karachi Peshawer Quetta
20072008
2009
Particulate matter in Air
PM2.5(micro gram per cubic meter)
Safe Limit 35 ug/m3
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0
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Air Quality
Islamabad
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July 2009
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August 2009
September 2009
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October 2009
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November 2009
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December 2009
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0.00
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100.00
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January 2010
February 2010
March 2010
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April 2010
May 2010
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Lahore 20-10-2009Air Quality Index (AQI)
Good Moderate Unhealthy Severe Hazardous
0 - 25 26 - 50 51 - 100 101 - 200 201 - 300
204.5
Particulate Matter ug/m3
Bad > 35
PM 2.5186.1
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Islamabad
Air Quality Index (AQI)
Good Moderate Unhealthy Severe Hazardous
0 - 25 26 - 50 51 - 100 101 - 200 201 - 300
70.4
Particulate Matter
Bad > 35
PM 2.555.1
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Karachi 20-10-2009
Air Quality Index (AQI)
Good Moderate Unhealthy Severe Hazardous
0 - 25 26 - 50 51 - 100 101 - 200 201 - 300
133.6
Particulate matter ug/m3
Bad > 35
PM2.5
95.2
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PM2.5: 17 g/m3PM2.5: 134 g/m3
Showing visible impact of High Particulate Matter
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Pre-mature deaths: 21,791 people/year
Respiratory diseases: 706,808,732 cases/year
(4.2 episodes/person/year)
Chronic bronchitis: 7,825 cases
Health Impacts
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Health End-Points Attributed Total Cases
Premature mortality adults 21,791
Mortality children under 5yrs 658
Chronic Bronchitis 7,825
Hospital Admissions 81,312
Emergency room visits/ outpatient
hospital visits
1,595,080
Restricted activity days 81,541,893
Lower respiratory illness in children 4,924,148
Respiratory symptoms 706,808,732
(Avg. 4.2 episode/person/year)
Total
Annual Costs of Health Impacts of Ambient Air
Pollution
Source: Pakistan Strategic country Environmental Assessment Report by World Bank, 2006.
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Other Effects of Air Pollution
Haze/smog (fades out colors)
Respiratory Diseases (Caught, irritation of throat very common)
Increased pre-matured deaths due to Heart Attack
High suspended particulates facilitate spreading of air
born bacteria and viruses High suspendedparticulates facilitate formation of fog causing
cancellation of flights and suspension highways
Less agricultural yield
Less Blue Sky Days
Deposition of dust on surfaces
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Vehicles on Road
1980 0.682
1985 1.288
1990 1.990
1995 3.000
2000 4.471
2005 7.084
2007 8.878
2008 9.413
2015 13.127
(Projected)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 2008 2015
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Announced National Environment Policy
Established emission standards
Installed 7 fixed and 3 mobile continuous air quality monitoring system in
federal and provincial capitals and up-gradation of EPAs laboratories
Introduced unleaded gasoline
Reduced Sulphur contents in diesel from 1% to 0.6%
Conversion of 2 million vehicles to CNG Punjab Government Initiated Green Rickshaw program in Lahore
Setup 30 model car tune up stations and set up a revolving fun to promote
energy efficiency in road transport
Establish Ambient Air Quality Standards
Adaptation of EURO-II standards by vehicle manufacturers for petrol vehicles by1st July 2009 and diesel vehicles by 2012ir Program
Approved Pakistan Clean Air Program in the 11th Meeting of the Council
MAJOR STEPS TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT
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Policy to Control Vehicular Pollution
Covered in the National Environmental Policy 2005
3.2 Air Quality and Noise
(e) Regulate vehicular emission
(f) Establish Standards for vehicles at manufacturing stage
(g) Update and enforce fuel specifications
(h) Make use of catalytic convertors in new and in-use vehicles mandatory
(i) Phase out sulphur from diesel and furnace oil
(j) Promote cleaner production technology
(k) Phase out two stroke vehicles
(l) Encourage cost effective inter-city mass transit in major cities(m) promote non-motorized means of travel such as cycling and walking
through provision of adequate walkways and cycle lanes in cities
(n) Establish and enforce standards for ambient noise
(o) Establish emission standards to control noise at source
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Pakistan Clean Air Program
PCAP Establishment of Air Quality Monitoring system Improved Quality of Conventional Fuels
Modern vehicle technology through adoption of Eurostandards
Alternate Clean Fuels LPG, CNG, dual fuel Enforcement of NEQS
Vehicle Emission testing Program Roadside inspection
Fixed Stations
Phasing out 2 stroke vehicles by 2014 Replacement of diesel buses with CNG
Urban plantation
Stopping Garbage burning
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Existing National Environmental Quality
Standards
S.No Parameter Standards (maximum
permissible limit)
Measuring method
1 Smoke 40% or 2 on the RinglemannScale during engine
acceleration mode.
To be compared withRinglemann Chart at a distance of 6
meters or more.
2 Carbon
Monoxide.
Emission Standards :
New Vehicles. Used
Vehicles.
4.5 % 6 %
Under idling conditions: Non-dispersive
infrared detection through gas analyzer.
3 Noise. 85 db (A). Sound-meter at 7.5 meters from thesource.
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Country 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
EuropeanUnion
Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
HongKong,China
Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4
Indiaa Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro
3
Indiab Euro
1Euro 2 Euro 3
Malaysia Euro 1 Euro 2
Nepal Euro 1Philippines
Euro 1
PRC Euro 1 Euro 2Singapore Euro 1 Euro 2
Sri Lanka Euro 1
Taipei,China
US Tier 1 US Tier 2 for dieselc
Thailand Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4
Viet Namd Euro 1 Euro 4
(under consideration)Viet Nam
e Euro 1 Euro 2 Eur
o 3Euro4
ADOPTION OF EURO STANDARDS BY DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
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Required Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Quality
Gasoline DieselStandard
Lead Sulfur (ppm) Sulfur (ppm)
Euro 1 0 NA NA
Euro 2 0 500 500Euro 3 0 150 350
Euro 4 0 50a 50a
Euro 5b NA NA 50a
a : 10 PPM is in the late stages of Adoption by theEuropean Union
b : Heavy Duty Diesel Engines Only
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Agreed Standards & Time Frame
Vehicle
Categories 1st July 2009 1st July 2012*
All petrol driven Euro II -
vehicles
All diesel driven - Euro II
vehicles
*Subject to availability of required quality of fuel by the Ministry
of Petroleum and Natural Resources
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Roadside Checking of Smoke Emitting Vehicles
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A TYPICAL MOTOR VEHICLE INSPECTION SYSTEM
L ANE 1
L ANE 2
L ANE 3
L ANE 4
Computer Test
Report
Computer Test
Report
Computer Test
Report
SLIENCER
TEST
EMMISSION
TEST
LIGHT
TEST
WEEL
TEST
SLIP
TEST
Motor Registration Office
Motor Vehicle Examiner
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