ask a geologist: plate tectonics...slide courtesy of: roy schlische 90 ma: late cretaceous. ask a...
TRANSCRIPT
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Ask a Geologist:Plate Tectonics
By: Christian Rowan
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About MeChristian Rowan ● I am a graduate student in the
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences.
● I study structural geology.● I like to hike and camp. ● My favorite landscape features
are mountains!
Ask A Geologist Series
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Plate Tectonics ● Earth’s surface is
broken up into large plates
● These plates move very slowly by processes deep in the Earth
Ask A Geologist Series
NASA
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Ask A Geologist Series
North American Plate
NASA
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Ask A Geologist SeriesUSGS
Earth’s Structure
Crust(0-100 km)
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Ask A Geologist SeriesUSGS
Earth’s Structure
Mantle (2,900 km)
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Ask A Geologist SeriesUSGS
Earth’s Structure
Core (6,378 km)
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Ask A Geologist Series
Lithosphere (“rocky+sphere”)● Crust + upper most solid mantle● Made up of rock (rigid, hard)
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Ask A Geologist Series
Asthenosphere (“weak+sphere”)● Upper mantle● Solid but capable of flowing (like Jell-O!)
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Ask A Geologist Series
The lithosphere “floats on” the asthenosphere due to differences in the properties of the solid (rigid vs. putty-like solid).
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
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Convection currents cause plates to move!
Ask A Geologist Series
● Convection in the asthenosphere● Carries heat from Earth’s core to the surface
Heat Source (Flame)
Convection currents in a boiling pot of water
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Ask A Geologist SeriesWiki
Plate movement driven by convection currents and slab pull
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As plates move around the globe…
What happens when plates encounter each other?
Ask A Geologist Series
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Plate Boundaries
Ask A Geologist Series
Convergent (Plate move together)
Divergent(Plates move
apart)
Transform(Plates move past)
Wikimedia
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Plate interactions at boundaries creates the topography we see on Earth!
Ask A Geologist SeriesWikimedia
Let’s go exploring…
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Ask A Geologist Series
Where do convergent plate boundaries occur?
Andes Mountains
Himalayas
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Ask A Geologist Series
Where do divergent plate boundaries occur?
Mid Ocean Ridge
East Africa Rift Valley
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Ask A Geologist Series
Where do transform plate boundaries occur?
San Andreas Fault
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Plates move very, very slowly
Ask A Geologist Series
● 2-5 centimeters per year ● Comparable to the the rate
of fingernail growth! Given enough time, plates moving very slowly can form supercontinents like Pangea!
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Ask A Geologist Series
Global Paleogeography: Present Day to 600 Ma
All images: coyright Ron Blakey, Northern Arizona University & Colorado Plateau Geosystems, Inc.
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Ask A Geologist Series
Present
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
Pleistocene
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
20 Ma: Neogene
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
35 Ma: Oligocene
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
50 Ma: Eocene
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
65 Ma: K/P boundary
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
90 Ma: Late Cretaceous
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
105 Ma: Cretaceous
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
120 Ma: Early Cretaceous
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
150 Ma: Late Jurassic
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
170 Ma: Jurassic
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
200 Ma: Early Jurassic
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
220 Ma: Late Triassic
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
240 Ma: Early Triassic
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
260 Ma: Late Permian
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
280 Ma: Early Permian
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
300 Ma: Late Carboniferous
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
340 Ma: Early Carboniferous
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
370 Ma: Late Devonian
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
400 Ma: Early Devonian
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
430 Ma: Silurian
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
450 Ma: Late Ordovician
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
470 Ma: Middle Ordovician
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
500 Ma: Late Cambrian
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
540 Ma: Early Cambrian
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
560 Ma: latest Proterozoic
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
600 Ma: Late Proterozoic
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Ask A Geologist Series
Now let’s go forward in time from 600 Ma to the Present!
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
600 Ma: Late Proterozoic
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
560 Ma: latest Proterozoic
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
540 Ma: Early Cambrian
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
500 Ma: Late Cambrian
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
470 Ma: Middle Ordovician
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
450 Ma: Late Ordovician
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
430 Ma: Silurian
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
400 Ma: Early Devonian
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
370 Ma: Late Devonian
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
340 Ma: Early Carboniferous
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
300 Ma: Late Carboniferous
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
280 Ma: Early Permian
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
260 Ma: Late Permian
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
240 Ma: Early Triassic
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
220 Ma: Late Triassic
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
200 Ma: Early Jurassic
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
170 Ma: Jurassic
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
150 Ma: Late Jurassic
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
120 Ma: Early Cretaceous
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
105 Ma: Cretaceous
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
90 Ma: Late Cretaceous
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
65 Ma: K/P boundary
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
50 Ma: Eocene
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
35 Ma: Oligocene
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
20 Ma: Neogene
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
Pleistocene
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Ask A Geologist Series
Image: coyright Ron BlakeySlide courtesy of: Roy Schlische
Present
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Why Do We Care?
Ask A Geologist Series
Geohazards ● Earthquakes are caused by the movement of plates!
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Why Do We Care?
Ask A Geologist Series
Evolution● The movement of plate helps us understand the
evolution of plants and animals!
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Why Do We Care?
Ask A Geologist Series
Long-term climate ● The creation, destruction, and movement of
continents/oceans has great influence on long-term climate change.
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Question Time!