geus xgjs leqnz esa ftUnxhds ckjs esa dSls tkuk\

vkbftd ,sfleksofganh vuqokn% vjfoUn xqIrk

2

HOW DID WE FIND OUT ABOUTTHE DEEP SEA?By: Isaac Asimov

Hindi Translation : Arvind Gupta

3

geus xgjs leqnz esa ftUnxh ds ckjsesa dSls tkuk\vkbftd ,sflekso

fganh vuqokn% vjfoUn xqIrk

1

i`Foh dh lrg dk yxHkx lRrj izfr'kr fgLlk egklkxjksa ls f?kjkgSA i`Foh ij lw[khs tehu okys egk}hiksa dk {ks=kiQy lkxjksa dh rqyuk esa vk/sls Hkh de gSA

gesa egklkxjksa dk fliQZ lrgh Hkkx gh fn[krk gSA

vxj vki ikuh ls Hkjs dakp ds fxykl eas ls ns[ksa rks oks vkidksikjn'khZ fn[ksxkA mlesa ls izdk'k dh fdj.ksa vklkuh ls xqtjsaxhA

vxj ikuh lkiQ gks rks vki fdlh >jus ;k rky dh rygVh dksvklkuh ls ns[k ik,axsA ij vki fdlh cM+h unh ;k rkykc dh rygVh ugha

varfj{k ls i`Foh

4

ns[k ik,axsA vkSj vki lkxj esa ikuh dh rgksa ds uhps rks fuf'pr gh ugha ns[kik,axsA izdk'k dh fdj.kksa dks ikuh dh eksVh rgsa /hjs&/hjs djds lks[k ysrh gSaA

blh dkj.k ,d yEcs vlsZ rd leqnz dh mQijh lrg ds uhps D;kgksrk gS blds ckjs esa yksxksa dks dqN irk ugha FkkA lkxjksa dh xgjkbZ fdruhgksxh] ;k fiQj mudk isank gksxk ;k ugha blds ckjs esa Hkh dksbZ ugha tkurk FkkA

ufn;ksa] rkykckssa vkSj lkxjksa esa thfor izk.kh jgrs gSa ;g yksxksa dks irkFkkA muesa rjg&rjg dh eNfy;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk 'ksyfiQ'k] lhfi;ak vkSj >haxkeNfy;ak Hkh gksrh FkhaA izSx,frgkfld dky esa Hkh yksx eNfy;ak dk Hkkstudjrs FksA cgqr ls LFkkuksa ij leqnzh Hkkstu yksxksa ds [kkus dk cgqr egRoiw.kZHkkx gksrk FkkA

leqnz eas fdruh xgjkbZ rd thfor izk.kh ik, tkrs gksaxs\ D;k gekjsiwoZt eNqvkjksa us dHkh bl ij vpjt fd;k\ dqN ekurs Fks fd eNfy;akleqnz dh rygVh rd feyrh gksaxhA ij blds ckjs esa iDdh rkSj ij dksbZ dSlsekywe djs\

vki pkgsa rks leqnz esa xksrk yxk ldrs gSaA ijUrq vki cgqr xgjkbZrd ugha Mqcdh yxk ik,axs vkSj fiQj ogka cgqr T;knk nsj rd ugha jg ik,axsA

dqN txgksa ij izf'kf{kr xksrk[kksj gksrs gSa tks xgjkbZ esa Mqcdhyxkdj ogak iRFkjksa ls fpidh fo'ks"k izdkj dh lhfi;ksa dks fudkydj ykrs gSaAdHkh&dHkh bu lhfi;ksa esa eksrh fudyrs gSaA

D;ksafd eksrh cgqr dherh gksrs gSa blfy, yksx mUgsa [kkstus dhHkjld dksf'k'k djrs gSaA blds fy, xksrk[kksj 50&iQhV dh xgjkbZ rd Mqcdhyxkdj ogak ikuh ds vanj djhc Ms<+ feuV rd dk le; xqtkj ldrs gSaAbruh nsj esa mUgsa lhfi;ak bdV~Bk djds lakl ysus ds fy, ikuh dh lrg ijfiQj okil vkuk t:jh gksxkA

bu xksrk[kksjksa dks 50&iQhV dh xgjkbZ rd cgqr ls leqnzh thofeyrs FksA ijUrq mlls vf/d xgjkbZ ds ckjs esa fdlh dks dqN ugha irk FkkA

1800 ds vklikl yksxksa us bl loky ds ckjs esa dqN vVdysayxk;haA fcuk dksbZ iz;ksx fd, oks bl urhts ij igqaps fd leqnz dh mQijh rgksads uhps 'kk;n dksbZ Hkh thou u gksA mudk rdZ dqN&dqN ,slk FkkA

lHkh tho vius Hkkstu ds fy, ikS/ksa ij fufHkZr gksrs gSaA dqN thovU; thoksa dks [kkrs gSaa] ijUrq oks tho Hkh ikS/ksa ij vkfJr gSaA blfy, thoksads vU; tho [kkus dk pØ pkgsa fdruk gh yEck D;ksa u gks var esa os ikS/s[kkus okys thoksa ij gh fufHkZr gksaxsA

5

ikS/ksa ds yqIr gksus ls mu ij ftUnk jgus okys tho Hkh Hkw[k ls ejtk,axsA vxj /wi ugha gksxh rks ikS/s mxsaxs ughaA mu thoksa ij fufHkZr jgus okysvU; tho Hkh ej tk,axsA bldk urhtru var esa dksbZ tho ftUnk ugha cpsxkA

;g ikS/s ftUnk dSls jgrs gSa\

ikS/s thfor dSls jgrs gSa\ mUgsa dksbZ [kkdj [kRe D;ksa ugha djrk\ikS/s yxkrkj ubZ dksf'kdk,a cukdj vius rus] iRrksa vkSj tM+ksa dks c<k+rs gSaAblds fy, os gok ls dkcZu MkbZvWkDlkbM] feV~Vh ls ikuh] vkSj ikuh esa ?kqysdqN jklk;uksa dk bLrseky djrs gSaA

bu lkjs rRoksa dks bdV~Bk djds vkil esa feykus ds fy, dqN mQtkZyxrh gS tks mUgsa lw;Z dh /wi ls feyrh gSA /wi ds vHkko esa ikS/s c<+saxs ugha]mxsaxs ughaA vkSj fiQj ekStwnk ikS/ksa tc thoksa }kjk [kkus ds ckn [kRe gks tk,axsrks vkSj ikS/s ugha feysaxs vkSj fiQj tkuoj Hkw[k ls ej tk,axsA vxj lw;Zpeduk can dj ns rks dqN le; ckn i`Foh ij lkjk thou yqIr gks tk,xkA

eksfr;ksa dk xksrk[kksj

6

ij tc rd lw;Z pedrk jgsxk] rc rd ikS/s mxrs jgsaxs vkSj tkuoj thforjgsaxsA

,slk gh leqnz esa gksrk gSA leqnz dh mQijh rgksa esa vla[;ksa NksVs&NksVstho iyrs&iuirs gSaaA bu lw{ethfo;ksa dks fliQZ ekbØksLdksi ls ns[kk tkldrk gSA

NksVs tho mu NksVs thoksa ij ftUnk jgrs gSaaA dqN cM+s tho bu NksVsthoksa ij thfor jgrs gSaA vkSj ;gh pØ tkjh jgrk gSA mu NksVs ikS/ksa ds fcukckdh lHkh tho ej tk,axsA vkSj lw;Z ds izdk'k ds fcuk ikS/s c<+uk can gkstk,axsA

ijUrq lw;Z dh /wi leqnz ds ikuh esa cgqr xgjkbZ rd ugha ?kql ikrhgSA /wi lrg ls fliQZ 250&iQhV dh xgjkbZ rd gh igqap ikrh gS & tks ikS/ksads fodkl ds fy, i;kZIr gksrk gSA blfy, leqnz dh lrg ls 250&iQhV rddh xgjkbZ dks ;wiQksfVd tksu (xzhd esa eryc ^vPNk izdk'k*) dgk tkrk gSA

1800 rd oSKkfudksa dks ;g irk py x;k Fkk fd ikS/ksa dks fodklds fy, izdk'k pkfg,A blfy, ;wiQksfVd tksu & ;kuh lrg ls 250&iQhV lsvf/d xgjkbZ esa ikS/s ugha mxsaxsA vkt ge tkurs gSa fd leqnzksa dh vkSlru

fdyj Ogsy

IySadVu

fØyeNyh

lhy

leqnz dk HkkstupØ IySadVu ls 'kq: gksrk gS

7

xgjkbZ 12]400&iQhV (nks vkSj ,d&frgkbZ ehy) gSA ;wiQksfVd tksu leqnz dhvry xgjkbZ dk ek=k 2&izfr'kr gksxkA

leqnz esa tkuoj ;wiQksVd tksu ls uhps dh xgjkbZ esa rSj dj tkrsgksaxs ijUrq os fiQj Hkh Hkkstu ds cqfu;knh lzks=k ls cgqr nwj ugha tk ik,axsAblfy, 1800 ds vklikl oSKkfudksa dks yxk fd leqnz esa lkjh thou;wiQksfVd tksu vkSj mlls dqN uhps rd gh lhfer gksxkA leqnz dh vryxgjkbZ;ak thoughu gksaxhA

oSKkfud leqnz dh mQijh rgksa esa jgus okys lHkh thoksa ds ckjs esavf/d&ls&vf/d tkuuk pkgrs Fks] ij blds fy, xksrk[kksjh gh lcls vPNkgy ugha FkkA vxj oSKkfudksa us bl xgjkbZ rd Mqcdh Hkh yxkbZ rks Hkh os ogakvius vè;;u ds fy, T;knk nsj Bgj ugha ikrsA

blfy, leqnz esa [kqn xksrs yxkus ds ctk, mUgksaus leqnz ds thoksa dkslrg ij ykus dh ckr lksph xbZA 1770 esa MSfu'k oSKkfud vkWVks ,iQ E;wyj(1730&1784) us leqnzh thoksa dks mQij [khapus ds fy, ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh^Mªªst* cukbZA blesa ,d yksgs ds Úse ds lkFk ,d tky tqM+k Fkk tks ikuh esadkiQh xgjkbZ rd tk ldrk FkkA thfor phtsa bl tky esa iQal tkrha vkSjmUgsa mQij yk;k tkrkA

fczfV'k tho oSKkfud ,MoMZ iQkscZl us (1815&1854) us ̂ Mªªst*ukeds bl midj.k dk liQyrkiwoZd mi;ksx fd;kA 1839 esa mUgksasus blmidj.k ds mQij ,d dfork Hkh fy[kh ftldk lkj dqN ,d izdkj Fkk%

vry xgjkbZ esa tgak ifj;ak lksrh gSa]

gekjh e'khu /hjs&/hjs Mqcdh yxkrh gS

oks ogak pyrs&fiQjrs cs'kdherh thoksa dks

>V ls idM+sxh! ;g ikS/s ftUnk dSls jgrs gSa\

os tho cpus vkSj Hkkxus dh reke dksf'k'ksa djsaxs

oks [kqn dks VqdM+ksa esa ckVsaxs

ij fiQj Hkh mUgsa e'khu dk vkns'k ekuuk iM+sxk

vkSj gekjs Kku dks c<+kus mQij vkuk gh gksxkA

1930 esa iQkscZl us ukFkZ&lh vkSj fczfV'k vkbYl ds vklikl ds leqnzls cgqr leqnzh thoksa dks ckgj [khapkA 1841 esa oks ukS&lsuk ds ,d tgkt dslkFk iwohZ esfMfVjsfu;u x,A ogka mUgksasus leqnz dh xgjkbZ;ksa ls reke thoksa dkslrg ij [khapkA fiQj mUgksaus mu thoksa dk xEHkhjrk ls vè;;u fd;kA muls

8

igys fdlh Hkh oSKkfud us ,slk 'kks/ ugha fd;k FkkA mUgsa ;wiQksfVd tksu lsxgjs ikuh esa Hkh tho feysA felky ds fy, mUgsa pkSFkkbZ ehy dh xgjkbZ lsLVkj&fiQ'k feyhaA

iQkscZl us vusdksa oSKkfud ipsZ fy[ks ftleas mUgksaus leqnz esavyx&vyx xgjkbZ;ksa ij feys thoksa dk o.kZu fd;kA mUgksaus fn[kk;k fd tSlsfd tehu ij vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij vyx iztkfr ds isM+&ikS/s vkSj thofeyrs gSa oSlk gh leqnz eas vyx&vyx xgjkbZ;ksa ij gksrk gSA

mUgksaus ;g Hkh fn[kk;k fd leqnz esa vyx&vyx xgjkbZ;ksa esavyx&vyx iztkfr;ksa ds tho feyrs gSaA

iQkscZl dks leqnz dh lrg ls 1800&iQhV (,d&frgkbZ ehy) rddh xgjkbZ rd thou ds y{k.k feysaA ;g mUgsa leqnzh thou dh lhek yxhA1843 esa Nih fdrkc esa mUgksaus 1800&iQhV dks thou feyus dh lhek ekukAmuds vuqlkj leqnz esa mlls T;knk xgjkbZ ij dksbZ thou ugha FkkA

mUgksaus bl lhek ls uhps ds {ks=k dks ,tkSbd tksu cqyk;kA xzhd esabldk eryc gksrk gS ^thoughu*A vxj iQkscZl dh ckr lp gksrh rks85&izfr'kr leqnz thou&foghu gksrkA

,MoMZ iQkscZl

9

2 rkj vkSj cgko

tc iQkscZl leqnz ds eq[;r% thou&foghu gkssus dk ,syku dj jgs Fksmlh le; 1800&iQhV ds uhps thou u gksus dh ckr dk [kaMu gqvkA

1840 rd [kksft;ksa dks ;g irk py x;k Fkk fd nf{k.kh /zqo dsvklikl dk bykdk ,d ciQhZyk egk}hi Fkk tgak dHkh fdlh balku us iSjrd ugha j[kk FkkA

,d fczfV'k [kksth tsEl DykdZ jkWl (1800&1862) vius tgktksa dksigyh ckj ml egk}hi ds ikl ys x;kA 1841 esa mls vaVkdZfVdk egk}hi dsikl ,d [kkM+h fn[kkbZ nh tks rc ls jkWl&lh ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA

jkWl] nf{k.k /qzo ds ikl fLFkr bl vthcks&xjhc fo'kky tehu dsVqdM+s dh fdukj js[kk ukius ds dke ls vlarq"V FkkA mlus mlds vklikl dsegk}hi dh vf/d&ls&vf/d tkudkjh bdV~Bh djus dh BkuhA

jkWl igyk O;fDr Fkk ftlus leqnzksa dh xgjkbZ tkuus dh dksf'k'kdhA mlus ,d yEcs vkSj etcwr rkj (dscy) ls ,d Hkkjh otu cak/k vkSj

iQkscZl }kjk mi;ksx fd;k ^Mªªst*

10

mls leqnz esa yVdk;kA mls mEehn Fkh fd otu leqnz ds isans dks tkdj Nq,xkAjkWl us ^Mªªst* dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k vkSj blls oks 2400&iQhV dh xgjkbZ rd lsleqnzh thoksa dks lrg ij ykus esa liQy gqvkA ;g yxHkx vk/s ehy dhxgjkbZ Fkh & vkSj iQkscZl }kjk ,syku dh xbZ 1800&iQhV dh lhek ls dghaT;knk FkhA

ijUrq jkWl ds 'kks/ dk dksbZ [kkl iQdZ ugha iM+kA ,d dkj.k rks Fkkfd jkWl dk 'kks/ ;wjksi ls cgqr nwj fLFkr Fkk vkSj blfy, ;wjksi ds oSKkfudksaus mls vklkuh ls utjankt fd;kA ckdh oSKkfudksa dk iDdk ekuuk Fkk fd;wiQksfVd {ks=k ds uhps dh xgjkbZ;ak thou&foghu gksaxhA blfy, mUgksaus jkWl ds'kks/ ij dksbZ è;ku ugha fn;kA

ij rc rd leqnz dh xgjkbZ tkuus esa yksxksa dh jQfp tx pqdh FkhAij mldk leqnz dh xgjkbZ;ksa esa thou gS ;k ugha blls dqN ysuk&nsuk ughaFkkA

1844 esa vejhdh vkfo"dkjd lSE;wy ,iQ ch ekslZ (1791&1872)us lcls igyh VsfyxzkiQ ykbu dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ml ykbu ds rkj ckYVheksj]esjhySaM ls ysdj okf'akxVu Mh lh rd dh 40&ehy dh nwjh rd x,A

igyh ckj lans'kksa dks yEch nwfj;ksa rd lsdaMksa esa Hkst ikuk lEHkogqvkA tYn gh vejhdk vkSj vU; ns'kksa esa VsfyxzkiQ ds rkj [kEHkksa ij yxusyxsA

tsEl DykdZ jkWl

11

ij dqN LFkku ,d&nwljs ls] tehu dh ctk, ikuh ls tqM+s gksrs gSaAij ikuh esa [kEHks xk<+uk vkSj mu ij rkj yxkuk lEHko u FkkA ij rkjksa dksokWVjizwiQ djds muds dsfcYl cuk, tk ldrs Fks ftUgsa ikuh dh rygVh esafcNk;k tk ldrk FkkA 1840 esa igyh ckj gMlu vkSj feflflih ufn;ksa esadsfcYl fcNk, x,A

1850 esa bafXy'k pSuy vkSj vk;fj'k&lh esa Hkh dsfcYl fcNk, x,Abl rjg baXySaM VsyhxzkiQ }kjk Úakl vkSj vk;jySaM ls tqM+sA

ij lcls cM+h leL;k Fkh ,VyakfVd egklkxj esa 3000&ehy yEckdscy fcNkukA blls ;wjksi vkSj vejhdk vkil esa VsyhxzkiQ ls tqM+ tkrsA

;g ,d cgqr egRoiw.kZ ckr gksrhA mnkgj.k ds fy, 1814 esa fczVsuvkSj vejhdk us ?ksaV] csfYt;e esa ,d 'kakfr dh laf/ ij gLrk{kj dj] 1812ds ;q¼ dks [kRe djus dk le>kSrk fd;k FkkA ij ftl tgkt }kjk ;gtkudkjh Hksth xbZ mls fczVsu ls vejhdk igqapus esa 6 lIrkg yxsA mldsigqapus ls igys 8 tuojh 1815 dks U;w vkSjysUl dh tax fNM+ xbZA ;g ,dcgqr [krjukd vkSj Hk;kog yM+kbZ FkhA ;g yM+kbZ ;q¼ lekIr gksus ds cknyM+h xbZA

,VyakfVd egklkxj esa dscy fcNus ds ckn ,slh xyrh nqckjk fiQjdHkh ugha nksgjkbZ tkrhA

lSE;wy ,iQ ch ekslZ

12

,sls dscy dks liQyrkiwoZd fcNkus ls igys egklkxj ds isans dsckjs esa tkudkjh gkfly djuk t:jh FkkA isank fdruk xgjk Fkk\ D;k okslery Fkk\ yksxksa dks jkWl }kjk 'kq: fd, dke dks tkjh j[kuk FkkA mUgsa otuyxs rkjksa dks leqnz esa Mqcksdj muls xgjkbZ ekywe djuh FkhA ;g fof/^lkmafMx* dgykrh gSA

1860 esa fczfV'k tgkt cqyMkWx us ,VyakfVd egklkxj esa ^lkmafMx*tkjh j[kh ftlls fd ,VyakfVd dscy dk liuk liQy gks ldsA blls igys1857 vkSj 1858 esa dscy dks fcNkus ds iz;kl foiQy gq, FksA

cqyMWkx tgkt ij ,d fczfV'k MkDVj tktZ lh oWkfyp(1815&1889) lokj FksA mudk dke leqnzh thou ds ckjs esa [kkstchu djukFkkA vDVwcj esa ,d rkj ds dscy dks tgkt esa mQij [khapk x;kA ;g LFkku,VyakfVd egklkxj esa LdkVySaM vkSj nf{k.kh xzhuySaM ds eè; esa fLFkr FkkA

lkmafMax ykbu leqnz esa 7560&iQhV (Ms<+&ehy) dh xgjkbZ rd xbZAykbu tc mQij vkbZ rks mlds fupys fgLls esa 13&LVkjfiQ'k fpidh FkhaA oksLVkjfiQ'k ejh ugha Fkha vkSj leqnz dh rygVh ls ugha vk;ha FkhaA oks ,dneftUnk FkhaA

okfyp us bl ckr dk rqjUr ,syku fd;k fd leqnzh tho BaMs ikuhdh va/sjh xgjkbZ;ksa esa Hkh ftUnk ik, tkrs gSa & tgka ikS/s ugha gksrsA

bl ckj Hkh oSKkfudksa us bl ckr dks utjankt fd;kA bl vdsys]vutqM+s rF; dks utjankt djuk vklku FkkA leqnz ds ckjs esa oSKkfud tksdqN tkurs Fks bldk mlls dqN lEcU/ ugha FkkA blfy, mlls eqag iQsjukvklku FkkA

ij lc yksxksa us bl ?kVuk dks utjankt ugha fd;kA muesa ,dLdWkfV'k tho'kkL=kh Fks & pkYlZ MCyw FkkWelu (1830&1882)A mudh leqnzh

xgjkbZ ls feyh LVkjfiQ'k

13

thou esa xgjh jQfp FkhA vkSj oks iQkcZl }kjk lq>kbZ lhek dk lnk ds fy,[kaMu djuk pkgrs FksA

mudk ,d fe=k Fkk tks fczVsu dh jkW;y lkslk;Vh dk mikè;{k FkkAjkW;y lkslk;Vh fczVsu dh lcls egRoiw.kZ oSKkfud laLFkku FkhA nksuksa us feydjleqnzksa dh xgjkbZ ij ,d oSKkfud 'kks/ ds fy, jkW;y lkslk;Vh dks /ujkf'knsus ds fy, rS;kj fd;kA

1868 esa Fkkelu ,d tgkt & ykbVfuax ij lokj gksdj mRrjh,VyakfVd egklkxj dh vksj pysA

mlus bl loky dk fuf'pr gy fudkykA iQkscZl dh 1800&iQhVdh lhek ds uhps ls tho&tarq bdV~Bk djrs gq, mls reke rjg ds thofeysA vkSj blls 1800&iQhV ds uhps leqnz thou foghu gksrs gSa ;g ckr lnkds fy, [kafMr gqbZA iQkscZl dh lhek lnk ds fy, yqIr gqbZA

Fkkelu us ,d egRoiw.kZ ubZ [kkst dh tc mlus leqnz dhvyx&vyx xgjkbZ;ksa ij ikuh dk rkieku ekikA

rc rd ;g ekuk tkrk Fkk fd xgjkbZ esa fLFkr lkjs ikuh dkrkieku 4&fMxzh lsfYl;l (39&fMxzh iQSjugkbV) gksrk gSA

4&fMxzh lsfYl;l ij ikuh lcls vf/d l?ku gksrk gSA bl rkiekuij ikuh dh ,d fuf'pr ek=kk mlls de ;k vf/d rkieku ds ikuh ls HkkjhgksxhA blfy, 4&fMxzh lsfYl;l dk ikuh Hkkjh gksus ds dkj.k leqnz esa MwcsxkvkSj rygVh ij iM+k jgsxkA

pkYlZ MCyw FkkWelu

14

Fkkelu us ik;k fd leqnz esa ikuh dk rkieku ,d&xgjkbZ ij]ysfdu vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij vyx gksrk gSA dbZ LFkkuksa ij mlus ikuh dks4&fMxzh lsfYl;l ls dgha vf/d xeZ ik;kA

;g xeZ ikuh dgka ls vkrk gksxk\ leqnz dh rygVh rks mQ"ek dklzks=k ugha gks ldrhA de ls de ogka ,slh xehZ dHkh ugha fn[khA bldkeryc gS fd ;g ikuh mQijh ijrksa ls gh vk;k gksxkA ;kuh leqnz esa ikuh dh/kjk,a gksaxh tks mQij dk xeZ ikuh xgjkbZ rd ys tkrh gSaA blh rjg dh vU;/kjk,a] xgjkbZ dk BaMk ikuh mQij lrg rd ys tkrh gSaA

oSKkfudksa dks leqnz esa lrgh /kjkvksa ds ckjs esa igys ls gh irk FkkAdqN /kjk,a lrgh ikuh dks /zqoksa ls m".k izns'kkas (VªkfiDl) rd ykrh gSa vkSjfiQj mls okil ys tkrh gSaA vc mUgsa ;g irk pyk fd dqN /kjk,a lrg lsisans rd ikuh ys tkus&ykus dk dke djrh gSaA bldk eryc iwjs leqnz esaikuh ds cgus dk flyflyk tkjh jgrk gS vkSj mlds dkj.k gh ;wiQksfVd tksuds uhps Hkh tho&tarq ik, tkrs gSaA

leqnz ds lrgh ikuh esa gok dh vkDlhtu ?kqy tkrh gSA leqnzhtho&tarq ikuh esa ?kqyh blh vWkDlhtu ij ftUnk jgrs gSaaA ikuh dh /kjk,a blvWkDlthu dks leqnz ds ry rd ys tkrh gSaA blls leqnz esa gjsd xgjkbZ ijjgus okys izkf.k;ksa dks vWkDlhtu feyrh gSA

leqnz esa /kjk,a

BaMh /kjk,axeZ /kjk,a

15

ijUrq leqnz esa cgqr xgjkbZ ij tgka ikS/s ugha mxrs ogak ds izkf.k;ksadks Hkkstu dSls feyrk gS\

ogak ;g gksrk gS%

tc dksbZ tho fdlh ikS/s ;k vU; izk.kh dks [kkrk gS rks mldk ,dVqdM+k VwV dj uhps Mwc ldrk gSA dHkh&dHkh ;wiQksfVd {ks=k ds ikS/s vkSj izk.khejus ds ckn uhps Mwcrs gSaA

tSls&tSls ;g phtsa tks dHkh ftUnk Fkha leqnz esa Mwcrh gSa oSls&oSlsxgjkbZ esa jgus okys izk.kh mUgsa [kkrs gSaA fupyh xgjkbZ;ksa esa jgus okys izk.khHkh f'kdkj gksus ds ckn ;k ejus ds ckn vkSj uhps dh vksj Mwcrs gSaA

bl rjg leqnz esa mQij ls uhps dh vksj yxkrkj thfor vkSj [kkus;ksX; inkFkZ Mwcrs jgrs gSaA bUgas NksVs izk.kh [kkrs gSa] ftUgsa cM+s izk.kh [kkrs gSavkSj mUgsa muls Hkh cM+s tho [kkrs gSaaA var esa ;g [kkus ;ksX; inkFkZ leqnz dsry rd igqaprs gaSA

leqnz dh rygVh esa bl Hkkstu dks ogak ij jsaxus okys tho [kkrs gSa;k fiQj ogak thfor cSDVhfj;k (thok.kq) mls fBdkus yxkrs gSaA

vxj ,slk gksrk rks lrgh ikuh ds lkjs thounk;h jklk;u /hjs&/hjsdjds leqnz dh rygVh esa tkdj bdV~Bk gks tkrsA /hjs&/hjs djds leqnz dsry esa mudh ek=kk c<+rh vkSj var esa mQijh lrgksa ij ;s lkjs jklk;u [kRegks tkrsA fiQj lrg ij thou yhyk lekIr gks tkrhA

lrg ij iSnk gksus okys ikS/ksa ij gh iwjk leqnzh thou fuHkZj gSA buesals dqN ikS/s lrg ij gh [kk fy, tkrs gSa vkSj dqN Mwcus ds nkSjkuA vxjlrg ds lkjs jklk;u leqnz ds isans esa igqap tkrs rks mlls leLr egklkxj dhthou yhyk [kRe gks tkrhA

tks inkFkZ isans rd igqqaprs gSa oks ogka lnk ds fy, ugha jgrs gSaA ;kndjsa fd ikuh dh /kjk,a lrg ls ry rd ikuh ykrh gSa] oks ry ls lrg rdikuh okil ys tkrh gSaA

blfy, mQij vkus okyh ikuh dh /kjk,a isans ls jklk;uksa dks okillrg rd ykrh gSaA mQij vkus okys jklk;uksa dks ;wiQksfVd {ks=k ds izk.kh viusfodkl ds fy, mi;ksx djrs gSaA lw{ethoh] ikS/s [kk&[kkdj viuh la[;kc<+krs gSaA vkSj ;g flyflyk blh rjg yxkrkj tkjh jgrk gSA

vxj ikuh dh /kjk,a leqnz esa yxkrkj mQij&ls&uhps vkSjuhps&ls&mQij eaFku vkSj mFky&iqFky ugha dj jgh gksrha rks i`Foh ij thoulEHko u gks ikrkA lcls igys thou dk mn~xe leqnz esa gh gqvk vkSj ogak ls

16

gh djksM+ksa lky ckn izk.kh i`Foh ij vk,A blfy, vxj leqnz esa thou ugha'kq: gqvk gksrk rks fiQj geas i`Foh ij ;g lc thou yhyk ns[kus dks ughafeyrhA

,d NksVh lh [kkst & fd leqnz esa vyx&vyx xgjkbZ;ksa ij ikuhdk rkieku vyx&vyx gksrk gS ,d egRoiw.kZ [kkst lkfcr gqbZA

mQij ls uhps fxjrk Hkkstu(fMªty biQSDV)

17

3 pSysatj tgkt }kjk vUos"k.k

1869 esa Fkkelu ,d nwljs tgkt & ikSjD;wikbZu esa 'kks/ ij fudysAbl ckj oks ikSus&rhu ehy dh xgjkbZ ls fofHkUu izdkj ds tho&tarq ykus esaliQy gq,A Fkkelu dks yxus yxk fd bl izdkj ds tho&tarq leqnz dh gjsdxgjkbZ vkSj mldh rygVh rd esa feysaxsA

ij leqn vkf[kj fdruk xgjk Fkk\ Fkkelu dks blds fy, vlyh'kks/ djus dh t:jr eglwl gqbZA oks ,d ,slk vUos"k.k pkgrs Fks tks i`Fohds lHkh egklkxjksa dk nkSjk dj fofHkUu txgksa vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa 'kks/dk;ZdjsA dsoy fczVsu ds vklikl ds }hiksa rd gh 'kks/ dks lhfer u jgsA

bl ckj bl eqfge dks u dsoy jkW;y lkslk;Vh ijUrq fczfV'k ukSlsuk& tks ml le; nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h ukSlsuk Fkh] dk Hkh lg;ksx feykA fczfV'kukSlsuk dk leqnzksa esa ncnck Fkk vkSj fczVsu dh ljdkj vius fo'kky lkezkT; dsfoLrkj ds fy, ukSlsuk dk Hkjiwj mi;ksx djrh FkhA ukSlsuk] leqnz dks ftrukvf/d tkurh oks viuk dke mruk gh csgrj vatke nsrhA blfy, ukSlsuk usFkkelu ds 'kks/ esa fgLlk ysus dh BkuhA

7 fnlEcj 1872 dks pSysUtj uke ds tgkt esa Fkkelu jokuk gq,Avxys lk<+s&rhu lky rd oks tgkt leqnzh ;k=kk djrk jgkA pSysUtj us lHkhegklkxjksa dh 80]000 ehy ls T;knk yEch ;k=kk dhA mlus dqy feykdj 362LFkkuksa ij leqnz dh xgjkbZ ukihA iz'kkUr egklkxj & lcls cM+k gksus dslkFk&lkFk lcls xgjk fudykA ogka dbZ LFkkuksa ij leqnz lk<+s&pkj ehy ls HkhT;knk xgjk FkkA

leqnz ds xgjs&ls&xgjs Hkkx esa ls tgkt ls phtsa fudkyus dhdksf'k'k dhA gj ckj tho&tarq fudy dj vk,A

leqnz dh xgjkbZ ls tks tho&tarq fudy dj ckgj vk, oks lrghtho&tarqvksa tSls gh Fks & eNfy;ak] LVkjfiQ'k] ØsfiQ'k] lhfi;ak vkfnA mudhiztkfr;ak lrgh thoksa ls dqN vyx Fkha ij oks muls dksbZ [kkl vyx ugha FksA

,slk yxk tSls thou us 'kqjQvkr leqnz dh lrg ij dh gks vkSjfiQj oks /hjs&/hjs tehu tSls gh leqnz dh xgjkbZ esa iQSyk gksA leqnz dh xgjkbZesa dqN tho&tarqvksa dk vkdkj&izdkj FkksM+k vyx t:j fn[kk] tSlk fd /jrh ij Hkh gqvk] ijUrq bu lHkh iztkfr;ksa dks vklkuh ls igpkuk tk ldrkFkkA

Fkkelu dks 1876 esa foKku esa fo'ks"k ;ksxnku ds fy, ukbZVgqM dh

18

mikf/ iznku dh xbZA fiQj mUgksaus dbZ iqLrdsa fy[kha ftlesa mUgksaus pSysUtj dsvuqHko dk lfoLrkj o.kZu fd;kA iqLrd dbZ [kaMksa esa Nih ij vafre [kaMNius ls igys Fkkelu dh e`R;q gks xbZA e`R;q ds le; mudh vk;q fliQZ 52lky dh FkhA

Fkkelu dh otg ls gh vkt gesa irk gS fd leqnz dh xgjkbZ esa Hkhthou ik;k tkrk gSA xgjkbZ;ksa esa lrg dh vis{kk de tho&tarq gksrs gSaA vkSj,slk gksuk Bhd Hkh yxrk gSA

xgjkbZ esa jgus okys lHkh tho&tarq Hkkstu ds fy, mQij ls fxjusokyh [kkus ;ksX; phtksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA ftruh T;knk xgjkbZ gksrh gS mruhgh mQij ls fxjus okys Hkkstu dh ek=kk de gksrh tkrh gS vkSj ogak mrus ghde tho&tarq feyrs gSaA rygVh esa jgus okys thoksa dks [kkus dks lcls var esafeyrk gSA

leqnz dh vry xgjkbZ;ksa esa jgus okys reke tho ,sls gksrs gSa tksT;knk pyrs&fiQjrs ugha gSa & tSls LikfUtl] LVkjfiQ'k] lh&vjfpu]lh&fyyht] lh&dqdEclZ vkfnA D;ksafd pyus&fiQjus esa mQtkZ [kpZ gksrh gSvkSj bl mQtkZ ds fy, i;kZIr ek=kk eas Hkkstu miyC/ gksuk t:jh gksrk gSAvkSj leqnz dh rygVh esa cgqr de gh Hkkstu feyrk gSA

ij leqnz dh xgjkbZ;ksa esa ,slh eNfy;ak t:j feyrh gSa tks rSjrh gSaij cgqr /heh xfr lsA leqnz dh xgjkbZ esa feyus okyh lcls e'kgwj eNyh gS,axyjfiQ'kA

,l ,l pSysUtj

19

,axyjfiQ'kksa dh djhc 210 vyx&vyx iztkfr;ak gSa vkSj muesa lslcls cM+h yxHkx 4&iQhV yEckbZ dh gksrh gSaA T;knkrj NksVh gksrh gSaA

oSls rks ,axyjfiQ'k gekjh tkuh igpkuh eNfy;ksa tSlh gh gksrh gSa &ij dqN vuwBh gksrh gSaA felky ds fy, dqN ij pedus okys /Ccs gksrs gSaAtkuojkas dh ,slh dbZ iztkfr;ak gSa tks jklk;fud izfd;kvksa }kjk vius 'kjhj dsfdlh fgLls esa izdk'k iSnk djrh gSaA olar esa tqxuqvksa dk jkr esa pedukbldk vPNk mnkgj.k gSA

leqnz dh xgjkbZ;ksa esa dbZ tho vius 'kjhj ij fo'ks"k uewuksa esapedhys /Ccs iSnk djrs gSaA blls vklikl ds L;kg va/sjs esa dqN mtkyk rksugha gksrkA bu pedhys /Ccksa dk izdk'k cgqr ean gksrk gS vkSj mlls vkliklds va/sjs ij dksbZ iQdZ ugha iM+rk gSA

ij mlds ckotwn /Ccs vo'; fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA 'kk;n bu /Ccksa lsml fo'ks"k iztkfr ds uj&eknk ,d&nwljs dks ns[k ikrs gksa vkSj igpku ikrsgksaA

,axyjfiQ'k

lh

dqdEcj

us=kghu eNyh

fczfVy LVkj lh&vjfpu

xgjs leqnz ds tho

20

xgjkbZ esa jgus okyh dqN eNfy;ksa dh cgqr cM+h vak[ksa gksrh gSaftuls oks bu gYds izdk'k ds pdRrksa dks Hkh igpku ysrh gSaA tks eNfy;akpedhys /Ccs ugha fodflr dj ikbZ gSa mudh vDlj vak[ksa Hkh ugha gksrh gSaAoks vDlj leqnz dh rygVh esa Hkkstu ryk'krh gSa ;k laHkksx ds fy, viuhiztkfr dh vU; eNfy;ksa dks [kkstrh gSaA

,axyjfiQ'k dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk gS mlds xyiQM+s dh mQijh lrgdk igyk dakVkA ,axyjfiQ'k esa ;g dakVk xyiQM+s ls vyx gksdj eNyh dsflj ij fLFkr gksrk gSA dakVs ds fljs ds var ij ,d eakl dk VqdM+k yVdkgksrk gS tks fdlh dhM+s tSls fgyrk&Mqyrk gSA dqN vU; iztkfr;ksa esa ;gVqdM+k ,d NksVh eNyh tSlk fn[krk gSA vkSj gak] ;g VqdM+k ges'kk pedrkjgrk gSA

cgqr ls thoksa dks ;g pedhyk fgLlk ,d Hkkstu ds VqdM+s tSlkutj vkrk gS vkSj os mldh vksj rSjrs gSaA ikl vkus ij ,axyjfiQ'k viukcM+k eqag [kksy dj mUgsa fuxy tkrh gSA ,axyjfiQ'k dk yVdrk VqdM+k viusHkkstu dks vkdf"kZr djus dh ,d pky yxrk gSA oks fcYdqy eNyh idM+usokyh calh tSlk ,d midj.k gSA eNyh idM+us okyh calh ds uke ij gh bleNyh dk uke ,axyjfiQ'k iM+k gSA

dqN ,axyjfiQ'kksa esa eknk] uj dh vis{kk cgqr cM+h gksrh gSA tc uj,axyjfiQ'k dks ;qok eknk fn[krh gS rks oks mldh ihB dks dkVrk gSA fiQj eknkds ftUnk jgus rd uj mlh fLFkfr esa jgrk gSA vc uj&eknk nksuksa dh jDr/kjk,a vkil esa feyrh gSaA mlds ckn uj dk dksbZ Lora=k otwn ugha jgrkA okseknk dk gh ,d vax cu tkrk gS vkSj mlds vaMksa dks iQy;qDr (iQVhZykbt)djrk gSA

,axyjfiQ'k

ckSuk uj

21

blls xgu va/sjs esa ,axyjfiQ'k dh laHkksx ds fy, lkFkh [kkstus dhleL;k gy gks tkrh gSA uj dks cl ,d ckj gh eknk ryk'kuh gksrh gS vkSjmlds ckn mls vkxs dqN ugha djuk gksrk gSA

dHkh&dHkh vry xgjkbZ esa jgus okyh eNyh dks ,d cM+k Hkkst[kkus dk volj feyrk gSA mls ;k rks vius tSlh dksbZ cM+h eNyh fn[krh gS;k fiQj Hkkstu dk dksbZ cM+k VqdM+k mQij ls vkrk gSA bu voljksa ij eNyhdks pqLrh ds lkFk mls [kRe djuk gksrk gSA

xgjkbZ esa jgus okyh dqN eNfy;kas dks ^xYilZ* dgrs gSaA mudk'kjhj vkSj iwaN yEch vkSj iryh gksrh gS & dHkh&dHkh 6&iQhV yEchA blirys ls 'kjhj ds vkxs ,d cM+k lk flj gksrk gS & tks vly eas ,d cM+keaqg gksrk gSA ^xYilZ* dh dqN iztkfr;ksa esa flj vkSj eqag dk eki 'kjhj vkSjiwaN ls T;knk yEck gksrk gSA

tc ^xYilZ* ds ikl dksbZ cM+h pht vkrh gS rks oks viuk fo'kkyeqag [kksydj mls fuxyrh gSA Hkkstu fiQly dj mlds isV esa tkrk gS tks,dne jcj ds xqCckjs tSlk iQwy tkrk gSA ogak Hkkstu /hjs&/hjs iprk gSA^xYilZ* ,d ,slk tho gS tks vius ls cM+s tho dks fuxy ldrk gSA

,d vPNs Hkkstu ls ^xYilZ* dh Hkw[k dkiQh le; ds fy, feVtkrh gSA

xYij eNyh Hkkstu [kkus ls igys vkSj mlds ckn

22

4 fLdfoM~l vkSj dks;ykdSUFkl

,axyjfiQ'k vkSj xYilZ tSls izk.kh ns[kus esa Hkn~ns vkSj muds eqagMjkous yxrs gSaA vDlj mudk vkdkj NksVk gksrk gS vkSj os leqnz dh vryxgjkbZ;ksa esa jgrs gSaA muls euq";ksa dks u rks dHkh dksbZ [krjk Fkk vkSj u gSA

ij leqnzh nSR;ksa ds ckjs esa reke dgkfu;ak izpfyr gSaA

bruk vo'; gS fd leqnz esa fo'kkydk; Ogsy eNfy;ak gksrh gSa tks/jrh ij ik, tkus okys fdlh Hkh tho ls cM+h gksrh gSaA 'kk;n ,slh Ogsyksa usgh balku eas leqnzh nSR;ksa dh dYiuk dks tUe fn;k gksA

lcls cM+h Ogsy gksrh gS Cyw&OgsyA vkt rd ikbZ xbZ lcls cM+hCyw&Ogsy dh yEckbZ 104&iQhV vkSj otu 150&Vu dk FkkA ,d Cyw&Ogsy dkotu 15&gkfFk;ksa ls Hkkjh gks ldrk gSA mldh Hkkj i`Foh ij tUes lcls cM+sMk;usklkSj ls nqxuk gks ldrk gSA

lp rks ;g gS fd Cyw&Ogsy i`Foh ij vkt rd ik;k x;k lclscM+k izk.kh gSA ;g Hkh laHko gS fd leqnz dh xgjkbZ;ksa esa blls ls Hkh cM+s thogksa ftUgsa ge u rks vHkh rd idM+ ik, gSa vkSj u gh mudk vè;;u djik, gSaA

yksxksa us leqnz esa nSR;ksa dks dHkh&dHkkj ns[kk gSA ;wukuh feFkdksa esavDlj ^gk;Mªk* uked nSR; dk o.kZu vkrk gSA mldks gjD;wyht ls ekjkA^gk;Mªk* dh ukS xnZus Fkha ftuds var esa ,d fo"kSyk flj FkkA fiQj ^Ldk;yk*Fkk ftldh Ng yEch xnZusa Fkha vkSj muds var esa Ng flj Fks tks yxkrkjdqRrksa tSls HkkSadrs FksA fiQj ^esM;wlk* Fkh ftlds ckyksa ds LFkku ij ftank lakiFksA

lEHkor% ;g lHkh nSR; cM+h tsyhfiQ'k ;k vkDVksil ds vkdkjksa lsizsfjr gq, gksaA bu thoksa ds lakiksa tSls rUrq gksrs gSa tks /jrh ij iSjksa okyspkSik;ksa dh rqyuk eas yksxksa dks cgqr Mjkous yxrs gSaA

,d fo'kky rUrqvksa okys leqnzh nSR; dk o.kZu LdSfUMusfo;k ds dbZys[kdksa us fd;k gSSA muesa ls ukSjos ds e'kgwj ys[kd ,Wfjd ikSuVkibgMku(1698&1764) gSa tks ogak ctZu 'kgj ds fc'ki FksA

1752 esa mUgksasus ^, uSpqjy fgLVjh vkWiQ ukSjos* uked iqLrd fy[khftleas mUgksaus ØSdu uked nSR; dk o.kZu fd;kA muds o.kZu ds eqrkfcdØSdu dk 'kjhj xksykdj Fkk vkSj mldh ifjf/ dksbZ Ms<+&ehy dh FkhA mldscgqr yEcs rUrq FksA bl o.kZu ls ØSdu rUrqvksa dks vxj NksM+ Hkh nsa rks Hkh

23

2500&iQhV yEck gksxk vkSj mldk Hkkj yxHkx ,d gtkj Cyw&Ogsyksa ftrukgksxkA

ikSuVkibgMku ds vuqlkj ml nSR; ds rUrq viuh vkxks'k esa cM+s lscM+s tgkt dks yisVdj mUgs ikuh ds vanj [khap ysrs FksA

brus cM+s nSR; dh dYiuk djuk eqf'dy gSA ij blds ckotwn LieZOgsYl ds isV esa vDlj cM+s yEcs rUrq feyrs gSaA

Cyw&OgsYl vkSj vU; cM+h OgsYl vDlj cgqr NksVs&NksVs tho [kkrhgSaA oks vius fo'kky eqag dks [kksydj ,d lkFk lSdM+ksa xSyu ikuh fuxyrh gSatks muds eqag ds dksus esa Ogsy&cksu dh Nyuh ls xqtjrk gSA Nyuh esa cpsNksVs thoksa vkSj eNfy;ksa dks Ogsy fuxy ysrh gSA

dbZ Ogsyksa ds nakr gksrs gSa ftlls oks vU; tkuojksa dk eakl uksapldsaA buesa lcls cM+h LieZ&Ogsy gksrh gSA LieZ&Ogsy dh yEckbZ 67&iQhV vkSjmldk otu 80&Vu rd gks ldrk gS & tks Cyw&Ogsy dk yxHkx vk/k gksxkA

D;k ge LieZ&Ogsy us fdlh ØSdu ds rUrqvksa dks ukspus dhdYiuk dj ldrs gSa\

bldh lEHkkouk cgqr de yxrh gSA fc'ki ikSuVkibgMku us ØSduds o.kZu dh rqyuk esa LieZ&Ogsy cgqr NksVh gksxhA ;g lEHko gS fd ØSdu uso.kZu cgqr c<+k&p<+k dj fd;k gks\

oSls fLdfoM uke ds tho Hkh gSa ftudk vkDVksil ds lkFk fj'rk gSAmuds cM+s flj vkSj yEcs rUrq gksrs gSaA os rsth ls rSjrs gSaA yksxksa dks vkerkSjij NksVh fLdfoM fn[krh gSa ij dHkh&dHkkj fo'kky fLdfoM Hkh ns[kh x;h gSaA

;g fo'kky fLdfoM lkekU;r% lrg ls vk/s ehy dh xgjkbZ esa

Cys&Ogsy] Mk;uklkSj vkSj gkFkh ds rqyukRed vkdkj

24

jgrh gSa vkSj dHkh&dHkh gh lrg ij vkrh gSaA LieZ&Ogsy vk/k&ehy dkxksrk yxkrh gSa vkSj bl xgjkbZ esa vk/s&?kaVs rd jg ldrh gSaaA 'kk;n ;gMqcdh oks fo'kky fLdfoM ds f'kdkj ds fy, yxkrh gSaA

1953 esa ,d fo'kky fLdfoM MsuekdZ ds leqnzh rV ij feyhA bllsigys fd oSKkfud mldk vè;;u djrs mls yksxkas us Hkkstu ds dkV MkykA

blh izdkj dh vU; jiVsa Hkh vkrh jghaA 1861 esa ,d fo'kkyfLdfoM dks gkjiwu (Hkkys) ds tfj, f'kdkj dj ,d tgkt ij [khapk x;kA1870 bl izdkj dh dbZ vkSj [kcjsa feyhaaA vc oSKkfudksa us fo'kky fLdfoMds ftUnk gksus dh ckr dks LohdkjkA ØSdu ds feFkd ds ihNs fo'kky fLdfoMds gksus dh ckr mUgsa taphA

bruk vo'; gS fd lcls fo'kkyre fLdfoM Hkh ØSdu dk eqdkcykugha dj ldrhA fo'kky fLdfoM fcuk vakrfjd dadky okyk vkt rd ik;kx;k okyk lcls cM+k tho gS & de ls de otu ds fygkt lsA dqNtsyhfiQ'k mlls Hkh yEch gksrh gSa ij mudk Hkkj cgqr gYdk gksrk gSA

lcls cM+h fo'kky fLdfoM dh yEckbZ 50&iQhV ls T;knk ugha gksrhAvkSj blesa lcls yEck fgLlk muds rUrqvksa dk gksrk gSA lcls cM+h fo'kkyfLdfoM dk Hkkj 2&Vu ls vf/d dk ugha gksrk] tks fd xsaMs ds Hkkj dkdjhc vk/k gksxkA

vkt rd iSnk gq, lHkh thoksa esa 'kk;n fo'kky fLdfoM dh vak[ksalcls cM+h gksaxh & mudk eki 15&bap O;kl dk gksrk gSA mldh rqyuk esaCyw&Ogsy dh vak[k dsoy 5&bap dh gksrh gSA

LieZ Ogsy ,d fo'kky fLdfoM dk f'kdkj djrs gq,

25

D;k fo'kky fLdfoM vkSj Cyw&Ogsy ls Hkh Hkhedk; thoksa dk leqnzds fdlh fNis Hkkx esa gksuk lEHko gS\ gj le; fo'kky leqnzh lakiksa dh [kcjsafeyrh jgrh gSa & fo'ks"kdj LdWkVySaM ds rkykc ykWp usl esaA

vxj leqnzh laki gksaxs Hkh rks Hkh oks brus cM+s ugha gksaxsA ;g lEHkogS fd u, leqnzh tho [kkst ds nkSjku feysa ijUrq Cyw&Ogsy ds lcls cM+s izk.khgksus dk fjdkMZ VwVuk eqf'dy gSA

Hkhedkj vkdkj ds vykok Hkh leqnz esa vusdksa vU; vuwBh phtsa gSaA

25 fnlEcj 1938 dks nf{k.k vÚhdk esa eNyh idM+us ds nkSjku,d 5&iQhV yEch vuwBh eNyh idM+ esa vkbZA mlds xyiQM+s lh/s 'kjhj lstqM+us dh ctk, eakl ds xksyksa ls tqM+s FksA

yanu dh E;wft;e ds ,d fo'ks"kK us eNyh dks fdukjs ij vkus dsckn gh ns[kkA mlus mldk fp=k cukdj tsEl ,y ch fLeFk (1897&1968)uke ds oSKkfud ds ikl HkstkA mUgksaus rqjUr ml ^lhyksdSUFk* dks igpkufy;kA ;g ,d izdkj dh tkuh&igpkuh eNyh Fkh vkSj ,slk le>k tkrk Fkkfd 7&djksM+ o"kZ igys oks yqIr gks pqdh FkhA oks lhyksdSUFk ej xbZ Fkh vkSjmls iQsad fn;k x;kA

fLeFk us v[kckjksa esa b'rgkj Niokdj iwohZ vÚhdk esa eNqvkjksa lsbl izdkj dh eNyh dks [kkstus dh vihy dhA vkSj vxj oks ,slh eNyh dksidM+ ik,a rks rqjUr fLeFk dks [kcj djsaA nqHkZkX;o'k rHkh f}rh; egk;q¼ 'kq:gks x;k vkSj fiQj cjlksa rd dksbZ ckr vkxs ugha c<+hA

1952 esa ,s vU; lhyksdSUFk idM+h xbZ vkSj 1970 rd dkseksjks }hi& tks eSMkxkLdj ds mRrjh&if'pe esa fLFkr gS] ds vklikl ds djhc lkB

lhyksdSUFk

26

lhyksdSUFk idM+ esa vk;haA ;g eNfy;ak u rks yqIr gqbZ Fkha vkSj u gh budksidM+uk cgqr nq'okj dke FkkA oks leqnzh lrg ls djhc 1000&iQhV xgjkbZ ijjgrh Fkha vkSj cgqr de gh lrg ij vkrh FkhaA

lhyksdSUFk eNfy;ksa ml lewg dh lnL; gS ftUgksaus 30 djksM+ o"kZigys leqnz NksM+dj/jrh ij vkØe.k fd;kA oSKkfudksa dh bu ftUnk eNfy;ksa ds vè;;u esaxgjh jQfp FkhA

5 ioZr vkSj [kkbZ;ak

pSysUtj tgkt ds vUos"k.k ds ckn yxHkx 50 lky rd leqnz dhxgjkbZ;ksa ij vkSj dksbZ u;k 'kks/ ugha gqvkA oSKkfud b/j&m/j leqnz dhxgjkbZ ukius ds fy, ^lkmafMx* ds vykok vkSj Hkyk dj Hkh D;k ldrs Fks\ehyksa yEch ykbZu dks leqnz esa Mkyuk vkSj fiQj mls mQij [khapuk ,deqf'dy dke FkkA vkSj ;g djus ls D;k gkfly gksrk\ fliQZ] fo'kky egklkxjesa ,d fcanq dh xgjkbZA

vxj bl izdkj dh gtkjksa ^lkmafMaXt* Hkh dh tkrha (ftuesa cjlksayxrs) mlls vki dks leqnz esa dqN gtkj fcanqvksa dh xgjkbZ gh irk pyrhAbu fcanqvksa ds chp leqnz dk ry ds ckjs esa fiQj Hkh ugha irk pyrkA blfy,tc rd leqnz esa jLlh yVdkus ls dksbZ csgrj rduhd ugha fodflr gksrh rcrd leqnz dh xgjkbZ ds ckjs esa vkSj vf/d tkudkjh gkfly djus dk dksbZvkSfpR; ugha FkkA

,slh ,d ubZ [kkst izFke egk;q¼ ds nkSjku gqbZA Úsap HkkSfrd'kkL=khikWy ygSutoSu (1872&1946) ml le; nq'eu dh iuMqfCc;ksa dks [kkstus ij'kks/ dj jgs FksA

ygSutoSu vly esa ,d vU; Úsap HkkSfrd'kkL=kh fi;js D;wjh(1859&1906) ds Nk=k FksA 1880 esa fi;sjs us ik;k fd vxj fdlh fØLVy esarsth ls cnyrk gqbZ fo|qr /kjk izokg dh tk, rks mlesa cgqr rhoz dEiugksrs gSaA bu dEiukas ls èofu dh rjaxs mRiUu gksrh gSaA rjaxs D;ksafd cgqr NksVhgksrh gSa blfy, oks yksxksa dks lqukbZ rd ugha nsrhaA ,slh èofu dks vYVjklkmaMèofu dgrs gSaA

lkekU;r% èofu dh rjaxs c<+rs gq, iQSyrh gSa vkSj fdlh oLrq lsVdjkus ij eqM+ tkrh gSaA ij vYVjklkmaM èofu rjaxs lh/h js[kk esa c<+rh gSa

27

vkSj fdlh oLrq ls Vdjkus ds ckn ijkofrZr gksdj mlh iFk ij okil ykSVrhgSaA

ygSutoSu us vYVjklkmaM dEiu }kjk iuMqfCc;ksa dks [kkstus dkiz;kl fd;kA mlus rjaxksa dh ,d fdj.k dks ikuh esa ls HkstkA 'kk;n oksiuMqCch ls Vdjkdj okil vk,A okil vkus okyh ijkofrZr fdj.k dh igpkuls iuMqCch dh fn'kk dk irk yxsxhA vxj ikuh esa èofu dh xfr ekywe gksrks ijkofrZr èofu ds okil vkus dk le; iuMqCch dh lgh nwjh crk,xkA

bl izdkj ds midj.k dks fn'kk&funsZ'k (uSfoxs'ku) ds fy, mi;ksxfd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd mlls lkeus vkus okyh jQdkoVksa dk irk pyrk gSAbls jsfUtax dgrs gSaA jQdkoV fdruh nwj gS muls ;g Hkh irk pyrk gSA blhotg ls bl midj.k dk uke ^lkmaM uSfoxs'ku ,aM jsfUtax* ;kuh ^lksukj*iM+kA

tc rd ygSutoSu dk midj.k iwjh rjg rS;kj gqvk rc rd izFkeegk;q¼ lekIr gks pqdk FkkA blfy, vc ^lksukj* dk 'kakfr ds dkeksa esami;ksx gqvkA vxj vYVjklkmaM dEiuksa dh fdj.k dks leqnz esa uhps dh vksjHkstk tk, rks oks ry ls Vdjkdj okil vk,xhA fdj.k ds okil vkus ds

izfrèofuèofu dh rjaxsa

fjlhojVªkalfeVj

leqnz dk ry

lksukj dSls dke djrk gS

28

le; dks ukius ls leqnz ry dh xgjkbZ dk lgh vuqeku yxk;k tk ldsxkA

leqnz esa otu ca/h jLlh dks Mqcksus vkSj fiQj mls fudkyus dseqf'dy dke ls ^lksukj* dgha vklku FkkA vxj tgkt ds pyrs ^lksukj* pkywjgs rks vkidks iwjs jkLrs esa leqnz dh xgjkbZ ekywe iM+ tk,xhA

^lksukj* lcls igys ,d teZu tgkt ^ehfV;ksj* esa yxkA

gqvk ;g fd teZu jlk;u'kkL=kh fÚVt gscj (1868&1934) dksleqnz ds ikuh esa ls lksuk fudkyus dk fiQrwj lokj gqvkA izFke egk;q¼ esagkj ds ckn teZuh dks fot;h ns'kksa dks lksus esa naM pqdkuk FkkA gscj dks yxkfd leqnz eas lksus ds eaFku ls teZuh bl ftEesnkjh ls mcj ik,xkA

ehVs;ksj tgkt dk dke gscj dh dYiuk dh iqf"V djuk FkkA 1922esa tgkt ikuh esa mrjkA gscj dk liuk tYn gh pdukpwj gks x;kA leqnzhikuh esa cgqr vYi ek=kk esa gh lksuk ?kqyk gksrk gSA lksus dks leqnz ds ikuh lsfudkyuk cgqr eagxk lkfcr gksxkA

ij ehVs;ksj tgkt us ^lksukj* dh lgk;rk ls leqnz dh xgjkbZ dsvakdM+s ,df=kr fd, ftuls leqnz dh le> esa Øakfrdkjh cnyko vk;kA

nf{k.kh vejhdk

feM&,VyakfVd fjt

mRrjh

vejhdk ;wjksi

vÚhdk

29

mlls igys oSKkfud leqnz dh rygVh dks yxHkx lery ekurs FksAij ehVs;ksj ds 'kks/ us vryakfrd egklkxj ds eè; esa ioZr gksus dh iqf"VdhA 1925 rd ehVs;ksj us vryakfrd egklkxj esa ,d fo'kky ioZrJ`a[kyk dsgksus dh iqf"V dh tks tehu ij fLFkr ioZrksa ls dgha mQaps Fks! bls ioZrekykdks feM&,VyakfVd fjt cqyk;k tkrk gSA

^lksukj* ds 'kks/ ls ckn esa irk pyk fd feM&,VyakfVd fjt vU;egklkxjksa esa Hkh iQSyh gS vkSj njvly ;g ,d feM&vksf'kfud fjt gSA

ftl izdkj leqnz esa ioZr gksrs gSa tks rygVh ls mQij mBrs gSa mlhrjg leqnz esa ?kkfV;ak ;k [kkbZ;ak Hkh gksrh gSa tks leqnz ds vkSlru Lrj ls uhpsgksrh gSaA

;g ?kkfV;ak leqnz dh rygVh esa ek=k xM~<s ugha gksrsA bu oØ {ks=kksadks VªSUp cqykrs gSa vkSj ;g }hiksa dh J`a[kyk egklkxjksa dh lhekvksa ds fdukjsij gksrh gSA

f}rh; egk;q¼ ds ckn ls leqnz dh rygVh dk vkSj xEHkhj vè;;ugqvk vkSj fofHkUu ?kkfV;ksa dh lgh xgjkbZ ukih xbZA ,d vU; tgkt pSysUtj(Fkkelu ds lEeku esa j[kk uke) us 'kks/ }kjk egklkxjksa ds lcls xgjs Hkkxdks nf{k.kh iz'kkUr egklkxj esa fLFkr ik;kA

pSysUtj dks fiQfyihUl ls 1500&ehy iwoZ esa fLFkr efj;kukt }hids ikl leqnz ds lcls xgjs gksus dk irk pykA efj;kukt }hi dk lcls cM+k

vÚhdk

;wjksi

vÚhdk

mRrjh vejhdk

nf{k.kh vejhdk

,f'k;k

30

vkSj nf{k.k fLFkr }hi dk uk xqoke gSA 1898 ls ;g }hi vejhdk ds dCts esagSA

xgjs ikuh dh bl [kkbZ dks ^ekfj;kukt VªSUp* cqyk;k tkrk gSA mldslcls xgjs Hkkx dks pSysUtj tgkt ds lEeku esa ^pSysUtj Mhi* cqyk;k tkrkgSA ;g xqoke ls 250&ehy nf{k.k&if'pe esa fLFkr gSA 1951 esa bldh xgjkbZukih xbZ tks 35760&iQhV ;k ikSus&lkr ehy xgjh fudyhA vxj i`Foh dslcls mQaps ioZr ekmaV ,ojsLV dks pSysUtj Mhi esa [kM+k fd;k tkrk rks mldhpksVh ds mQij lok ehy rd leqnzh ikuh gksrk!

1959 esa ,d :lh tgkt foR;kt us mlds ikl gh dqN T;knk xgjk36198&iQhV xgjk LFkku [kkstkA

6 egklkxjksa ij 'kks/ djus okys yksx

leqnz ij u, 'kks/ us fiQj ,d loky [kM+k fd;kA D;k leqnz dhlcls xgjh [kkbZ;ksa esa Hkh tho&tarq ik, tkrs gSa\

vc tgkt vkSj vf/d xgjkbZ ls tho&tarqvksa dks mQij ykus dsiz;kl esa FksA 1947 esa LohfM'k tgkt ,ycSVjkWl mRrjh vryakfrd egklkxjesa 5&ehy dh xgjkbZ ls tho&tarq yk;kA 1952 esa MSfu'k tgkt xkykfFk;kdjhc 6&ehy dh xgjkbZ ls izk.kh mQij yk;kA

bruh vf/d xgjkbZ ls mQij yk, tho cgqr nsj rd thfor ughajgsA bu tho&tarqvksa dk lgh vè;;u muds izkd`frd ekgkSy esa gh djukBhd gksxkA mlds fy, bl vry xgjkbZ esa tkuk gksxkA ;g dSls lEHko gksxk\

D;k ikuh ds vanj rSjus okys tgkt cukuk lEHko gksxk & ,d LVhydk can cDlk tks euethZ ls ikuh ds vanj b/j&m/j vk&tk lds\

ikuh ds vanj de&ls&de dqN nsj ds fy, rSj ldus okys igyktgkt dksjuhfy;l oku Mjsfcy (1572&1634) us 1620 esa cuk;kA mlusydM+h vkSj peM+s ls cus bl 12&iQhV yEcs tgkt dks ikuh ds vanj rSjkusdk iz;kl fd;kA 1801 esa vejhdh vkfo"dkjd jkWcVZ iQqYVu (1765&1815) uslcls igyk Hkki dk tgkt cuk;kA mlus uSiksfy;u cksukikVZ ds fy, ukSVsyluke dh iuMqCch cukbZA ij oks ukSiksfy;u ds dke u vkbZA

mldks ikuh esa b/j&m/j ys tkus&ykus esa eqf'dy vkbZA vki pkgsarks mlesa ,d Hkki pfyr batu yxk ldrs FksA ijUrq mlls tYn gh iuMqCchdh lkjh gok [kRe gks tkrhA

31

1870 esa foKku xYidFkkvksa ds e'kgwj ys[kd twYl ouZ us yksdfiz;iqLrd fy[kh & ^V~osUVh FkkmQtsUM yhXl vaMj n lh* ftlesa mUgksaus jkWcVZiQYVu }kjk fufeZr iuMqCch ukSfVyl ds ,d la'kksf/r laLdj.k dh dYiuk dhAblls izsj.kk ikdj vkfo"dkjd vius 'kks/ eas tqV x,A

var esa 1866 esa baXySaM esa ,d iuMqCch dk btkn gqvk (mldk Hkhuke ukSVsyl j[kk x;k)A ;g iuMqCch fctyh dh cSVfj;ksa }kjk pfyr FkhAcSVfj;ksa ls iuMqCch vklkuh ls ikuh esa b/j&m/j rSj ldrh FkhA ij mlscSVfj;ak pktZ djus ds fy, vDlj lrg ij vkuk iM+rk FkkA ij fiQj Hkh okspkftZUx ls igys 80&ehy dh nwjh r; dj ldrh FkhA

izFke egk;q¼ ls igys tax esa 'kkfey lHkh ns'k iuMqfCc;ksa dkmi;ksx dj jgs FksA

f}rh; egk;q¼ ds ckn ls vk.kfod iuMqfCc;ak cukus dk dke 'kq:gqvkA cSVfj;ksa dks jhpktZ djus ds fy, vk.kfod iuMqfCc;ksa dks ikuh dh lrgij vkus dh dksbZ t:jr ugha FkhA vk.kfod iuMqfCc;ak leqnz ds vanj cgqrle; rd jg ldrh FkhaA

1955 esa vejhdk us igyh vk.kfod iuMqCch dk mn~?kkVu fd;kAbl ckj fiQj mldk uke ukSfVyl j[kk x;kA :l us igyh vk.kfod iuMqCch1959 esa] baXySaM us 1963 esa cukbZA

vk.kfod iuMqfCc;ksa us ciQZ ds uhps ncs vkdZfVd egklkxj dkliQj fd;k gSA dbZ iuMqfCc;ksa us fcuk lrg ij vk, iwjh i`Foh dh ifjØekdh gSA oks rhu eghuksa rd vklkuh ls ikuh ds vanj jg ldrh gSaA

;w ,l ,l ukSfVyl & igyh vejhdh vk.kfod iuMqCch

32

lk/kj.k iuMqfCc;ak ikuh ds vanj 8310&iQhV (Ms<+&ehy) dh xgjkbZrd tk ldrh gSaA ij dqN vU; iuMqfCc;ak vkSj T;knk xgjkbZ rd tk ldrhgSaA

bl chp leqnz esa vkSj xgjkbZ rd Mqcdh yxkus okys midj.k cuusyxsA buesa lcls igys midj.k dks vejhdh izÑfr'kkL=kh pkYlZ fofy;e chch(1877&1962) us mi;ksx fd;kA

chch dk midj.k ek=k ,d cM+h LVhy dh xsan Fkh ftlesa nks yksxcSB ldrs FksA mldk dop Ms<+&bap eksVk Fkk vkSj cSBus dh txg fliQZ54&bap pkSM+h FkhA mldk otu <kbZ&Vu dk Fkk vkSj mls ikuh ds tgkt ls,d LVhy ds dscy }kjk ikuh esa mrkjk tk ldrk FkkA vxj fdlh dkj.ko'kdsfcy VwV tkrk rks fiQj LVhy dk xksyk lh/s leqnz dh rygVh esa igqaprkvkSj mls fudkyus dk dksbZ lk/u ugha FkkA

chch us bls csfFk'iQh;j uke fn;k (;kuh xgjkbZ dh xsan)A

1934 esa chch vkSj mlds lkFkh vksfVl ckWjVu dks leqnz dh lrg ls3028&iQhV uhps yVdk;k x;kA 1948 eas ckWjVu us mlls Hkh etcwr ,d vkSjcsfFk'iQh;j cuk;k ftlls fd oks 4500&iQhV dh xgjkbZ rd x;kA ogak eksVsdakp dh f[kM+dh vkSj Ñf=ke izdk'k esa oks ikuh dh xgjkbZ esa tho&tarqvksadks muds izkÑfrd ifjos'k esa ns[k ik;kA

dqy feykdj csfFk'iQh;j dh enn ls leqnz esa 30&xgjs xksrs yxk,x,A ij mlls tks dqN fd;k tk ldk oks lhfer FkkA

fofy;e chch

vksfVl ckWjVu

vkSj mudk csfFk'iQh;j

(vxLr 11] 1930)

33

t:jr Fkh ,d ,sls midj.k dh ftls [kqn dh mQtkZ ls Mqcks;k tklds ;k lrg ij yk;k tk lds vkSj tks leqnz dh vry xgjkbZ;ksa esa lqjf{krtk ldsA

fLol oSKkfud vkSxLr fidkMZ (1884&1962) blh izdkj dsmidj.k ds lius ns[k jgk FkkA 1930 esa fidkMZ gYds xqCckjksa ls yVdh ,dLVhy dh Vksdjh esa cSBdj gok esa 10&ehy dh mQapkbZ rd mM+ pqdk FkkA dqyfeykdj mlus xqCckjksa dh lgk;rk ls mQijh ok;qeaMy esa liQyrkiwoZd 27mM+kus Hkjh FkhaA

1933 ds f'kdkxks fo'o esys esa fidkMZ dh eqykdkr chch ls gqbZAmlds ckn ls fidkMZ mYVh fn'kk esa ;kuh leqnz dh xgjkbZ ds vUos"k.k ds ckjseas xEHkhjrk ls lkspus yxkA

xqCckjksas ls gok esa ,d LVhy dh xksyk yVdkus dh ctk, mls ikuheas yVdk,a ftlls fd oks mQij Hkh vk ldsA mlus cSfFkLdkiQ (xgjkbZ dstgkt) dk btkn fd;kA

cSfFkLdkiQ ds nks fgLls FksA mQijh fgLlk flxkj ds vkdkj dk Fkkftlesa rsjg Vafd;ak FkhaA X;kjg iVªksy ls Hkjh Fkha vkSj nks [kkyh FkhaA D;kasfdiVªksy ikuh ls gYdk gksrk gS blfy, ikuh essa Mqcksus ij iVªksy dh Vafd;ak mQijvkus dk iz;kl djsaxhA

cSfFkLdkiQ ds fupys fgLls esa ,d csfFk'iQh;j gksxk ftlesa oSKkfudvkSj muds midj.k gksaxsA cSfFkLdkiQ dk fMtk;u bl izdkj dk Fkk fd okscsfFk'iQh;j ds Hkkj dks mBk ldsA

nks [kkyh Vafd;ksa dks [kksydj leqnz ds ikuh ls Hkjk tk ldrk FkkAikuh ds vfrfjDr Hkkj ls cSfFkLdkiQ leqnz esa Mwc tkrkA oks Mwc dj leqnz dhrygVh rd tk igqaprkA

vxj oks cgqr rsth ls Mwcrk rks csfFk'iQh;j esa Hkjh 13&Vu Hkkj dhyksgs dh NksVh xksfy;ksa dks /hjs&/hjs djds NksM+k tk ldrk FkkA bllscsfFk'iQh;j FkksM+k gYdk gksrk vkSj /heh xfr ls MwcrkA i;kZIr ek=kk esa yksgsdh xksfy;ksa dks NksM+us ls csfFk'iQh;j leqnz dh lrg ij okil vk tkrkA

cSfFkLdkiQ ds ,d ckj uhps&mQij pDdj yxkus ds ckn mldhVafd;ksa esa ls leqnz dk ikuh fudky dj yksgs dh xksfy;kas dh ubZ lIykbZ Hkjhtk ldrh FkhA blls oks leqnz esa vxys xksrs ds fy, rS;kj gks tkrkA

fidkMZ dks viuk cSfFkLdkiQ cukus ds fy, f}rh; egk;q¼ lekIrgksus dk bartkj djuk iM+kA 1948 esa mldk igyk ekWMy rS;kj gqvkA mlesa

34

ijh{k.k vkSj lq/kj ds ckn ,d u;k ekWMy cuk;k x;kA ;g ekWMy 15 iQjojh1954 dks rS;kj gqvkA if'peh vÚhdk ds rV ls nks Úsap ukS&lsuk ds viQlj13287&iQhV (<+kbZ ehy) dh leqnzh xgjkbZ rd x, vkSj fiQj lqjf{kr lrg ijvk,A

1953 esa cSfFkLdkiQ dk ,d csgrj ekWMy cuk ftldk uke Fkk &VªsbLVA 1958 esa bls vejhdh ukS&lsuk us [kjhn fy;kA mls dSfyiQksfuZ;k ystk;k x;k vkSj mlesa vU; lq/kj fd, x,A fiQj ml ij ,d cM+k ijh{k.kfd;k x;kA

mls lh/k ekfj;kuk VªSUp esa Hkstk x;kA mlesa vkSxLr fidkMZ ds csVstSD;w fidkMZ (1922&) vkSj ,d vU; vejhdh ukS&lsuk ds viQlj MWkuokY'k lokj FksA

23 tuojh 1960 dks lqcg 8 ct dj 20 feuV ij VªsbLV35810&iQhV (ikSus&lkr ehy) dh xgjkbZ esa ekfj;kuk VªSUp dh rygVh rdx;k vkSj ogak dh eqyk;e feV~Vh ij tkdj fVdkA rygVh dh feV~Vh ds ikuhesa fey tkus ls dqN nsj ds fy, ikuh esa dqN fn[kkbZ ugha fn;k ij fiQj lclkiQ gks x;kA fiQj nksuksa 'kks/drkZvksa dks lpZykbZV ls ,d&bap yEch jsM&f'kzEirSjrh fn[kkbZ nhA mUgsa ,d vU; ,d&iQqV yEch eNyh Hkh fn[kkbZ nhA

blls igys Hkh oSKkfudksa dks leqnz dh rygVh esa tho&tarqvksa ds

ysiQVhusUV MWku okY'k

vkSj tSD;w fidkMZ

VªsbLV ls fudyrs gq,

35

gksus dk irk FkkA ij vc leqnz dh lcls vf/d xgjkbZ esa izk.kh gksus dklk{kkr izek.k lkeus FkkA

cSfFkLdkiQ us mlds ckn yksgs dh xksfy;ksa dks ckgj iQsaduk 'kq:fd;k vkSj oks /hjs&/hjs djds mQij lrg rd mBkA nksuksa yksx 'kke 5 ctsrd ;kuh ukS ?kaVs ckn lk<+s rsjg ehy dk ,d csgn [krjukd liQj r; djdsokil vk,A

n VªsbLV

36

D;k leqnz dh vry xgjkbZ;ksa esa xksrk yxkus okys yksxksa ds fy,dqN vU; vk'p;Z vHkh ckdh gSa\

gak] fcYdqyA i`Foh dh mQijh lrg (ØLV) vyx&vyx IysV~l esacaVh gSA IysVsa tgak ,d&nwljs ls feyrh gSa oks detksj LFkku gksrs gSaA dqNtxgksa ij ^gkWV LikV~l* gksrs gSa tgak i`Foh ds uhp dh xehZ dHkh&dHkh budetksj LFkkuksa ls mQij vk ldrh gSA 1965 esa igyh ckj bu ^gWkV LikV~l* dsgksus dk vanktk yxk vkSj 1970 esa mQij vk jgh xeZ ikuh dh /kjkvksa dsvè;;u ls mUgsa igpkuk x;kA (mQij&uhps dh /kjk,a ^gWkV LikV~l* ds fcukHkh pyrh jgrhaA ij ^gWkV LikV~l* ls mUgsa lgk;rk feyrh gSA)

1977 dh 'kqjQvkr esa oSKkfudksa us xgjkbZ esa xksrk yxkus okyhiuMqCch dh lgk;rk ls ^gkWV LikV~l* ds uhps dh leqnzh tehu dk fujh{k.kfd;kA ;g LFkku xSykiksxl }hi ds iwoZ vkSj dSfyiQksZfu;k dh [kkM+h ds eqag dslehi FkkA bu ^gWkV LikV~l* ij mUgsa fpefu;ak fn[kkbZ nha ftuls xeZ /qa, dslkFk feV~Vh mQij vk jgh FkhA vkSj blls vklikl ds ikuh esa yo.k ?kqy jgsFksA

bu yo.kksa esa xa/d dh vf/d ek=kk gksrh gSA bu ^gWkV&LikV~l* dsvklikl dk {ks=k fo'ks"k izdkj ds cSDVhfj;k ls Hkjk Fkk tks viuh lkjh mQtkZizdk'k dh ctk, xa/d vkSj xehZ ls iSnk djrs FksA NksVs tho bu cSDVhfj;k dks[kkrs vkSj cM+s tho NksVs thoksa dks Hkkstu cukrsA

;g ,d u, izdkj dk Hkkstu pØ Fkk tks leqnz dh lrg ij izdk'kfufeZr ikS/ksa dh mQtkZ ij fufHkZr ugha FkkA ;g Hkkstu pØ lw;Z ds izdk'k dsvHkko esa Hkh fVdk jg ldrk gSA blds fy, t:jh gS fd i`Foh dh xrZ lsyo.k vkSj xehZ yxkrkj ckgj fudyrh jgsA ij ;g lc ^gWkV&LikV~l* dsvklikl gh lEHko gSA

oSKkfudksa dks lhfi;ak] ØSc vkSj fofHkUu izdkj ds dhM+s feys ftuesals dqN cgqr cM+s vkdkj ds FksA ;g fo'ks"k izdkj dh iztkfr;ak gSa tks jklk;uksals ;qDr ikuh esa ftUnk jgrh gSaA vU; iztkfr;ksa ds fy, ;g ikuh ?kkrdlkfcr gks ldrk gSA

blls vkidks vanktk yxk gksxk fd vHkh Hkh gesa leqnz dh xgjkbZ esajgus okys izkf.k;ksa ds ckjs esa cgqr dqN vkSj tkuuk gSA

37

var

xSykiksxl }hi ds ikl V~;wc oeZ