aspects of how tracers compounds can contribute to ... · tor bjørnstad ([email protected])...
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Aspects of how TracersCompounds can Contribute
to Optimize EOR/IOR Processes
Tor Bjørnstad ([email protected])Institute for Energy Technology (IFE)
Kjeller, NORWAY
FORCE seminarMEOR – from theory to field implementation
Stavanger, 18- Nov. 2014
The Nat iona l Norweg ian IOR Cent reThe Nat iona l Norweg ian IOR Cent re
Outline:
General on EOR/IOR Norwegian IOR Centre Tracer technology PITT (interwell SOR measurem.) SWCTT (near-well SOR measurem.) New developments
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Traditional oilrecovery steps
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Given an oil deposit....
What to do aboutit?
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Primary oil recovery
A method of oil recovery whereby the oil flows from the well by its own pressure or is pumped out. This method recovers at best about 30% of the oil in the reservoir.
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23.04.2019Tor Bjørnstad
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A “dipper collects heavy oilA “dipper collects heavy oil
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Secondary oil recovery
Method of oil recovery whereby the well is flooded with high‐pressure water or gas, such as methane, to push the oil out. Recovers additio‐nally about 20‐30% of the oil in the reservoir.well after primary recovery.
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Method of oil recovery in which the oil is heated by various methods, or adding a polymer or deter‐gent to scrub it out. Typically recovers only an additional 10% of the oil in the well after pri‐mary and second‐ary recovery.
Tertiary oil recovery8
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We called this tertiaryrecovery level for
Enhanced Oil Recovery:EOR
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The concept of Improved Oil Recovery,IOR, was introduced including EOR but
also a number of other topics and aspects like:
Improved reservoir description New well strategy and drilling technology Smart well completion methods Improved understanding of flow assurance Economy, i.e. sound economic processes Environmental considerations Even Sosial and sociological aspects etc.
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Modern strategy is to consider EOR/IOR
from day 1 in the field development
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The National Norwegian IOR CentreThe aim: Contribute to maximizing oil recovery on the
Norwegian Continental Shelf Research and development for field implementation Environmentally friendly technologies
User partners (so far):
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Tracers for reservoircharacterization
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Reservoir compartment studies
Sealingfault?
Open fault?
Fracture/high-permeabilitystreak?
Fluid flow directions?
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Water expelling oil –should be traced15
The Nat iona l Norweg ian IOR Cent reThe Nat iona l Norweg ian IOR Cent re
Non-radioactive polyfluorinated interwell water tracers
H
F
COOHH
HH
H
F
COOHH
H H
F
H
COOHF
H H
H
H
COOHF
F H
H
H
COOHH
F F
H
F
COOHH
H F
H
F
COOHF
F F
H FCOOH
HH H
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Non-radioactive gas tracers
Perfluorinatedcyclic hydro-carbons with coordinated light hydrocarbon (methyl) groups are excellent gas tracers
PMCP PMCH
CARBON
FLUORINE
1,2,4-PTMCH
PDCB
1,3-PDMCH
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Injection wellInjection well
Stratified reservoirStratified reservoir
Tracing of injection fluids
Tracing of injection fluids
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Production wellProduction well
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PITT
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PITT principle
Exploits the delay of water/oil or gas/oil partitioningtracers compared to nonpartitioning (passive) tracersbetween injection well and production well
Works by injecting partitioning and passive tracerssimultaneously
Water or gas contactable average residual oilsaturation in swept volume can be estimated by:
So = (Tp –Tnp)/[Tp + Tnp(K – 1)]
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K-value (partition coefficient)
Non-partitioning tracer exist only in water
Partitioning tracer distri-butes in water and oil
Water moves, oil is (close to) stagnant in EOR cases
K = (CTr)o/(CTr)w
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Phase partitioning22
Aqueous “feed” solution
Organic solvant
Phaseseparation
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Passive and partitioning tracer flow in a flooding pore of formation rock
FORMATION ROCK
RESIDUAL OIL
The partitioning tracer becomes delayed withrespect to the passive water tracer.
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0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Rel
ativ
e re
spo
ns
to p
eak
con
cen
trat
ion
Eluted amount (g)
WTP-1
WTP-2
WTP-3
WTP-4
WTP-5
WTP-6
HTO
Silica‐packedcolumnpreparedwithresidual oil
T = 40 CP = 170 barSOR = 15.7 %
Eluted volume
Con
c. n
orm
aliz
ed to
pea
k va
lue
Partitioning tracer – Lab Experiments24
The Nat iona l Norweg ian IOR Cent reThe Nat iona l Norweg ian IOR Cent re
First PITT: Leduc D-2A Pool Outline
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AlbertaCANADA
Edmonton
Calgary
Pilot expansion
Pilot Area
Pilot injector
Observation well
Pilot producer
63.5 m38.0 m
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First PITT: Tracer production curves
Cumulative water production (m3)0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
1500
1000
500
0
Passive tracer: Tritiated methanol
Partitioning tracer:Tritiated butanol
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Trac
er c
once
ntra
tion
(dpm
/g) Passive tracer: Tritiated methanol
Partitioning tracer:Tritiated butanol
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Passive tracer: Tritiated methanol
Partitioning tracer:Tritiated butanolPartitioning tracer:Tritiated butanol
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PITT SOR results27
Method
IWTTSWTT 1 (spm)SWTT 2 (dpm)SWTT 3 (mbm)Sponge coring
ResultsSOR %35 ± 140 ± 335 ± 335 ± 333
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PITT operation in the Lagrave field
Tracer injection in LAV-7 16.02.2011
PITT injection
Tracer Type KAmount
[kg]
T1 Partitioning 2.1 5
T2 Partitioning 1.5 5
T3 Partitioning 1.5 5
T4 Partitioning 2.9 5
T7 Partitioning 2.4 5
T8 Partitioning 1.9 5
2-FBA Passive 0 5
1 km
Temperature ~ 80o C
Ref.: SPE 164059
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Estimation of So by scaling x-axis
Scaling x-axis of the partitioning tracer : x' = x / (1+)
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RTD analysis of PITTs
Must first correct for re-injection & extrapolate to infinity
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LAV-1 results
Results are consistent
Tracer
IFE-WTP8 0.6 1.9 24
Average saturation measured on cores:
25 %
IFE-WTP7 0.75 2.4 24
IFE-WTP3 0.50 1.5 25
IFE-WTP2 0.50 1.5 25
IFE-WTP1 0.70 2.1 25
IFE-WTP4 0.80 2.9 22
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SWCTT
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SWCTT principle
Chemical reaction
Hydrolysis reaction
+ +
Ester Water Alcohol Acid
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SWCTT stage 1: Injection
Partitioning and reactingtracer: Ester
Cover tracer: Passive
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SWCTT stage 2: Shut-in with hydrolysis
Formed alcohol water tracer
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SWCTT stage 3: Back-production
To analysis
SOR Distance (in time/volume) between remainingester and produced alcohol tracers.
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00
Unreacted EsterTracer
Volume Produced (bbls)
Material Balance Tracer
Product AlcoholTracer
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 500 1000 1500 20000
50
100
150
200
250
300C
once
ntra
tion
Trac
ers
(ppm
)
Con
cent
ratio
n Tr
acer
s (p
pm)
Single Well Chemical Tracer Test Production Curve
600
800
1000
1200
200
400
)1(12
12
KVVVVSOR
V1
V2
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The National IOR Centre of Norway
Single Well Chemical Tracer Test
The Nat iona l Norweg ian IOR Cent reThe Nat iona l Norweg ian IOR Cent re
New developments
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IOR centerTask 5: Tracer technology:Main work packages:
Further development of PITT technology: New phase-partitioning tracers Lab. studies on stability Field pilots
Further development of SWTT technology: New concepts including esters and other water-reacting
compounds Miniaturization of field process (two steps)
Introduction of «smart» nanoparticle tracers for both PITT and SWTT
Improved modeling and interpretation methods
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New SWCTT development: Tracer volume reduction
Mini-SWCTT= Trp/1000
Micro-SWCTT= Trp/100000
Present daytracer amountRelative value
= Trp
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Particle coreemission
Particle core and functional layer
emission
Particle core and multifunctional layer emission
Fluorescent and Radioactive Nano-Particles for both IWPTT, RITT
SWPTT and SWRTT
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Fluorescense of rare earth metals43
Fluorescence spectra ofselected rare earths
Fluorescence colorsof selected rare earths
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Fluorescens decay-time of variousEu-complexes
Time (ms)
Inte
nsit
y(r
el.)
1.0 2.0 3.0Brichart, 2014
Eu3+
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Measuring reservoir pH with «smart» tracers
Retention of varioustracers in reservoirsat residual saturation
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Examples of possible tracer compoundsfor pH measurement
Name
2-Chlorophenol
2,6-DiChlorophenol
2-fluorophenol
4-fluorophenol
2,6-Difluorophenol
4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol
H
H
OHCl
H H
Cl
H
OHCl
H H
H
H
OHF
H H
H
F
OHH
H H
F
H
OHF
H H
H
C
OHH
H HF F
F
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Complex well inflow monitoring47
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Tracers in polymer rods-placed in the sandscreen
Sand screen
”Smart” tracer matrix
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…showing the polymer matrix49
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ICD- and tracer-based mass inflow monitoring
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Mass inflow
Tracer inflow
Sealingrock
Packer Productiontubing ICD
Oil-bearingformation
Tracer Container (in pressurecontact with theformation)
Tracer inflowresistance
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Basis of the patent51
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Basis of the patent cont.
= = 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒄
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Basis of the patent cont. One observes that k, ctrac and are known (measured
in the lab). The total production volume per time unit Vtop is also known (measured at the platform). Thus, ctop may be determined by collecting fluid samples followed by tracer analysis. Thus, p can be calculatedaccurately.
Knowing p and the flow resistance characteristics ofthe ICD, the production flow entering the tube at theproduction zone where the tracer release device is installed can be calculated.
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Great Simple Formulas
K = ma (Newton)E = mc2 (Einstein)
= m2c2
Efficiency = manpower x method xco-operation x co-ordination
= (m2c2)xf(x,y,..)IOR =
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