Assembling the Planetary Computer

Keynote to the

ACM Ubicomp 2001 Conference

Sheraton Midtown Atlanta Hotel www.ubicomp.org/ubicomp/

Atlanta, GA

October 1, 2001

Larry Smarr, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, UCSD,

Director, Cal-(IT)2

Abstract

After twenty years, the "S-curve" of building out the wired internet with hundreds of millions of PCs as its end points is flattening out, with corresponding lowering of the growth rates of the major suppliers of that global infrastructure. At the same time, several new "S-curves" are reaching their steep slope as ubiquitous computing begins to sweep the planet. Leading this will be a vast expansion in heterogeneous end-points to a new wireless internet, moving IP throughout the physical world. Billions of internet connected cell phones, embedded processors, hand held devices, sensors, and actuators will lead to radical new applications in biomedicine, transportation, environmental monitoring, and interpersonal communication and collaboration. The combination of wireless LANs, the third generation of cellular phones, satellites, and the increasing use of the FCC unlicensed wireless band will cover the world with connectivity. The resulting vast increase in data streams, augmented by the advent of mass market broadband to homes and businesses, will drive the backbone of the internet to a pure optical lambda-switched network of tremendous capacity. Finally, peer-to-peer computing and storage will increasingly provide a vast untapped capability to power this emergent planetary computer.

• Wireless Access--Anywhere, Anytime– Broadband Speeds– “Always Best Connected”

• Billions of New Wireless Internet End Points– Information Appliances– Sensors and Actuators– Embedded Processors

• Emergence of a Distributed Planetary Computer– Parallel Lambda Optical Backbone– Storage of Data Everywhere– Scalable Distributed Computing Power

• Brilliance is Distributed Throughout the Grid

The Emerging Brilliant CloudA Mobile Internet Powered by a Planetary Computer

The Era of Guerilla Infrastructure

• Guerilla vs. Commercial Infrastructure– Bottom Up– Completely Decentralized– Self-Assembling– Use at Your Own Risk– Paves the Way for Commercial Deployment

• Examples– NSFnetInternet– NCSA MosaicWeb– NapsterPeer-to-Peer Storage– SETI@homePeer-to-Peer Computing– IEEE 802.11Broadband Wireless Internet

802.11 is Creating Broadband Wireless Internet “Watering Holes”

• Ad Hoc IEEE 802.11 Domains– Uses the FCC Unlicensed Spectrum

– Real Broadband--11 Mbps Going to 54 Mbps

– Security and Authentication can be Added

– But, it is Shared and Local

• Home, Neighborhoods, Office, Schools?– MobileStar--Admiral Clubs, Starbucks, Major

Hotels, Restaurants, …

– Widely Adopted on Campus Buildings, Dorms, Coffee Shops…

Urban Areas Have WLAN Node Movements to Create “Free” Internet Connectivity

• “If you have a broadband or DSL connection in your home or office, buy an access point, hook it up, and you are a node operator.”

• “The project grew out of a skepticism towards the claims of the telecom industry regarding the usefulness and success of the future "third generation mobile telephone systems" as the only means to implement "the wireless Internet". “

• “We envision a cloud of free Internet connectivity that will cover most inhabited areas. The coverage might be spotty, vary over time, and be hard to control or predict, just like a fog or smog. “

• 369 members in Sweden as of June 1, 2001

www.elektrosmog.nu/

The FCC Unlicensed Band Can Create a High Speed Wireless Backbone

• The High PerformanceWireless Research and Education Network

• Enabling a Broad Set of Science Applications

NSF FundedPI, Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC

Co-PI, Frank Vernon, SIO45mbps Duplex Backbone

http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/topo.html

Forecast Growth of Global Mobile Internet Users

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Mobile Internet

Fixed Internet

Subscribers (millions)

3G Adds Mobility, QoS, and High Speeds

Source: Ericsson

Text/SMSText/SMS

Text/MailText/Mail

ImagesImagesMMSMMS

VideoVideoDownloadDownload

VideoVideoSteamingSteaming

The Promise of 3GCreating Billions of New Multimedia Internet Sources

Source: Ericsson

Consumers are 80% of 2G Usage Corporations are Supposed to be 80% of Early 3G

3G Is Estimated to Grow From 1.3% of the Wireless Market in 2002

to 23% in 2007

Nearly 30 Million I-Mode Subscribers in Japan

9.6 Kbps

Japan’s NTT DoCoMo is Initiating the First 3G System TODAY, October 1, 2001

• WCDMA

• I-Mode Users

• 384Kbps downlink

http://foma.nttdocomo.co.jp/english/

UCSD—Has Been First Beta Test Site for

Qualcomm’s 1xEV Cellular Internet• Optimized for Packet Data Services– Uses a 1.25 MHz channel

– 2.4 Mbps Peak Forward Rate

– Part of the CDMA2000 Tech Family– Can Be Used as Stand-Alone

• Chipsets in Development Support– PacketVideo’s PVPlayer™ MPEG-4– gpsOne™ Global Positioning System– Bluetooth– MP3– MIDI– BREW

Rooftop HDR Access Point

New Software Environments for Wireless Application Development

• Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless (BREW)– Works on Qualcomm CDMA Chipsets– Middleware Between

– the Application and the Chip System Source Code

– Windows-based Software Development Kit (SDK) – Native C/C++ applications will run most efficiently – Supports Integration of Java™ Applications– Different Model of Security from JAVA

www.qualcomm.com/brew/

UCSD Has First Operational Third Generation Cellular Internet in U.S.

Available Now

6 months

12 months

Wireless WAN

Goal: Smooth Handoff by Mobile Device Faced With Heterogeneous Access Network

WLAN GPRS

CDMA CDPD

Internet

(802.11b,a)

(CDMA20001xEV)

Identify Issues Related to Handoff Between WLAN and WWAN Networks

and Implement a Test-bed

Ramesh Rao, Kameshwari ChebrolouUCSD-CWC, Cal-(IT)2

Will The Planned Global Rollout of 3G Proceed as Planned?

• There is a Lack of 3G Global Standardization– Constrains Economies of Scale– WCDMA (Japan, Europe), CDMA2000 (USA)

• The Economics of Telecom – The Huge Debt Load– The Investment in 3G Buildout

– Is There a Business Case to Recoup?     

• Technological Breakouts – IEEE 802.11 Buildout– 3G (Data-Only) Can Deploy Now (CDMA20001xEV)– Will They Skim the Cream of the 3G Market?       

The NSF TeraGridPartnerships for Advanced Computational Infrastructure

NCSA8 TF

4 TB Memory240 TB disk

Caltech0.5 TF

0.4 TB Memory86 TB disk

Argonne1 TF

0.25 TB Memory25 TB disk

TeraGrid Backbone (40 Gbps)

SDSC4.1 TF

2 TB Memory250 TB disk

This will Become the National Backbone to Support Multiple Large Scale Science and Engineering Projects

DataCompute

VisualizationApplicationsIntel, IBM, QwestMyricom, Sun, Oracle

$53Million from NSF

Star Light International Wavelength Switching Hub

Seattle

Portland

Caltech

SDSC

NYC

SURFnet, CERN

CANARIE

Asia-Pacific

Asia-Pacific

AMPATH

TeraGrid

*ANL, UIC, NU, UC, IIT, MREN

AMPATH

Source: Tom DeFanti, Maxine Brown

Layered Software Approach to Building the Planetary Grid

Science Portals & Workbenches

Twenty-First Century Applications

Computational Services

Performance

Networking, Devices and Systems

Grid Services(resource independent)

Grid Fabric(resource dependent)

Access Services & Technology

Access Grid

Computational Grid

Edited by Ian Foster and Carl Kesselmanwww.mkp.com/grids

“A source book for the historyof the future” -- Vint Cerf

From Telephone Conference Calls to Access Grid International Video Meetings

Access Grid Lead-ArgonneNSF STARTAP Lead-UIC’s Elec. Vis. Lab

Creating a Virtual Global Research LabUsing IP Multicast

Web Interface to Grid ComputingThe NPACI GridPort Architecture

802.11b Wireless

Interactive Access to:• State of Computer• Job Status• Application Codes

Grid Requirements for Internet Middleware Systems

• Identity & authentication• Authorization & policy• Resource discovery• Resource characterization• Resource allocation• (Co-)reservation, workflow• Distributed algorithms• Remote data access• High-speed data transfer• Performance guarantees• Monitoring

• Adaptation• Intrusion detection• Resource management• Accounting & payment• Fault management• System evolution• Etc.• Etc.• …

Source: Carl Kessleman

IBM Adopts Open Source Globus!

“Peer-to-Peer” Distributed Computing Will Power Grid Applications

Client Software

Clients

Task Server

Application

Entropia is Integrating with the Globus Toolkit

Adding Brilliance to Mobile Clients with a Planetary Supercomputer

• Napster Meets SETI@Home– Globally Distributed Computing & Storage

• Assume Ten Million PCs in Five Years– Average Speed Ten Gigaflop– Average Free Storage 100 GB

• Planetary Computer Capacity– 100,000 TetaFLOP Speed– 1 Million TeraByte Storage

California Has Undertaken a Grand Experiment in Partnering

UCSBUCLA

The California NanoSystems Institute

UCSFUCB

The California Institute for Bioengineering, Biotechnology,

and Quantitative Biomedical Research

UCI

UCSD

The California Institute for Telecommunications

and Information Technology

The Center for Information Technology Research

in the Interest of Society

UCSC

UCD

UCM

Cal-(IT)2

An Integrated Approach to the New Internet

www.calit2.net

220 UCSD & UCI FacultyWorking in Multidisciplinary Teams

With Students, Industry, and the Community

The State’s $100 M Creates Unique Buildings, Equipment, and Laboratories

A Broad Partnership Response from the Private Sector

Akamai Boeing

BroadcomAMCC CAIMISCompaq

Conexant Cox Communications

DuPont Emulex

Enterprise Partners VCEntropiaEricsson

Global PhotonHewlett-Packard

IBMIdeaEdge Ventures

IntersilIrvine SensorsLeap Wireless

Litton IndustriesMedExpert

Merck Microsoft

Mission VenturesNCR

Newport CorporationOrincon

Panoram Technologies Printronix

QUALCOMMR.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical RI

SAIC SciFrame

Seagate StorageSilicon Graphics

Silicon Wave Sony

STMicroelectronicsSun Microsystems

TeraBurst Networks Texas InstrumentsUCSD Healthcare The Unwired Fund

WebEx

ComputersCommunications

SoftwareSensors

BiomedicalStartups

Venture Firms

$140 M Match From Industry

Prototyping Early Warning Systems and Disaster Response Systems

• Three Tier System– Wireless SensorNets Brings Data to Repositories– Collaborative Crisis Management Centers– Remote Wireless Devices Interrogate Databases

• Cal-(IT)2 Will Focus on High Performance Grids– Analysis, Collaboration, and Crisis Management– Broadband Wireless Sensornets– Metro Optical Network Testbed

• Build a “Living-in-the-Future” Laboratory– UCSD, UCI, and SDSU Campuses– San Diego, Orange County, Cross Border– Early Access to HW/SW from Industrial Partners

San Diego “Living on the Grid” LaboratoryFiber, Wireless, Compute, Data, Software

• High Resolution Visualization Facilities– Data Analysis– Crisis Management

• Driven by Data-Intensive Applications– Civil Infrastructure– Environmental Systems– Medical Facilities

• Distributed Collaboration– Optically Linked– Integrate Access Grid

• Overlay Wireless Internet– First Responder PDAs– SensorNets

SDSCSIO

Cal-(IT)2 SIOControl Room

Cox, Panoram,SAIC, SBC, SGI, IBM,TeraBurst Networks

UCSD HealthcareSD Telecom Council

Cal-(IT)2 Metro Optical

Laboratory

Web Browser - Portal Interface

Portal Engine User PreferencesState Values

Data Gather

XML HTML

Legacy and Problem Specific Databases, Collections, & Literature

Analysis Tools:- Pattern Recognition- GIS Queries- Data Mining- Multi-Sensor Fusion

Applications:- Epidemiology- Transportation Systems- ...

Common Portal ArchitectureCustomized for Crisis Management

Built on Prior SDSC and NCSA Work

The Wireless Internet Will Improve the Safety of California’s 25,000 Bridges

New Bay Bridge Tower with Lateral Shear Links

Cal-(IT)2 WillDevelop and Install

Wireless Sensor ArraysLinked to

Crisis Management Control Rooms

Source: UCSD Structural Engineering Dept.

Cal-(IT)2 Wireless Services Middleware: Emerging Pieces

Real-TimeServices

Mobile Code

LocationAwareness

PowerControl Security

Cal-IT2 Wireless Services Interface

UCI WirelessInfrastructures

UCSD WirelessInfrastructures

Cal-IT2 Applications

J. Pasquale, UCSD

Data Management

HP Grant Brings Wireless Internet Access to Large Number of UCSD Undergraduates

• Potential “Disintegration” of Campus Learning Culture– Anticipated Growth of 10,000 Students Over Next 10 Years

• Year- Long “Living Laboratory” Experiment– 500+ Wireless-Enabled HP Jornada PDAs – Incoming Freshmen in Computer Science and Engineering

• Software Developed– ActiveClass: Student-Teacher Interactions– Roamer/FindMe: Geolocation and Resource Discovery– Extensible Software Infrastructure for Others to Build On

• Deploy to New UCSD Undergrad College Fall 2002

Funds: HP, NSF, Campus, Cal-(IT)2

Mobile Code-Based Client-Serverfor the Active Web

• Client Is Extended by Injecting Code Into Internet• Extension Runs at Intermediate Server

– Higher Performance, Greater Reliability– Liberated From Client Device, Bypasses Wireless Link

• Current implementation: Java, JINI

move

communicaterespond

wireless wired

Joe Pasquale, CSE UCSD ActiveWeb Project

New Security Issuesin Mobile and Wireless Networks

• Location-based Access Control– If Alice Is in Country P, She Can Do X– If Alice Is in Country Q, She Can Do Y

– GPS? Need Tamper-Resistant Hardware…

• Group-Based or Group-Centric Security– How Can One “Speak” As a Group or a Fraction Thereof?– Admitting New or Expelling Existing Members– Issuing, Re-issuing Credentials

• Secure Commun. in Constantly Changing Groups– Group Needs Common Key: Key Distribution/Agreement– Authentication of Membership

– e.g., Alice Is in This ad Hoc Net Cluster at This Time

Source: Gene Tsudik, UCI

Image Processing /

Analysis

Traffic Data

Parking Lot and Traffic Information

to User

User Submits Destination Parking Lot

Query

Handheld Device

Video Feed of Parking Lot to Server

Wireless Camera

Agents Will Intermediate Between Us and the Grid

UCI Campus Parking and Traffic AgentSharad Mehrotra, UCI

Database Repository

Massive Datasets Available to Mobile Devicesin a Biomedical Imaging Research Network

Source: Mark Ellisman, UCSD

Part of the UCSD CRBS Center for Research on Biological Structure

Wireless “Pad” Web Interface

Surface Web

NCRR Imaging and Computing Resources UCSD

Cal-(IT)2SDSC

Deep Web

DukeUCLA

Cal Tech

Harvard

UCSD

Forming a National-Scale Grid Federating Multi-Scale Neuro-Imaging Data from Centers with High Field MRI and Advanced 3D Microscopes

BIRNBIRN

Cal-(IT)2 Plans for Adding Wireless Sensorsto Systems-on-Chip

Memory

Protocol Processors

ProcessorsProcessors DSP

Applications

Sensors

Source: Sujit Dey, UCSD ECE

EmbeddedSoftware

Radio

Critical New Role of Power Aware Systems

Internet

Ad Hoc Hierarchical Network of Brilliant Sensors

Investigating Collaboration with UC Berkeley and CITRIS on Smart Dust

• Sensing, computation, communication, and power in 1 mm3 • Kris Pister, Joe Kahn, Bernhard Boser, UC Berkeley

Smart Dust – UC Berkeley

Smart Dust ’01

Components Goal

The Perfect Storm: Convergence of Engineering with Bio, Physics, & IT

5 nanometersHuman Rhinovirus

IBM Quantum CorralIron Atoms on Copper

VCSELaser

2 mm

Nanogen MicroArray500x

Magnification

400x Magnification

Nanobioinfotechnology

As Our Bodies Move On-LineWe Become the Ultimate Ubiquitous Computer!

• New Sensors—Israeli Video Pill– Battery, Light, & Video Camera– Images Stored on Hip Device

• Next Step—Putting You On-Line!– Wireless Internet Transmission– Key Metabolic and Physical Variables– Model -- Dozens of 25 Processors and 60

Sensors / Actuators Inside of our Cars

• Genomic Individualized Medicine– Combine

– Genetic Code

– Body Sensor Data Flows

– Use Powerful AI Data Mining Techniques

www.givenimaging.com

www.bodymedia.com