asme v art 2 rt

ARTICLE 2

T-210 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25T-220 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

T-221 Procedure Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25T-222 Surface Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25T-223 Backscatter Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25T-224 System of Identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25T-225 Monitoring Density Limitations of Radiographs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26T-226 Extent of Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

T-230 Equipment and Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26T-231 Film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26T-232 Intensifying Screens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26T-233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26T-234 Facilities for Viewing of Radiographs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

T-260 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26T-261 Source Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26T-262 Step Wedge Film and Densitometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

T-270 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27T-271 Radiographic Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27T-272 Radiation Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28T-273 Direction of Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28T-274 Geometric Unsharpness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28T-275 Location Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28T-276 IQI Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30T-277 Use of IQI (Penetrameters) to Monitor Radiographic Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

T-280 Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32T-281 Quality of Radiographs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32T-282 Radiographic Density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32T-283 IQI Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32T-284 Excessive Backscatter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32T-285 Geometric Unsharpness Limitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33T-286 Evaluation by Manufacturer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

T-290 Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33T-291 Radiographic Technique Documentation Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33T-292 Radiograph Review Form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

FigureT-275 Location Marker Sketches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

TablesT-233.1 Hole Type IQI Designation, Thickness, and Hole Diameters, in.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26T-233.2 Wire IQI Designation and Wire Diameters, in.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

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T-276 IQI Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Mandatory AppendicesAppendix I In-Motion Radiography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35I-210 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35I-220 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

I-223 Backscatter Detection Symbol Location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35I-260 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

I-263 Beam Width. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35I-270 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

I-274 Geometric and In-Motion Unsharpness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35I-275 Location Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35I-277 Placement and Number of Penetrameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36I-279 Repaired Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

I-280 Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36I-285 Geometric and In-Motion Unsharpness Limitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Appendix II Real-Time Radioscopic Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37II-210 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37II-220 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

II-221 Procedure Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37II-230 Equipment and Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

II-231 Radioscopic Examination Record. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37II-235 Calibration Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37II-236 Calibrated Line Pair Test Pattern and Step Wedge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37II-237 Equivalent Performance Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

II-260 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37II-263 System Performance Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37II-264 Measurement With a Calibration Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

II-270 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38II-278 System Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

II-280 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38II-286 Factors Affecting System Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

II-290 Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38II-291 Radioscopic Technique Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38II-292 Evaluation by Manufacturer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Appendix III Digital Image Acquisition, Display, and Storage for Radiography andRadioscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

III-210 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39III-220 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

III-221 Procedure Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39III-222 Original Image Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

III-230 Equipment and Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39III-231 Digital Image Examination Record. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39III-234 Viewing Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39III-236 Calibrated Optical Line Pair Test Pattern and Optical Density Step Wedge. . . . . . 39

III-250 Image Acquisition and Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39III-255 Area of Interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39III-258 System Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

III-260 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40III-263 System Performance Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

III-280 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

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III-286 Factors Affecting System Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40III-287 System-Induced Artifacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

III-290 Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40III-291 Digital Imaging Technique Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40III-292 Evaluation by Manufacturer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Appendix IV Interpretation, Evaluation, and Disposition of Radiographic andRadioscopic Examination Test Results Produced by the Digital ImageAcquisition and Display Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

IV-210 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41IV-220 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

IV-221 Procedure Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41IV-222 Original Image Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

IV-230 Equipment and Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42IV-231 Digital Image Examination Record. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42IV-234 Viewing Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42IV-236 Calibrated Optical Line Pair Test Pattern and Optical Density Step Wedge. . . . . . 42

IV-250 Image Acquisition, Storage, and Interpretation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42IV-255 Area of Interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42IV-258 System Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

IV-260 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42IV-263 System Performance Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

IV-280 Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42IV-286 Factors Affecting System Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42IV-287 System-Induced Artifacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

IV-290 Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42IV-291 Digital Imaging Technique Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42IV-292 Evaluation by Manufacturer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Appendix V Glossary of Terms for Radiographic Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43V-210 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43V-220 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43V-230 Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Appendix VI Digital Image Acquisition, Display, Interpretation, and Storage of Radiographs forNuclear Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

VI-210 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47VI-220 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

VI-221 Supplemental Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47VI-222 Written Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47VI-223 Personnel Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

VI-230 Equipment and Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48VI-231 System Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48VI-232 System Spot Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

VI-240 System Performance Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48VI-241 Spatial Resolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48VI-242 Contrast Sensitivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48VI-243 Dynamic Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48VI-244 Spatial Linearity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

VI-250 Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48VI-251 Spatial Resolution Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48VI-252 Contrast Sensitivity Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48VI-253 Dynamic Range Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

21


VI-254 Spatial Linearity Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48VI-260 Demonstration of System Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

VI-261 Procedure Demonstration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49VI-262 Processed Targets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49VI-263 Changes in Essential Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49VI-264 Frequency of Verification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49VI-265 Changes in System Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

VI-270 Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49VI-271 System Performance Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49VI-272 Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49VI-273 Calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

VI-280 Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49VI-281 Process Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49VI-282 Interpretation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49VI-283 Baseline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

VI-290 Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49VI-291 Reporting Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49VI-292 Archiving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.1

VI-A-210 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50VI-A-220 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

VI-A-221 Reference Film. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50VI-A-230 Descriptions of Targets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

VI-A-231 Reference Targets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50VI-A-232 Spatial Resolution Targets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

VI-A-240 Manufacturing Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50VI-A-241 Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50VI-A-242 Film Size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52VI-A-243 Spatial Resolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52VI-A-244 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52VI-A-245 Linearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Appendix VII Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53VII-210 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53VII-220 General Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

VII-224 System of Identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53VII-270 Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

VII-271 Radiographic Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53VII-276 IQI Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

VII-280 Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53VII-282 Radiographic Density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

VII-290 Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54VII-293 Layout Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

FiguresI-263 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36VI-A-1 Reference Film. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Nonmandatory AppendicesAppendix A Technique Sketches for Pipe or Tube Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55A-210 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Single-Wall Radiographic Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Double-Wall Radiographic Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

22A99

Appendix B Equivalent IQI (Penetrameter) Sensitivity (EPS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59B-210 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59B-220 Equivalence of Wire Penetrameters to Hole Penetrameters (1T, 2T, 4T) . . . . . . . . . . 59B-230 Equivalence Between Hole Penetrameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Appendix C Hole Type Penetrameter Placement Sketches for Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61C-210 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Appendix D Number of Penetrameters (Special Cases). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67D-210 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

FiguresC-210-1 Side and Top Views of Hole Type Penetrameter Placements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62C-210-2 Side and Top Views of Hole Type Penetrameter Placements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63C-210-3 Side and Top Views of Hole Type Penetrameter Placements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64C-210-4 Side and Top Views of Hole Type Penetrameter Placements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65D-210-1 Complete Circumference Cylindrical Component. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68D-210-2 Section of Circumference 240 deg. or More Cylindrical Component. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68D-210-3 Section(s) of Circumference Less Than 240 deg. Cylindrical Component. . . . . . . . . . 68D-210-4 Section(s) of Circumference Equal to or More Than 120 deg. and Less Than 240

deg. Cylindrical Component. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68D-210-5 Complete Circumferential Welds Spherical Component. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69D-210-6 Welds in Segments of Spherical Component. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69D-210-7 Plan View A-A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69D-210-8 Array of Objects in a Circle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

TableB-220 Diameter of Wire IQI Corresponding to Hole Type

(1T, 2T, 4T) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

23


ARTICLE 2RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION

T-210 SCOPE

When this Article is specified by a referencing CodeSection, the radiographic method described in this Arti-cle for examination of materials including castings andwelds shall be used together with Article 1, GeneralRequirements. Definitions of terms used in this Articleare in Mandatory Appendix V of this Article.

Certain product-specific, technique-specific, and ap-plication-specific requirements are also given in otherMandatory Appendices of this Article, as listed in thetable of contents. These additional requirements shallalso be complied with when an Appendix is applicableto the radiographic or radioscopic examination beingconducted.

T-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

T-221 Procedure Requirements

T-221.1 Compliance Without a Written Radio-graphic Procedure. When Article 2 is required by thereferencing Code Section, the density and penetrameterimage requirements of this Article on production ortechnique radiographs shall be considered a satisfactorydemonstration of compliance.

T-221.2 Requirements and Compliance for a Writ-ten Radiographic Procedure. When required by thereferencing Code Section, a written procedure shallcontain, as a minimum, the following technique vari-ables:

(a) material and thickness range(b) isotope used or maximum X-ray voltage(c) minimum source-to-object distance(d) maximum distance from source side of object to

the film(e) maximum source size(f) film brand and designation(g) screens usedDemonstration of the density and penetrameter image

requirements of the written procedure on production

25

or technique radiographs shall be considered satisfactoryevidence of compliance with that procedure.

T-222 Surface Preparation

T-222.1 Materials Including Castings. Surfacesshall satisfy the requirements of the applicable materialsspecification or referencing Code Section, with addi-tional conditioning, if necessary, by any suitable processto such a degree that the resulting radiographic imagedue to any surface irregularities cannot mask or beconfused with the image of any discontinuity.

T-222.2 Welds. The weld ripples or weld surfaceirregularities on both the inside (where accessible) andoutside shall be removed by any suitable process tosuch a degree that the resulting radiographic imagedue to any surface irregularities cannot mask or beconfused with the image of any discontinuity.

The finished surface of all butt-welded joints maybe flush with the base material or may have reasonablyuniform crowns, with reinforcement not to exceed thatspecified in the referencing Code Section.

T-223 Backscatter Radiation

A lead symbol “B,” with minimum dimensions of1⁄2 in. (13 mm) in height and1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm) inthickness, shall be attached to the back of each filmholder during each exposure to determine if backscatterradiation is exposing the film.

T-224 System of Identification

A system shall be used to produce permanent identi-fication on the radiograph traceable to the contract,component, weld or weld seam, or part numbers, asappropriate. In addition, the Manufacturer’s symbol orname and the date of the radiograph shall be plainlyand permanently included on the radiograph. This identi-fication system does not necessarily require that the


98

A99

T-224 1998 SECTION V T-261.1

information appear as radiographic images. In any case,this information shall not obscure the area of interest.

T-225 Monitoring Density Limitations ofRadiographs

Either a densitometer or step wedge comparison filmshall be used for judging film density.

T-226 Extent of Examination

The extent of radiographic examination shall be asspecified by the referencing Code Section.

T-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

T-231 Film

T-231.1 Selection.Film selection shall be in accord-ance with SE-1815, Standard Test Method for FilmSystems for Industrial Radiography. The film manufac-turer shall determine the film system class for thefamily of films manufactured and provide a classificationtable. A typical Film Classification Table is as shownin SE-1815, Table 1. Film system classes Special, I,II, III, W-A, and W-B are permitted.

Caution — If any of the film processing parameters are changedfrom those provided by the film manufacturer, the class may not bevalid, in which case the film manufacturer should be contacted forfurther guidance.

T-231.2 Processing.Standard Guide for Controllingthe Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Processing,SE-999, or Part III of Standard Guide for RadiographicTesting SE-94 shall be used as a guide for pro-cessing film.

T-232 Intensifying Screens

Except when restricted by the referencing Code Sec-tion, intensifying screens may be used.

T-233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design

IQIs shall be either the hole type or the wire type.Hole type IQIs shall be manufactured and identifiedin accordance with the requirements or alternates al-lowed in SE-1025. Wire type IQIs shall be manufacturedand identified in accordance with the requirements oralternates allowed in SE-747, except that the largest

26

TABLE T-233.1HOLE TYPE IQI DESIGNATION, THICKNESS, AND

HOLE DIAMETERS, in.

Penetrameter Penetrameter 1T Hole 2T Hole 4T HoleDesignation Thickness Diameter Diameter Diameter

5 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.0407 0.0075 0.010 0.020 0.040

10 0.010 0.010 0.020 0.04012 0.0125 0.0125 0.025 0.05015 0.015 0.015 0.030 0.06017 0.0175 0.0175 0.035 0.07020 0.020 0.020 0.040 0.08025 0.025 0.025 0.050 0.10030 0.030 0.030 0.060 0.12035 0.035 0.035 0.070 0.14040 0.040 0.040 0.080 0.16045 0.045 0.045 0.090 0.18050 0.050 0.050 0.100 0.20060 0.060 0.060 0.120 0.24080 0.080 0.080 0.160 0.320

100 0.100 0.100 0.200 0.400120 0.120 0.120 0.240 0.480160 0.160 0.160 0.320 0.640200 0.200 0.200 0.400 . . .

wire number or the identity number may be omitted.ASME standard IQIs shall consist of those in TableT-233.1 for hole type and those in Table T-233.2 forwire type.

T-234 Facilities for Viewing of Radiographs

Viewing facilities shall provide subdued backgroundlighting of an intensity that will not cause troublesomereflections, shadows, or glare on the radiograph. Equip-ment used to view radiographs for interpretation shallprovide a variable light source sufficient for the essentialpenetrameter hole or designated wire to be visible forthe specified density range. The viewing conditionsshall be such that light from around the outer edge ofthe radiograph or coming through low-density portionsof the radiograph does not interfere with interpretation.

T-260 CALIBRATION

T-261 Source Size

T-261.1 Verification of Source Size.The equipmentmanufacturer’s or supplier’s publications, such as techni-cal manuals, decay curves, or written statements docu-menting the actual or maximum source size or focalspot, shall be acceptable as source size verification.


A99

A99

T-261.2 ARTICLE 2 — RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION T-271.2

T-261.2 Determination of Source Size.When manu-facturer’s or supplier’s publications are not available,source size may be determined as follows:

(a) X-Ray Machines. For X-ray machines operating at500 kV and less, the focal spot size may be determinedby the pinhole method,1 or in accordance with SE-1165,Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots ofIndustrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging.

(b) Iridium-192 Sources. For Iridium-192, the sourcesize may be determined in accordance with SE-1114,Standard Test Method for Determining the Focal Sizeof Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources.

T-262 Step Wedge Film and Densitometer

The densitometer shall be calibrated in accordancewith paragraph 6 of SE-1079, Calibration of Transmis-sion Densitometers, using a calibrated step wedge filmtraceable to a national standard. The density of stepwedge comparison films and densitometer calibrationshall be verified by comparison with a calibrated stepwedge film.

T-270 EXAMINATION

T-271 Radiographic Technique2

A single-wall exposure technique shall be used forradiography whenever practical. When it is not practicalto use a single-wall technique, a double-wall techniqueshall be used. An adequate number of exposures shallbe made to demonstrate that the required coverage hasbeen obtained.

T-271.1 Single-Wall Technique.In the single-walltechnique, the radiation passes through only one wallof the weld (material), which is viewed for acceptanceon the radiograph.

T-271.2 Double-Wall Technique. When it is notpractical to use a single-wall technique, one of thefollowing double-wall techniques shall be used.

(a) Single-Wall Viewing.For materials and for welds incomponents, a technique may be used in which the radia-tion passes through two walls and only the weld (material)on the film side wall is viewed for acceptance on the radio-graph. When complete coverage is required for circumfer-ential welds (materials), a minimum of three exposurestaken 120 deg. to each other shall be made.

1 Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Volume I, First Edition, pp.14.32–14.33, “Measuring Focal-Spot Size.” Also, pp. 20–21 ofRadi-ography in Modern Industry,Fourth Edition.2 Sketches showing suggested source, film, and IQI placements for pipeor tube welds are illustrated in Article 2, Nonmandatory Appendix A.

27

TABLE T-233.2WIRE IQI DESIGNATION AND WIRE

DIAMETERS, in.ASTM Wire

Set Diameter

0.00320.0040.005

A0.00630.0080.0100.0130.016

B 0.0200.0250.0320.0400.050

C 0.0630.0800.1000.1260.160

D 0.2000.2500.320

(b) Double-Wall Viewing.For materials and for weldsin components 31⁄2 in. (89 mm) or less in nominaloutside diameter, a technique may be used in whichthe radiation passes through two walls and the weld(material) in both walls is viewed for acceptance onthe same radiograph. For double-wall viewing, only asource side penetrameter shall be used. Care shouldbe exercised to ensure that the required geometricunsharpness is not exceeded. If the geometric un-sharpness requirement cannot be met, then single-wallviewing shall be used.

(1) For welds, the radiation beam may be offsetfrom the plane of the weld at an angle sufficient toseparate the images of the source side and film sideportions of the weld so that there is no overlap of theareas to be interpreted. When complete coverage isrequired, a minimum of two exposures taken 90 deg.to each other shall be made for each joint.

(2) As an alternative, the weld may be radio-graphed with the radiation beam positioned so that theimages of both walls are superimposed. When completecoverage is required, a minimum of three exposurestaken at either 60 deg. or 120 deg. to each other shallbe made for each joint.

(3) Additional exposures shall be made if therequired radiographic coverage cannot be obtained usingthe minimum number of exposures indicated in (b)(1)or (b)(2) above.


T-272 1998 SECTION V T-275.2

T-272 Radiation Energy

T-272.1 X-Radiation. The radiographic techniqueshall demonstrate that the required radiographic sensitiv-ity has been obtained.

T-272.2 Gamma Radiation.The recommended mini-mum thickness for which radioactive isotopes may beused is as follows:

Minimum Thickness1

Material Iridium 192 Cobalt 60

Steel 0.75 in. 1.50 in.Copper or

High Nickel 0.65 in. 1.30 in.Aluminum 2.50 in. . . .

NOTE:(1) Overall radiographic sensitivity is primarily influenced by factors

such as:(a) film selection(b) intensifying screen selection(c) geometric unsharpness(d) film density

The maximum thickness for the use of radioactiveisotopes is primarily dictated by exposure time; there-fore, upper limits are not shown. The minimum recom-mended thickness limitation may be reduced whenthe radiographic techniques used demonstrate that therequired radiographic sensitivity has been obtained.

T-273 Direction of Radiation

The direction of the central beam of radiation shouldbe centered on the area of interest whenever practical.

T-274 Geometric Unsharpness

Geometric unsharpness of the radiograph shall bedetermined in accordance with:

Ug p Fd/D

whereUgp geometric unsharpness

Fp source size: the maximum projected dimensionof the radiating source (or effective focal spot)in the plane perpendicular to the distanceDfrom the weld or object being radiographed, in.

Dp distance from source of radiation to weld orobject being radiographed, in.

dp distance from source side of weld or object be-ing radiographed to the film, in.

28

NOTE: Refer to Standard Guide for Radiographic Testing SE-94 fora method of determining geometric unsharpness. Alternatively, anomograph as shown in Standard Guide for Radiographic TestingSE-94 may be used.

T-275 Location Markers

Location markers (see Fig. T-275), which are toappear as radiographic images on the film, shall beplaced on the part, not on the exposure holder /cassette.Their locations shall be permanently marked on thesurface of the part being radiographed when permitted,or on a map, in a manner permitting the area of intereston a radiograph to be accurately traceable to its locationon the part, for the required retention period of theradiograph. Evidence shall also be provided on theradiograph that the required coverage of the regionbeing examined has been obtained. Location markersshall be placed as follows.

T-275.1 Single-Wall Viewing(a) Source Side Markers.Location markers shall be

placed on the source side when radiographing thefollowing:

(1) flat components or longitudinal joints in cylin-drical or conical components;

(2) curved or spherical components whose concaveside is toward the source and when the “source-to-material” distance is less than the inside radius of thecomponent;

(3) curved or spherical components whose convexside is toward the source.

(b) Film Side Markers(1) Location markers shall be placed on the film

side when radiographing either curved or sphericalcomponents whose concave side is toward the sourceand when the “source-to-material” distance is greaterthan the inside radius.

(2) As an alternative to source side placement inT-275.1(a)(1), location markers may be placed on thefilm side when the radiograph shows coverage beyondthe location markers to the extent demonstrated by Fig.T-275, sketch (e), and when this alternate is documentedin accordance with T-291.

(c) Either Side Markers.Location markers may beplaced on either the source side or film side whenradiographing either curved or spherical componentswhose concave side is toward the source and the“source-to-material” distance equals the inside radiusof the component.

T-275.2 Double-Wall Viewing. For double-wallviewing, at least one location marker shall be placedadjacent to the weld (or on the material in the areaof interest) for each radiograph.

ARTICLE 2 — RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION Fig. T-275

FIG

.T

-275

LO

CA

TIO

NM

AR

KE

RS

KE

TC

HE

S

29

T-275.3 1998 SECTION V T-277.1

TABLE T-276IQI SELECTION

Penetrameter

Nominal Source Side Film SideSingle-Wall

Material Thickness Hole Type Essential Wire Hole Type Essential WireRange, in. Designation Hole Diameter, in. Designation Hole Diameter, in.

Up to 0.25, incl. 12 2T 0.008 10 2T 0.006Over 0.25 through 0.375 15 2T 0.010 12 2T 0.008Over 0.375 through 0.50 17 2T 0.013 15 2T 0.010Over 0.50 through 0.75 20 2T 0.016 17 2T 0.013Over 0.75 through 1.00 25 2T 0.020 20 2T 0.016Over 1.00 through 1.50 30 2T 0.025 25 2T 0.020Over 1.50 through 2.00 35 2T 0.032 30 2T 0.025Over 2.00 through 2.50 40 2T 0.040 35 2T 0.032Over 2.50 through 4.00 50 2T 0.050 40 2T 0.040Over 4.00 through 6.00 60 2T 0.063 50 2T 0.050Over 6.00 through 8.00 80 2T 0.100 60 2T 0.063Over 8.00 through 10.00 100 2T 0.126 80 2T 0.100Over 10.00 through 12.00 120 2T 0.160 100 2T 0.126Over 12.00 through 16.00 160 2T 0.250 120 2T 0.160Over 16.00 through 20.00 200 2T 0.320 160 2T 0.250

T-275.3 Mapping the Placement of Location Mark-ers. When inaccessibility or other limitations preventthe placement of markers as stipulated in T-275.1 andT-275.2, a dimensioned map of the actual markerplacement shall accompany the radiographs to showthat full coverage has been obtained.

T-276 IQI Selection

T-276.1 Material. IQIs shall be selected from eitherthe same alloy material group or grade as identifiedin SE-1025 or from an alloy material group or gradewith less radiation absorption than the material beingradiographed.

T-276.2 Size.The designated hole penetrameter withessential hole or designated wire diameter shall be asspecified in Table T-276. A smaller hole in a thickerpenetrameter or a larger hole in a thinner penetrametermay be substituted for any section thickness listed inTable T-276, provided equivalent penetrameter sensitiv-ity (EPS) is maintained and all other requirements forradiography are met. Approximate equivalence betweenhole and wire penetrameters is shown in Table B-220of Article 2, Nonmandatory Appendix B, and may beused to determine approximate equivalence betweenhole penetrameters.

(a) Welds With Reinforcements.The thickness onwhich the penetrameter is based is the nominal singlewall thickness plus the estimated weld reinforcement

30

not to exceed the maximum permitted by the referencingCode Section. Backing rings or strips shall not beconsidered as part of the thickness in penetrameterselection. The actual measurement of the weld reinforce-ment is not required.

(b) Welds Without Reinforcements.The thickness onwhich the penetrameter is based is the nominal single wallthickness. Backing rings or strips shall not be consideredas part of the weld thickness in penetrameter selection.

T-276.3 Welds Joining Dissimilar Materials orWelds With Dissimilar Filler Metal. When the weldmetal is of an alloy group or grade which has aradiation attenuation that differs from the base material,the penetrameter material selection shall be based onthe weld metal and be in accordance with T-276.1.When the density limits of T-282.2 cannot be met withone penetrameter, and the exceptional density area(s)is at the interface of the weld metal and the basemetal, the material selection for the additional penetram-eter(s) shall be based on the base material and be inaccordance with T-276.1.

T-277 Use of IQI (Penetrameters) toMonitor Radiographic Examination

T-277.1 Placement of Penetrameters(a) Source Side Penetrameter(s).The penetrameter(s)

shall be placed on the source side of the part being

T-277.1 ARTICLE 2 — RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION T-277.2

examined, except for the condition described in T-277.1(b).

When, due to part or weld configuration or size, it is notpractical to place the penetrameter(s) on the part or weld,the penetrameter(s)may beplaced ona separate block.Sep-arate blocks shall be made of the same or radiographicallysimilar materials (as defined in SE-1025) and may be usedto facilitate penetrameter positioning. There is no restric-tion on the separate block thickness, provided thepenetrameter /area-of-interest density tolerance require-ments of T-282.2 are met.

(1) The penetrameter on the source side of theseparate block shall be placed no closer to the filmthan the source side of the part being radiographed.

(2) The separate block shall be placed as closeas possible to the part being radiographed.

(3) The block dimensions shall exceed the pene-trameter dimensions such that the outline of at leastthree sides of the penetrameter image shall be visibleon the radiograph.

(b) Film Side Penetrameter(s).Where inaccessibilityprevents hand placing the penetrameter(s) on the sourceside, the penetrameter(s) shall be placed on the filmside in contact with the part being examined. A leadletter “F” shall be placed adjacent to or on the penetram-eter(s), but shall not mask the essential hole wherehole penetrameters are used.

(c) Penetrameter Location for Welds — Hole Pene-trameters.The penetrameter(s) may be placed adjacentto or on the weld. The identification number(s) and,when used, the lead letter “F,” shall not be in the areaof interest, except when geometric configuration makesit impractical.

(d) Penetrameter Location for Welds — Wire Pene-trameters.The penetrameter(s) shall be placed on theweld so that the length of the wires is perpendicularto the length of the weld. The identification numbersand, when used, the lead letter “F,” shall not be inthe area of interest, except when geometric configurationmakes it impractical.

(e) Penetrameter Location for Materials Other ThanWelds.The penetrameter(s) with the penetrameter identi-fication number(s), and, when used, the lead letter “F,”may be placed in the area of interest.

T-277.2 Number of Penetrameters.When one ormore film holders are used for an exposure, at leastone penetrameter image shall appear on each radiographexcept as outlined in (b) below.

(a) Multiple Penetrameters.If the requirements ofT-282 are met by using more than one penetrameter,one shall be representative of the lightest area of interestand the other the darkest area of interest; the intervening

31

densities on the radiograph shall be considered as havingacceptable density.

(b) Special Cases3

(1) For cylindrical components where the sourceis placed on the axis of the component for a singleexposure, at least three penetrameters, spaced approxi-mately 120 deg. apart, are required under the followingconditions:

(a) When the complete circumference is radio-graphed using one or more film holders, or;

(b) When a section or sections of the circumfer-ence, where the length between the ends of the outermostsections span 240 or more deg., is radiographed usingone or more film holders. Additional film locations maybe required to obtain necessary penetrameter spacing.

(2) For cylindrical components where the sourceis placed on the axis of the component for a singleexposure, at least three penetrameters, with one placedat each end of the span of the circumference radio-graphed and one in the approximate center of the span,are required under the following conditions:

(a) When a section of the circumference, thelength of which is greater than 120 deg. and less than240 deg., is radiographed using just one film holder, or;

(b) When a section or sections of the circumfer-ence, where the length between the ends of the outermostsections span less than 240 deg., is radiographed usingmore than one film holder.

(3) In (1) and(2) above, where sections of longitu-dinal welds adjoining the circumferential weld areradiographed simultaneously with the circumferentialweld, an additional penetrameter shall be placed oneach longitudinal weld at the end of the section mostremote from the junction with the circumferential weldbeing radiographed.

(4) For spherical components where the source isplaced at the center of the component for a singleexposure, at least three penetrameters, spaced approxi-mately 120 deg. apart, are required under the followingconditions:

(a) When a complete circumference is radio-graphed using one or more film holders, or;

(b) When a section or sections of a circumfer-ence, where the length between the ends of the outermostsections span 240 or more deg., is radiographed usingone or more film holders. Additional film locations maybe required to obtain necessary penetrameter spacing.

(5) For spherical components where the source isplaced at the center of the component for a singleexposure, at least three penetrameters, with one placed ateach end of the radiographed span of the circumference

3 Refer to Nonmandatory Appendix D for additional guidance.

T-277.2 1998 SECTION V T-284

radiographed and one in the approximate center of thespan, are required under the following conditions:

(a) When a section of a circumference, thelength of which is greater than 120 deg. and less than240 deg., is radiographed using just one film holder, or;

(b) When a section or sections of a circumfer-ence, where the length between the ends of the outermostsections span less than 240 deg. is radiographed usingmore than one film holder.

(6) In (4) and (5) above, where other welds areradiographed simultaneously with the circumferentialweld, one additional penetrameter shall be placed oneach other weld.

(7) When an array of components in a circle isradiographed, at least one penetrameter shall show oneach component image.

(8) In order to maintain the continuity of recordsinvolving subsequent exposures, all radiographs exhib-iting penetrameters which qualify the techniques permit-ted in accordance with(1) through (6) above shall beretained.

T-277.3 Shims Under Hole Penetrameters.Forwelds, a shim of material radiographically similar tothe weld metal shall be placed between the part andthe penetrameter, if needed, so that the radiographicdensity throughout the area of interest is no more thanminus 15% from (lighter than) the radiographic densitythrough the penetrameter.

The shim dimensions shall exceed the penetrameterdimensions such that the outline of at least three sidesof the penetrameter image shall be visible in theradiograph.

T-280 EVALUATION

T-281 Quality of Radiographs

All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemi-cal, or other blemishes to the extent that they do notmask and are not confused with the image of anydiscontinuity in the area of interest of the object beingradiographed. Such blemishes include, but are not lim-ited to:

(a) fogging;(b) processing defects such as streaks, watermarks,

or chemical stains;(c) scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static

marks, smudges, or tears;(d) false indications due to defective screens.

32

T-282 Radiographic Density

T-282.1 Density Limitations. The transmitted filmdensity through the radiographic image of the body ofthe appropriate hole penetrameter or adjacent to thedesignated wire of a wire penetrameter and the areaof interest shall be 1.8 minimum for single film viewingfor radiographs made with an X-ray source and 2.0minimum for radiographs made with a gamma raysource. For composite viewing of multiple film expo-sures, each film of the composite set shall have aminimum density of 1.3. The maximum density shall be4.0 for either single or composite viewing. A toleranceof 0.05 in density is allowed for variations betweendensitometer readings.

T-282.2 Density Variation(a) General.If the density of the radiograph anywhere

through the area of interest varies by more than minus15% or plus 30% from the density through the bodyof the hole penetrameter or adjacent to the designatedwire of a wire penetrameter, within the mini-mum/maximum allowable density ranges specified inT-282.1, then an additional penetrameter shall be usedfor each exceptional area or areas and the radiographretaken. When calculating the allowable variation indensity, the calculation may be rounded to the nearest0.1 within the range specified in T-282.1.

(b) With Shims.When shims are used the plus 30%density restriction of (a) above may be exceeded,provided the required penetrameter sensitivity is dis-played and the density limitations of T-282.1 are notexceeded.

T-283 IQI Sensitivity

Radiography shall be performed with a technique ofsufficient sensitivity to display the hole penetrameterimage and the specified hole, or the designated wireof a wire penetrameter, which are essential indicationsof the image quality of the radiograph. The radiographsshall also display the identifying numbers and letters.If the required hole penetrameter image and specifiedhole, or designated wire, do not show on any film ina multiple film technique, but do show in compositefilm viewing, interpretation shall be permitted only bycomposite film viewing.

T-284 Excessive Backscatter

If a light image of the “B,” as described in T-223,appears on a darker background of the radiograph,protection from backscatter is insufficient and the radio-graph shall be considered unacceptable. A dark image

98

T-284 ARTICLE 2 — RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION T-292

of the “B” on a lighter background is not cause forrejection.

T-285 Geometric Unsharpness Limitations

When required by the referencing Code Section,geometric unsharpness of the radiograph shall not ex-ceed the following:

Material UgThickness, in. Maximum, in.

Under 2 0.0202 through 3 0.030Over 3 through 4 0.040Greater than 4 0.070

NOTE: Material thickness is the thickness on which the penetrameteris based.

T-286 Evaluation by Manufacturer

The Manufacturer shall be responsible for the review,interpretation, evaluation, and acceptance of the com-pleted radiographs to assure compliance with the require-ments of Article 2 and the referencing Code Section.As an aid to the review and evaluation, the radiographictechnique documentation required by T-291 shall becompleted prior to the evaluation. The radiograph reviewform required by T-292 shall be completed during theevaluation. The radiographic technique details and theradiograph review form documentation shall accompanythe radiographs. Acceptance shall be completed priorto presentation of the radiographs and accompanyingdocumentation to the inspector.

33

T-290 DOCUMENTATION

T-291 Radiographic TechniqueDocumentation Details

The Manufacturer shall prepare and document theradiographic technique details. As a minumum, thefollowing information shall be provided.

(a) identification, e.g., job/contract number and heatnumber (if applicable)

(b) the dimensional map (if used) of marker place-ment in accordance with T-275.3

(c) number of radiographs (exposures)(d) X-ray voltage or isotope type used(e) X-ray machine focal spot size or isotope physical

sources size(f) base material type and thickness, weld thickness,

weld reinforcement thickness, as applicable(g) minimum source-to-object distance(h) maximum distance from source side of object to

the film(i) film manufacturer and Manufacturer’s type/desig-

nation(j) number of film in each film holder/cassette(k) single- or double-wall exposure(l) single- or double-wall viewing

T-292 Radiograph Review Form

The Manufacturer shall prepare a radiograph reviewform. As a minimum, the following information shallbe provided.

(a) a listing of each radiograph location(b) the information required in T-291, by inclusion

or by reference(c) evaluation and disposition of the material(s) or

weld(s) examined(d) identification (name) of the Manufacturer’s repre-

sentative who performed the final acceptance of theradiographs

(e) date of Manufacturer’s evaluation

98

98

ARTICLE 2MANDATORY APPENDIX

APPENDIX I — IN-MOTIONRADIOGRAPHY

I-210 SCOPE

In-motion radiography is a technique of radiographywhere the object being radiographed and/or the sourceof radiation is in motion during the exposure.

In-motion radiography may be performed on weld-ments when the following modified provisions to thosein Article 2 are satisfied.

I-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

I-223 Backscatter Detection SymbolLocation

(a) For longitudinal welds the lead symbol “B” shallbe attached to the back of each film cassette or atapproximately equal intervals not exceeding 36 in. apart,whichever is smaller.

(b) Forcircumferentialwelds, the leadsymbol “B”shallbe attached to the back of the film cassette in each quadrantor spaced no greater than 36 in., whichever is smaller.

I-260 CALIBRATION

I-263 Beam Width

The beam width shall be controlled by a metaldiaphragm such as lead. The diaphragm for the energyselected shall be at least 10 half value layers thick.

The beam width as shown in Fig. I-263 shall bedetermined in accordance with:

w pc (F + a)

b+ a

wherewp beam width at the source side of the weld mea-

sured in the direction of motion, in.

35

ap slit width in diaphragm in direction of mo-tion, in.

bp distance from source to the weld side of thediaphragm, in.

cp distance from weld side of the diaphragm to thesource side of the weld surface, in.

Fp source size, in.: the maximum projected dimen-sion of the radiating source (or focal spot) inthe plane perpendicular to the distanceb + cfrom the weld being radiographed

I-270 EXAMINATION

I-274 Geometric and In-MotionUnsharpness

I-274.1 Geometric Unsharpness.Geometric un-sharpness for an in-motion radiograph shall be deter-mined as specified in T-274.

I-274.2 In-Motion Unsharpness. In-motion un-sharpness of the radiograph shall be determined inaccordance with:

UM pwd

D

whereUMp in-motion unsharpness

wp beam width at the source side of the weld mea-sured in the direction of motion determined asspecified in I-263, in.

dp distance from source side of the weld beingradiographed to the film, in.

Dp distance from source of radiation to weld beingradiographed, in.

I-275 Location Markers

Location markers shall be placed adjacent to theweld at the extremity of each film cassette and

I-275 1998 SECTION V I-285

FIG. I-263

also at approximately equal intervals not exceeding15 in.

I-277 Placement and Number ofPenetrameters

(a) For longitudinal welds, hole penetrameters shallbe placed adjacent to and on each side of the weldseam, or on the weld seam at the beginning and endof the weld seam, and thereafter at approximately equalintervals not exceeding 36 in. (914 mm) or for eachfilm cassette. Wire penetrameters, when used, shall beplaced on the weld seam so that the length of thewires is perpendicular to the length of the weld andspaced as indicated above for hole penetrameters.

(b) For circumferential welds, hole penetrametersshall be placed adjacent to and on each side of theweld seam or on the weld seam in each quadrant orspaced no greater than 36 in. (914 mm) apart, whichever

36

is smaller. Wire penetrameters, when used, shall beplaced on the weld seam so that the length of thewires is perpendicular to the length of the weld andspaced as indicated above for hole penetrameters.

I-279 Repaired Area

When radiography of a repaired area is required, thelength of the film used shall be at least equal to thelength of the original location marker interval.

I-280 EVALUATION

I-285 Geometric and In-MotionUnsharpness Limitations

Neither the geometric nor in-motion unsharpness ofthe radiograph shall exceed the values specified inT-285.


A99

98


APPENDIX II — REAL-TIMERADIOSCOPIC EXAMINATION

II-210 SCOPE

Real-time radioscopy provides immediate responseimaging with the capability to follow motion of theinspected part. This includes radioscopy where themotion of the test object must be limited (commonlyreferred to as near real-time radioscopy).

Real-time radioscopy may be performed on materialsincluding castings and weldments when the modifiedprovisions to Article 2 as indicated herein are satisfied.SE-1255 shall be used in conjunction with this Appendixas indicated by specific references in appropriate para-graphs. SE-1416 provides additional information thatmay be used for radioscopic examination of welds.

II-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

This radioscopic methodology may be used for theexamination of ferrous or nonferrous materials andweldments.

II-221 Procedure Requirements

A written procedure is required and shall contain asa minimum the following (see SE-1255, 5.2):

(a) material and thickness range(b) equipment qualifications(c) test object scan plan(d) radioscopic parameters(e) image processing parameters(f) image display parameters(g) image archiving

II-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

II-231 Radioscopic Examination Record

The radioscopic examination data shall be recordedand stored on videotape, magnetic disk, or optical disk.

37

II-235 Calibration Block

The calibration block shall be made of the samematerial type and product form as the test object. Thecalibration block may be an actual test object or maybe fabricated to simulate the test object with knowndiscontinuities.

II-236 Calibrated Line Pair Test Patternand Step Wedge

The line pair test pattern shall be used without anadditional absorber to evaluate the system resolution.The step wedge shall be used to evaluate system contrastsensitivity.

The step wedge must be made of the same materialas the test object with steps representing 100%, 99%,98%, and 97% of both the thickest and the thinnestmaterial sections to be inspected. Additional step thick-nesses are permissible.

II-237 Equivalent Performance Level

A system which exhibits a spatial resolution of 3 linepairs per millimeter, a thin section contrast sensitivity of3%, and a thick section contrast sensitivity of 2% hasan equivalent performance level of 3% — 2% — 3lp/mm.

II-260 CALIBRATION

System calibration shall be performed in the staticmode by satisfying the line pair test pattern resolution,step wedge contrast sensitivity, and calibration blockdiscontinuity detection necessary to meet the IQI re-quirements of T-276.

II-263 System Performance Measurement

Real-time radioscopic system performance parametersshall be determined initially and monitored regularly


II-263 1998 SECTION V II-292

with the system in operation to assure consistent results.The system performance shall be monitored at suffi-ciently scheduled intervals to minimize the probabilityof time-dependent performance variations. System per-formance tests require the use of the calibration block,line pair test pattern, and the step wedge.

System performance measurement techniques shallbe standardized so that they may be readily duplicatedat the specified intervals.

II-264 Measurement With a CalibrationBlock

The calibration block shall also be placed in thesame position as the actual object and manipulatedthrough the same range and speed of motions as willbe used for the actual object to demonstrate the system’sresponse in the dynamic mode.

II-270 EXAMINATION

II-278 System Configuration

The radioscopic examination system shall, as a mini-mum, include the following:

(a) radiation source(b) manipulation system(c) detection system(d) information processing system(e) image display system(f) record archiving system

38

II-280 EVALUATION

II-286 Factors Affecting System Performance

The radioscopic examination system performancequality is determined by the combined performance ofthe components specified in II-278. (See SE-1255, 6.1.)

When using wire IQIs, the radioscopic examinationsystem may exhibit asymmetrical sensitivity, therefore,the wire diameter axis shall be oriented along the axisof the least sensitivity of the system.

II-290 DOCUMENTATION

II-291 Radioscopic Technique Information

To aid in proper interpretation of the radioscopicexamination data, details of the technique used shallaccompany the data. As a minimum, the informationshall include the items specified in T-291 when applica-ble, II-221, and the following:

(a) operator identification(b) system performance test data

II-292 Evaluation by Manufacturer

Prior to being presented to the Inspector for accept-ance, the examination data shall be interpreted by theManufacturer as complying with the referencing CodeSection. The Manufacturer shall record the interpretationand disposition of each weldment examined on a radio-graphic interpretation review form accompanying theradioscopic data.


APPENDIX III — DIGITAL IMAGEACQUISITION, DISPLAY,

AND STORAGE FOR RADIOGRAPHYAND RADIOSCOPY

III-210 SCOPE

Digital image acquisition, display, and storage canbe applied to radiography and radioscopy. Once theanalog image is converted to digital format, the datacan be displayed, processed, quantified, stored, retrieved,and converted back to the original analog format, forexample, film or video presentation.

Digital imaging of all radiographic and radioscopicexamination test results shall be performed in accord-ance with the modified provisions to Article 2 asindicated herein.

III-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

III-221 Procedure Requirements

A written procedure is required and shall contain,as a minimum, the following system performance param-eters:

(a) image digitizing parameters — modulation trans-fer function (MTF), line pair resolution, contrast sensi-tivity, and dynamic range;

(b) image display parameters — format, contrast,and magnification;

(c) image processing parameters that are used;(d) storage — identification, data compression, and

media (including precautions to be taken to avoiddata loss);

(e) analog output formats.

III-222 Original Image Artifacts

Any artifacts that are identified in the original imageshall be noted or annotated on the digital image.

39

III-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

III-231 Digital Image Examination Record

The digital image examination data shall be recordedand stored on video tape, magnetic disk, or optical disk.

III-234 Viewing Considerations

The digital image shall be judged by visual compari-son to be equivalent to the image quality of the originalimage at the time of digitization.

III-236 Calibrated Optical Line Pair TestPattern and Optical Density StepWedge

An optical line pair test pattern operating between0.1 and 4.0 optical density shall be used to evaluatethe modulation transfer function (MTF) of the system.The optical density step wedge shall be used to evaluatesystem contrast sensitivity.

III-250 IMAGE ACQUISITION ANDSTORAGE

III-255 Area of Interest

Any portion of the image data may be digitized andstored provided the information that is digitized andstored includes the area of interest as defined by thereferencing Code Section.

III-258 System Configuration

The system shall, as a minimum, include the fol-lowing:

(a) digitizing system(b) display system(c) image processing system(d) image storage system

III-260 1998 SECTION V III-292

III-260 CALIBRATION

The system shall be calibrated for modulation transferfunction (MTF), dynamic range, and contrast sensitivity.

III-263 System Performance Measurement

System performance parameters (as noted in III-221)shall be determined initially and monitored regularlywith the system in operation to assure consistent results.The system performance shall be monitored at thebeginning and end of each shift to minimize the proba-bility of time-dependent performance variations.

III-280 EVALUATION

III-286 Factors Affecting System Performance

The quality of system performance is determined bythe combined performance of the components specifiedin III-258.

III-287 System-Induced Artifacts

The digital images shall be free of system-inducedartifacts in the area of interest that could mask or be

40

confused with the image of any discontinuity in theoriginal analog image.

III-290 DOCUMENTATION

III-291 Digital Imaging TechniqueInformation

To aid in proper interpretation of the digital examina-tion data, details of the technique used shall accompanythe data. As a minimum, the information shall includeitems specified in T-291 and II-221 when applicable,III-221, III-222, and the following:

(a) operator identification(b) system performance test data

III-292 Evaluation by Manufacturer

Prior to being presented to the Inspector for accept-ance, the digital examination data from a radiographicor radioscopic image shall have been interpreted bythe Manufacturer as complying with the referencingCode Section.

The digital examination data from a radiograph thathas previously been accepted by the Inspector is notrequired to be submitted to the Inspector for acceptance.


APPENDIX IV — INTERPRETATION,EVALUATION, AND DISPOSITION

OF RADIOGRAPHIC ANDRADIOSCOPIC EXAMINATION TEST

RESULTS PRODUCED BY THEDIGITAL IMAGE ACQUISITION

AND DISPLAY PROCESS

IV-210 SCOPE

The digital image examination test results producedin accordance with Article 2, Mandatory Appendix II,and Article 2, Mandatory Appendix III, may be interpre-ted and evaluated for final disposition in accordancewith the additional provisions to Article 2 as indicatedherein.

The digital information is obtained in series withradiography and in parallel with radioscopy. This datacollection process also provides for interpretation, evalu-ation, and disposition of the examination test results.

IV-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

The digital image shall be interpreted while displayedon a cathode ray tube (soft display). The interpretationmay include density and contrast adjustment, quantifica-tion, and pixel measurement, including digital or opticaldensity values and linear or area measurement.

The interpretation of a digitized image is dependentupon the same subjective evaluation by a trained inter-preter as the interpretation of a radiographic or radio-scopic image. Some of the significant parameters consid-ered during interpretation include: area of interest, imagequality, IQI image, magnification, density, contrast,discontinuity shape (rounded, linear, irregular), andartifact identification.

The digital image interpretation of the radiographicand radioscopic examination test results shall be per-formed in accordance with the modified provisions toArticle 2 as indicated herein.

41

After the interpretation has been completed, the inter-pretation data and the digital image, which shall includethe unprocessed original full image and the digitallyprocessed image, shall be recorded and stored on videotape, magnetic tape, or optical disk.

IV-221 Procedure Requirements

A written procedure is required and shall contain,as a minimum, the following system performance param-eters:

(a) image digitizing parameters — modulation trans-fer function (MTF), line pair resolution, contrast sensi-tivity, dynamic range, and pixel size;

(b) image display parameters — monitor size includ-ing display pixel size, luminosity, format, contrast, andmagnification;

(c) signal processing parameters — including densityshift, contrast stretch, log transform, and any othertechniques that do not mathematically alter the originaldigital data, e.g., linear and area measurement, pixelsizing, and value determination;

(d) storage — identification, data compression, andmedia (including precautions to be taken to avoid dataloss). The non-erasable optical media should be usedfor archival applications. This is frequently called theWORM (Write Once Read Many) technology. Whenstorage is accomplished on magnetic or erasable opticalmedia, then procedures must be included that showtrackable safeguards to prevent data tampering andguarantee data integrity.

IV-222 Original Image Artifacts

Any artifacts that are identified shall be noted orannotated on the digital image.

IV-230 1998 SECTION V IV-292

IV-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

IV-231 Digital Image Examination Record

The digital image examination data shall be recordedand stored on video tape, magnetic disk, or optical disk.

IV-234 Viewing Considerations

The digital image shall be evaluated using appropriatemonitor luminosity, display techniques, and room light-ing to insure proper visualization of detail.

IV-236 Calibrated Optical Line Pair TestPattern and Optical Density StepWedge

An optical line pair test pattern operating between0.1 and 4.0 optical density shall be used to evaluatethe modulation transfer function (MTF) of the system.High spatial resolution with 14 line-pairs per millimeter(lp /mm) translates to a pixel size of 0.035 mm (0.0014in.). Lesser spatial resolution with 2 lp/mm can beaccomplished with a pixel size of 0.3 mm (0.012 in.).The optical density step wedge shall be used to evaluatesystem contrast sensitivity. Alternatively, a contrastsensitivity gage (step wedge block) in accordance withSE-1647 may be used.

IV-250 IMAGE ACQUISITION, STORAGE,AND INTERPRETATION

IV-255 Area of Interest

The evaluation of the digital image shall include allareas of the image defined as the area of interest bythe referencing Code Section.

IV-258 System Configuration

The system shall, as a minimum, include:(a) digital image acquisition system(b) display system(c) image processing system(d) image storage system

IV-260 CALIBRATION

The system shall be calibrated for modulation transferfunction (MTF), dynamic range, and contrast sensitivity.

42

The electrical performance of the hardware and thequality of the digital image shall be measured andrecorded.

IV-263 System Performance Measurement

System performance parameters (as noted in IV-221)shall be determined initially and monitored regularlywith the system in operation to assure consistent results.The system performance shall be monitored at thebeginning and end of each shift to minimize the proba-bility of time-dependent performance variations.

IV-280 EVALUATION

IV-286 Factors Affecting System Performance

The quality of system performance is determined bythe combined performance of the components specifiedin IV-258.

IV-287 System-Induced Artifacts

The digital images shall be free of system-inducedartifacts in the area of interest that could mask or beconfused with the image of any discontinuity.

IV-290 DOCUMENTATION

IV-291 Digital Imaging TechniqueInformation

To aid in proper interpretation of the digital examina-tion data, details of the technique used shall accompanythe data. As a minimum, the information shall includeitems specified in T-291 and II-221 when applicable,III-221, III-222, IV-221, IV-222, and the following:

(a) operator identification(b) system performance test data(c) calibration test data

IV-292 Evaluation by Manufacturer

Prior to being presented to the Inspector for accept-ance, the digital examination data from a radiographicor radioscopic image shall have been interpreted bythe Manufacturer as complying with the referencingCode Section.

The digitized examination data that has previouslybeen accepted by the Inspector is not required to besubmitted to the Inspector for acceptance.


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APPENDIX V — GLOSSARY OFTERMS FOR RADIOGRAPHIC

EXAMINATION

V-210 SCOPE

This Mandatory Appendix is used for the purposeof establishing standard terms and definitions of termsrelating to radiographic examination.

V-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

(a) The Standard Terminology for NondestructiveExaminations (ASTM E 1316) has been adopted bythe Committee as SE-1316.

(b) SE-1316 Section D provides the definitions ofterms listed in V-230(a).

(c) For general terms, such asIndication, Flaw,Discontinuity, Evaluation, etc., refer to Article 1, Man-datory Appendix 1.

(d) Paragraph V-230(b) provides a list of terms anddefinitions that are Code specific. Paragraph V-230(c)provides a list of terms and definitions that are specificto Section V, Article 2, Appendix VI.

V-230 REQUIREMENTS

(a) The following SE-1316 terms are used in conjunc-tion with this Article:composite viewing, contrast sensi-tivity, contrast stretch, densitometer, density(film), digi-tal image acquisition system, erasable optical medium,focal spot, intensifying screen, IQI sensitivity, line pairtest pattern, location marker, luminosity, magnetic stor-age medium, optical density, penetrameter sensitivity,pixel, pixel size, screen, source, step wedge, step wedgecomparison film, system-induced artifacts, transmissiondensitometer,and transmitted film density.

(b) The following Code terms are used in conjunctionwith this Article.

43

annotate— to provide an explanatory note on thedigital image

calibrated line pair test pattern— seeoptical linepair test pattern

calibrated step wedge film— a radiograph withdiscrete density steps which is traceable to a nationalstandard

cathode ray tube (soft display)— a device thatproduces an image by exciting a fluorescent substancewith a magnetically guided beam

data compression— a reduction in the size of adigital data set to a smaller data set

density shift— a function that raises or lowers alldensity /greyscale values equally such that contrast ismaintained within the data set

designated wire— the specific wire that must bediscernible in the radiographic image of a wire typeimage quality indicator

diaphragm — an aperture (opening) in a radiationopaque material that limits the useable beam size ofa radiation source

digital — of, or relating to, data in the form ofnumerical digits (e.g., binary)

digitizing — the act of converting an analog measure-ment of a quantity to a digital value

display pixel size— the length and width dimensionsof the smallest element of a displayed image

display system— a system that can display an arrayof pixels on a screen (CRT)

dynamic range— the range of operation of a devicebetween its upper and lower limit; this range can begiven as a ratio (e.g., 100:1) of the maximum signallevel capability to its noise level, the number of measur-able steps between the upper and lower limits, thenumber of bits needed to record this number of measur-able steps, or the maximum and minimum measurablevalues

EPS — equivalent penetrameter sensitivityequivalent penetrameter sensitivity— that thickness

of hole type penetrameter (IQI), expressed as a percent-


V-230 1998 SECTION V V-230

age of the part thickness, in which 2T hole would bevisible under the same radiographic conditions

essential hole— the specific hole that must bediscernible in the radiographic image of a hole typepenetrameter (IQI)

image processing system— a system which usesmathematical algorithms to manipulate digital imagedata

image quality indicatorhole type— a rectangular plaque, made of material

radiographically similar to that of the object beingradiographed, with small diameter holes (1T, 2T, and4T) used to check the image quality of the radiograph

wire type — a set of small diameter wires, madeof material radiographically similar to that of the objectbeing radiographed, used to check the image qualityof the radiograph

image storage system— a system that can storedigital image data for future use

IQI — image quality indicatorline pair resolution— the number of line pairs per

unit distance that are detectable in an imagelog transform— a function that applies a logarithmic

mapping to all density /greyscale values in an image;this operation is often performed when the resultingdistribution is normal, or if the resulting relationshipwith another variable is linear

modulation transfer function (MTF)— a measure ofspatial resolution as a function of contrast; a plot of thesevariables (spatial resolution and contrast) yields a curverepresenting the frequency response of the system

non-erasable optical media (optical disk)— a storagemedia that prevents the erasure or alteration of digitaldata after it is stored

optical density step wedge— a radiographic imageof a mechanical step wedge with precise thicknessincrements and may be used to correlate optical filmdensity to the thickness of material, also known as astep tablet

penetrameter— see image quality indicatorquantification— the act of determining or expressing

a quantity (i.e., giving a numerical value to a measure-ment of something)

44–46

radiographic examination— a nondestructive methodfor detecting discontinuities in materials and componentsusing penetrating radiation to produce an image on arecording medium

sensitivity — the smallest discernible detail and/orcontrast change (e.g., IQI hole or wire) in a radiographicimage

shim — a material, radiographically similar to theobject being radiographed, that is placed between ahole type IQI and the object in order to reduce theradiographic density through the image of the holetype IQI

source side— that surface of the area of interestbeing radiographed for evaluation nearest the sourceof radiation

WORM (write once read many)— a term relatingto a type of digital storage media where the data canbe stored only once but accessed (nondestructively)many times

(c) The following Code terms are used in conjunctionwith Article 2, Appendix VI:

contrast sensitivity— the size of the smallest detect-able change in optical density

dynamic range— the extent of measurable opticaldensity obtained in a single scan

image — the digital representation of a target onthe reference film used to evaluate both the digitizationand display aspects of a film digitization system

reference film— a single industrial radiographic filmthat encompasses the targets necessary for the evaluationand quantification of the performance characteristics ofa film digitization system

spatial linearity — the accuracy to which a digitiza-tion system reproduces the physical dimensions ofinformation on the original film [both in the horizontal(along a single scan line) and vertical (from one scanline to another) directions]

spatial resolution— the size of the smallest detectableelement of the digitized image

target — a physical pattern on a reference film usedto evaluate the performance of a film digitization system


APPENDIX VI — DIGITAL IMAGEACQUISITION, DISPLAY,

INTERPRETATION, AND STORAGEOF RADIOGRAPHS FOR NUCLEAR

APPLICATIONS

VI-210 SCOPE

Digital imaging process and technology provide theability to digitize and store the detailed informationcontained in the radiograph (analog image), thus elimi-nating the need to maintain and store radiographs forpermanent record.

VI-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

VI-221 Supplemental Requirements

VI-221.1 Additional Information. Article 2, Manda-tory Appendices III and IV, contain additional informa-tion which shall be used to supplement the requirementsof this Appendix. These supplemental requirementsshall be documented in the written procedure requiredby this Appendix.

VI-221.2 Reference Film. Supplement A containsrequirements for the manufacture of the reference film.

VI-222 Written Procedure

A written procedure is required. The written procedureshall be the responsibility of the owner of the radio-graphs and shall be demonstrated to the satisfaction ofthe Authorized Nuclear Inspector (ANI). When otherenforcement or regulatory agencies are involved, theagency approval is required by formal agreement. Thewritten procedure shall include, as a minimum, thefollowing essential variables:

VI-222.1 Digitizing System Description(a) manufacturer and model no. of digitizing system;

47

(b) physical size of the usable area of the imagemonitor;

(c) film size capacity of the scanning device;(d) spot size(s) of the film scanning system;(e) image display pixel size as defined by the vertical/

horizontal resolution limits of the monitor;(f) luminance of the video display; and(g) data storage medium.

VI-222.2 Digitizing Technique(a) digitizer spot size (in microns) to be used (see

VI-232);(b) loss-less data compression technique, if used;(c) method of image capture verification;(d) image processing operations;(e) time period for system verification (see VI-264);(f) spatial resolution used (see VI-241);(g) contrast sensitivity (density range obtained) (see

VI-242);(h) dynamic range used (see VI-243); and(i) spatial linearity of the system (see VI-244).

VI-223 Personnel Requirements

Personnel shall be qualified as follows:(a) Level II and Level III Personnel.Level II and Level

III personnel shall be qualified in the radiographic methodas requiredby Article1. Inaddition, theemployer’swrittenpractice shall describe the specific training and practicalexperience of Level II and Level III personnel involvedin the application of the digital imaging process and theinterpretation of results and acceptance of system perform-ance. Training and experience shall be documented in theindividual’s certification records.

(b) As a minimum, Level II and III individuals shallhave 40 hours of training and 1 month of practicalexperience in the digital imaging process technique.

(c) Other Personnel.Personnel with limited qualifi-cations performing operations other than those requiredfor the Level II or Level III shall be qualified inaccordance with Article 1. Each individual shall have

VI-223 1998 SECTION V VI-254

specified training and practical experience in the opera-tions to be performed.

VI-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

VI-231 System Features

The following features shall be common to all digitalimage processing systems:

(a) noninterlaced image display format;(b) WORM — write-once/read-many data storage;

and(c) fully reversible (loss-less) data compression (if

data compression is used).

VI-232 System Spot Size

The spot size of the digitizing system shall be:(a) 70 microns, or smaller for radiographs made with

energies up to 1 MeV; or(b) 100 microns or smaller for radiographs made

with energies over 1 MeV.

VI-240 SYSTEM PERFORMANCEREQUIREMENTS

System performance shall be determined using thedigitized representation of the reference targets (images).No adjustment shall be made to the digitizing systemwhich may affect system performance after recordingthe reference targets.

VI-241 Spatial Resolution

Spatial resolution shall be determined as describedin VI-251. The system shall be capable of resolvinga pattern of 7 line pairs/millimeter (lp/mm) for systemsdigitizing with a spot size of 70 microns or less, or5 line pairs/millimeter for spot sizes greater than 70microns.

VI-242 Contrast Sensitivity

Contrast sensitivity shall be determined as describedin VI-252. The system shall have a minimum contrastsensitivity of 0.02 optical density.

VI-243 Dynamic Range

Dynamic range shall be determined as described inVI-253. The system shall have a minimum dynamicrange of 3.5 optical density.

48

VI-244 Spatial Linearity

Spatial linearity shall be determined as described inVI-254. The system shall return measured dimensionswith 3% of the actual dimensions on the reference film.

VI-250 TECHNIQUE

The reference film described in Supplement A andFig. VI-A-1 shall be used to determine the performanceof the digitization system. The system settings shallbe adjusted to optimize the display representation ofthe reference targets (images). The reference film andall subsequent radiographs shall be scanned by thedigitization system using these optimized settings.

VI-251 Spatial Resolution Evaluation

At least two of the converging line pair images (0deg., 45 deg., and 90 deg. line pairs) shall be selectednear the opposite corners of the digitizing field andone image near the center of the digitized referencefilm. The spatial resolution in each position and foreach orientation shall be recorded as the highest indi-cated spatial frequency (as determined by the referencelines provided) where all of the lighter lines are observedto be separated by the darker lines. The system resolu-tion shall be reported as the poorest spatial resolutionobtained from all of the resolution images evaluated.

VI-252 Contrast Sensitivity Evaluation

Using the contrast sensitivity images and the digitizedstepped density scale images to evaluate the detectabilityof each density step (the observed density changesshall be indicative of the system’s capability to discern0.02 density differences), the detectability of each den-sity step and the difference in density between stepsshall be evaluated.

VI-253 Dynamic Range Evaluation

The dynamic range of the digitization system shallbe determined by finding the last visible density stepat both ends of the density strip. The dynamic rangeshall be measured to the nearest 0.50 optical density.

VI-254 Spatial Linearity Evaluation

The digitization system shall be set to read the inchscale on the reference film. The measurement tool shallthen be used to measure the scale in a vertical direction


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VI-254 ARTICLE 2 — MANDATORY APPENDIX VI-291

and horizontal direction. The actual dimension is dividedby the measured dimension to find the percentage oferror in the horizontal and vertical directions.

VI-260 DEMONSTRATION OF SYSTEMPERFORMANCE

VI-261 Procedure Demonstration

The written procedure described in VI-222 shall bedemonstrated to the ANI and, if requested, the regulatoryagency, as having the ability to acquire, display, andreproduce the analog images from radiographs. Evidenceof the demonstration shall be recorded as required byVI-291.

VI-262 Processed Targets

The digitizing process and equipment shall acquireand display the targets described in Supplement A. Thedigitally processed targets of the reference film shallbe used to verify the system performance.

VI-263 Changes in Essential Variables

Any change in the essential variables identified inVI-222 and used to produce the results in VI-250 shallbe cause for reverification of the System Performance.

VI-264 Frequency of Verification

The System Performance shall be initially verifiedin accordance with VI-262 at the beginning of eachdigitizing shift. Reverification in accordance with VI-262 shall take place at the end of each shift or at theend of 12 continuous hours, whichever is less, or atany time that malfunctioning is suspected.

VI-265 Changes in System Performance

Any evidence of change in the System Performancespecified in VI-240 shall invalidate the digital imagesprocessed since the last successful verification and shallbe cause for reverification.

VI-270 EXAMINATION

VI-271 System Performance Requirements

The digitizing system shall meet the requirementsspecified in VI-240 before digitizing archival radio-graphs.

49

VI-272 Artifacts

Radiographs shall be visually examined for foreignmaterial and artifacts (e.g., scratches or water spots)in the area of interest. Foreign material not removedand artifacts observed shall be documented.

VI-273 Calibration

The calibration for a specific set of parameters (i.e.,film size, density range, and spatial resolution) shallbe conducted by following VI-240 and Supplement A.The results shall be documented.

VI-280 EVALUATION

VI-281 Process Evaluation

The Level II or Level III Examiner described in VI-223(a) shall be responsible for determining that thedigital imaging process is capable of reproducing theoriginal analog image. This digital image shall thenbe transferred to the write-once-read-many (WORM)optical disc.

VI-282 Interpretation

When interpretation of the radiograph is used foracceptance, the requirements of Article 2, MandatoryAppendix IV and the Referencing Code Section shallapply. If analog radiographs must be viewed in compos-ite for acceptance, then both radiographs shall be digi-tized. The digital image of the analog radiographs shallbe interpreted singularly.

VI-283 Baseline

Digital images of previously accepted radiographsmay be used as a baseline for subsequent in-serviceinspections.

VI-290 DOCUMENTATION

VI-291 Reporting Requirements

The following shall be documented in a final report:(a) spatial resolution (VI-241);(b) contrast sensitivity (VI-242);(c) frequency for system verification;(d) dynamic range (VI-243);(e) Traceability technique from original component

to radiograph to displayed digital image, includingoriginal radiographic report(s). (The original radio-

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VI-291 1998 SECTION V VI-292

graphic reader sheet may be digitized to fulfill thisrequirement);

(f) condition of original radiographs (VI-281);(g) procedure demonstration (VI-261);(h) spatial linearity (VI-244);(i) system performance parameters (VI-241); and(j) personnel performing the digital imaging process

(VI-223).

VI-292 Archiving

When the final report and digitized information areused to replace the analog radiograph as the permanentrecord as required by the referencing Code Section,all information pertaining to the original radiographyshall be documented in the final report and processedas part of the digital record. A duplicate copy of theWORM storage media is required if the radiographsare to be destroyed.

49.1


VI-A-210 1998 SECTION V VI-A-241

ARTICLE 2MANDATORY APPENDIX VI —

SUPPLEMENT A

VI-A-210 SCOPE

The reference film described in this supplement pro-vides a set of targets suitable for evaluating and quantify-ing the performance characteristics of a radiographicdigitizing system. The reference film is suitable forevaluating both the radiographic film digitization processand the electronic image reconstruction process.

The reference film shall be used to conduct perform-ance demonstrations and evaluations of the digitizingsystem to verify the operating characteristics beforeradiographs are digitized. The reference film providesfor the evaluation of spatial resolution, contrast sensitiv-ity, dynamic range, and spatial linearity.

VI-A-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

VI-A-221 Reference Film

The reference film shall be specified in VI-A-230and VI-A-240.

VI-A-230 DESCRIPTIONS OF TARGETS

VI-A-231 Reference Targets

The illustration of the reference film and its targetsis as shown in Fig. VI-A-1.

VI-A-232 Spatial Resolution Targets

The reference film shall contain spatial resolutiontargets as follows:

VI-A-232.1 Converging line pairs shall consist of 3identical groups of no less than 6 converging line pairs(6 light lines and 6 dark lines). The targets shall havea maximum resolution of no less than 20 line pairsper millimeter (lp/mm) and a minimum resolution ofno greater than 1 lp/mm. The 3 line pair groups shallbe oriented in the vertical, horizontal, and the lastgroup shall be 45 deg. from the previous two groups.The maximum resolution shall be oriented toward thecorners of the film. Reference marks shall be providedto indicate spatial resolution at levels of no less than1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, and 20 lp/mm. Thespatial resolution targets shall be located in each cornerof the needed film sizes.

50

VI-A-232.2 Parallel line pairs shall consist of parallelline pairs in at least the vertical direction on thereference film. It shall have a maximum resolution ofat least 20 lp/mm and a minimum resolution of noless than 0.5 lp/mm. It shall have distinct resolutionsof 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, and 20 lp/mm and have the corresponding reference marks. Itshall be located near the middle of the reference film.

VI-A-232.3 Contrast sensitivity targets shall consistof approximately 0.4 in. by 0.4 in. blocks centered in1.6 in. by 1.6 in. (40 mm by 40 mm) blocks of aslightly lower density. Two series of these step blocksshall be used with an optical density of approximately2.0 on a background of approximately 1.95, an opticaldensity change of 0.05. The second block series willhave an optical density of approximately 3.5 on abackground of approximately 3.4, an optical densitychange of 0.10. The relative density change is moreimportant than the absolute density. These images shallbe located near the edges and the center of the filmso as to test the contrast sensitivity throughout thescan path.

VI-A-232.4 Stepped density targets shall consist ofa series of 0.4 in. by 0.4 in. (10 mm by 10 mm) stepsaligned in a row with densities ranging from 0.5 to4.5 with no greater than 0.5 optical density steps. Atfour places on the density strip (at approximately 1.0,2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 optical densities), there shall be opticaldensity changes of 0.02 which shall also be used totest the contrast sensitivity. These stepped density targetsshall be located near the edges of the film and nearthe center so as to test the dynamic range throughoutthe scan path.

VI-A-232.5 Measurement scale targets shall be lo-cated in the horizontal and vertical dimensions. Themeasurement scale targets shall be in English and/ormetric divisions.

VI-A-240 MANUFACTURINGSPECIFICATIONS

Manufacturing specifications shall be minimum re-quirements necessary for producing the reference film.The reference film shall have a unique identificationwhich appears as an image when digitized.

VI-A-241 Material

The reference film shall be a fine grain, industrialtype film. The film used will be of high quality sothe required specifications in VI-A-230 are met.

ARTICLE 2 — MANDATORY APPENDIX Fig. VI-A-1

FIG. VI-A-1 REFERENCE FILM

51

VI-A-242 1998 SECTION V VI-A-245

VI-A-242 Film Size

The film size shall be sufficient to accommodate thelargest area of interest to be digitized.

VI-A-243 Spatial Resolution

The spatial resolution shall be a minimum of 20lp/mm.

VI-A-244 Density

The relative densities stated in VI-A-232.3 and VI-A-232.4 shall be within6 0.005 optical density.

52

(a) The tolerance for the optical density changesstated in VI-A-232.3 and VI-A-232.4 shall be6 0.005.

(b) The measured densities shall be within6 0.15of the values stated in VI-A-232.3 and VI-A-232.4.The actual densities shall be recorded and furnishedwith the reference film.

(c) Density requirements shall be in accordance withANSI IT-2.19.

(d) The background density, where there are noimages located, shall have a 3.0 optical density6 0.5.

VI-A-245 Linearity

The measurement scale targets shall be accuratelyelectronically produced to6 0.05 in.


APPENDIX VII — RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATION OF METALLIC

CASTINGS

VII-210 SCOPE

Metallic castings, due to their inherent complex con-figurations, present examination conditions that areunique to this product form.

Radiographic examination may be performed on cast-ings when the modified provisions to Article 2, asindicated herein, are satisfied.

VII-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

VII-224 System of Identification

A system shall be used to produce permanent identi-fication on the radiograph traceable to the contract,component, or part numbers, as appropriate. In addition,each film of a casting being radiographed shall beplainly and permanently identified with the name orsymbol of the Material Manufacturer, Certificate Holder,or Subcontractor, job or heat number, date, and, ifapplicable, repairs (R1, R2, etc.). This identificationsystem does not necessarily require that the informationappear as radiographic images. In any case, this informa-tion shall not obscure the area of interest.

VII-270 EXAMINATION

VII-271 Radiographic Technique

VII-271.2 Double-Wall Viewing Technique. Adouble-wall viewing technique may be used for cylindri-

53

cal castings 31⁄2 in. or less in O.D. or when the shapeof a casting precludes single-wall viewing.

VII-276 IQI Selection

VII-276.3 Additional IQI Selection Requirements.The thickness on which the penetrameter is based isthe single-wall thickness.

(a) Casting Areas Prior to Finish Machining.Thepenetrameter shall be based on a thickness which doesnot exceed the finished thickness by more than 20%or 1⁄4 in., whichever is greater. In no case shall apenetrameter size be based on a thickness greater thanthe thickness being radiographed.

(b) Casting Areas That Will Remain in the As-CastCondition. The penetrameter shall be based on thethickness being radiographed.

VII-280 EVALUATION

VII-282 Radiographic Density

VII-282.1 Density Limitations. The transmitted filmdensity through the radiographic image of the body ofthe appropriate hole penetrameter or adjacent to thedesignated wire of a wire penetrameter and the areaof interest shall be 1.5 minimum for single film viewing.For composite viewing of multiple film exposures, eachfilm of the composite set shall have a minimum densityof 1.0. The maximum density shall be 4.0 for eithersingle or composite viewing. A tolerance of 0.05 indensity is allowed for variations between densitometerreadings.

1998 SECTION V VII-293

VII-290 DOCUMENTATION

VII-293 Layout Details1

To assure that all castings are radiographed consist-ently in the same manner, layout details shall beprovided. As a minimum, the layout details shall include:

(a) sketches of the casting, in as many views asnecessary, to show the approximate position of eachlocation marker; and

(b) source angles if not perpendicular to the film.

1 Sample layout and technique details are illustrated in SE-1030,Appendix (Nonmandatory Information) X1, Fig. X1.1, RadiographicStandard Shooting Sketch (RSS).

54

ARTICLE 2NONMANDATORY APPENDIX

APPENDIX A — TECHNIQUESKETCHES FOR

PIPE OR TUBE WELDS

A-210 SCOPE

The sketches in the Appendix illustrate techniquesused in the radiographic examination of pipe or tubewelds.

Other techniques may be used.

55

1998 SECTION V

56

ARTICLE 2 — NONMANDATORY APPENDIX

57

1998 SECTION V

58


APPENDIX B — EQUIVALENT IQI(PENETRAMETER)

SENSITIVITY (EPS) 1

B-210 SCOPE

The table in this Appendix may be used to determineapproximate equivalence between penetrameters.

B-220 EQUIVALENCE OF WIREPENETRAMETERS TO HOLEPENETRAMETERS (1T, 2T, 4T )

Equivalence of wire penetrameters to hole penetrame-ters is shown in Table B-220.

B-230 EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN HOLEPENETRAMETERS

Equivalence between hole penetrameters may be de-termined from Table B-220 as follows. Assume that a50–4T penetrameter is required. The corresponding wireis 0.080 in. diameter. The 0.080 in. diameter wire isalso equivalent to 70–2T and 100–1T hole penetrameters.Therefore, 50–4T, 70–2T, and 100–1T hole type pene-trameters are equivalent.

1 SE-1025 Appendix (Nonmandatory Information), XI, Equivalent IQI(Penetrameter) Sensitivity (EPS); and SE-747 Appendix (Nonmanda-tory Information), XI, Calculating Other Equivalents.

59

Table B-220 1998 SECTION V

TABLE B-220DIAMETER OF WIRE IQI CORRESPONDING

TO HOLE TYPE (1T, 2T, 4T)

Hole Diameter of Wire With EPS of Hole, in.IQINo. 1T 2T 4T

5 . . . . . . 0.0066 . . . 0.004 . . .8 0.0032 0.005 0.008

10 0.004 0.006 0.01012 0.005 0.008 0.01315 0.006 0.010 0.01617 0.008 0.013 0.02020 0.010 0.016 0.02525 0.013 0.020 0.03230 0.016 0.025 0.04035 0.020 0.032 0.05040 0.025 0.040 0.06350 0.032 0.050 0.08060 0.040 0.063 0.10070 0.050 0.080 0.12680 0.063 0.100 0.160

100 0.080 0.126 0.200120 0.100 0.160 0.250140 0.126 0.200 0.320160 0.160 0.250 . . .200 0.200 0.320 . . .240 0.250 . . . . . .280 0.320 . . . . . .

60


APPENDIX C — HOLE TYPEPENETRAMETER PLACEMENT

SKETCHES FOR WELDS

C-210 SCOPE

The figures in this Appendix demonstrate typicalpenetrameter (hole type) placement for welds. Thesesketches are tutorial to demonstrate suggested locationsof penetrameters and are not intended to cover allconfigurations or applications of production radiography.Other penetrameter locations may be used providedthey comply with the requirements of Article 2. Wirepenetrameters shall be placed in accordance with therequirements of Article 2.

61

Fig. C-210-1 1998 SECTION V

FIG. C-210-1 SIDE AND TOP VIEWS OF HOLE TYPE PENETRAMETER PLACEMENTS

62

ARTICLE 2 — NONMANDATORY APPENDIX Fig. C-210-2


63

Fig. C-210-3 1998 SECTION V


64

ARTICLE 2 — NONMANDATORY APPENDIX Fig. C-210-4


65


APPENDIX D — NUMBER OFPENETRAMETERS (SPECIAL CASES)

D-210 SCOPE

The figures in this Appendix illustrate examples ofthe number and placement of penetrameters which maybe used in the special cases described in T-277.2(b).These figures are not intended to cover all configurationsor applications of production radiography.

67

Fig. D-210-1 1998 SECTION V Fig. D-210-4

98 FIG. D-210-1 COMPLETE CIRCUMFERENCECYLINDRICAL COMPONENT

[T-277.2(b)(1)(a) & T-277.2(b)(3)]

98 FIG. D-210-3 SECTION(S) OF CIRCUMFERENCELESS THAN 240 deg. CYLINDRICAL COMPONENT

[T-277.2(b)(2)(b)]

68

98FIG. D-210-2 SECTION OF CIRCUMFERENCE240 deg. OR MORE CYLINDRICAL COMPONENT

(EXAMPLE IS ALTERNATE INTERVALS)[T-277.2(b)(1)(b) & T-277.2(b)(3)]

98FIG. D-210-4 SECTION(S) OF CIRCUMFERENCEEQUAL TO OR MORE THAN 120 deg. AND LESS THAN

240 deg. CYLINDRICAL COMPONENT[T-277.2(b)(2)(b) OPTION]

Fig. D-210-5 ARTICLE 2 — NONMANDATORY APPENDIX Fig. D-210-8

98 FIG. D-210-5 COMPLETE CIRCUMFERENTIALWELDS SPHERICAL COMPONENT[T-277.2(b)(4)(a) & T-277.2(b)(6)]

FIG. D-210-7 PLAN VIEW A-A

69

98FIG. D-210-6 WELDS IN SEGMENTS OF SPHERICALCOMPONENT

[T-277.2(b)(5) & T-277.2(b)(5)(b) & T-277.2(b)(6)]

FIG. D-210-8 ARRAY OF OBJECTS IN A CIRCLE[T-277.2(b)(7)]

asme v art 2 rt

Engineering

radiographic examination

iqi selection30t

iqi sensitivity

extent of examination

wire iqi designation

radioscopic examination

use of iqi penetrameters

hole type iqi designation