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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
BABANDEDE MOHAMMED ASHIRU
FK 2007 95
ASSESMENT OF CONCRETE STRENGTH BY COMBINED NONDESTRUCTIVE METHODS FOR NORMAL AND HIGH PERFORMANCE
CONCRETE (UPV AND REBOUND HAMMER.)
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ASSESMENT OF CONCRETE STRENGTH BY COMBINED NONDESTRUCTIVE METHODS FOR NORMAL AND HIGH PERFORMANCE
CONCRETE (UPV AND REBOUND HAMMER.)
By
Babandede Mohammad Ashiru
GS 16788
MS STRUCTURE -C
Submitted to the Department of Structural and Construction Engineering in partial
fulfillment of the requirement of Master of Engineering
April 2007
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DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to my family, my beloved wife Salamatu Mohammad and my kids
Adnan and Ihsaan Mohammad.
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Abstract of Masters Project Report presented to the Department of Civil Engineering of
Universiti Putra Malaysia in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Master of Engineering.
ASSESMENT OF CONCRETE STRENGTH BY COMBINED NON
DESTRUCTIVE METHODS FOR NORMAL AND HIGH PERFORMANCE
CONCRETE
By
BABANDEDE MOHAMMED ASHIRU
April 2007
Supervisor: Associate Professor Ir Mohd Saleh Jafaar, PhD
Faculty: Engineering.
This Study deals with Non Destructive Testing (NDT) for both Normal and High
Performance Concrete (HPC).
An experimental study was carried out, involving both destructive and non
destructive methods applied to different concrete mixes, with compressive
strength of 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 MPa. The cubes use were 100mm x 100mm x
100mm. Model were choose from the literature and the strength Prediction Model
for the HPC using UPV, Normal Concrete using UPV , generalized strength
Prediction Model for Normal and HPC using Sclerometer and lastly combined
generalized model were validated by the data obtained from the present study.
Data were plotted in order to estimate the percentage of error that was given by
the model. The results show Strength prediction model using Sclerometer test is a
generalized model. Strength prediction model using UPV method could not be
generalized and therefore, two different models were used for normal and high
performance concrete. The combined NDT model that is combined of
Sclerometer and UPV method gave a power model and implied generalized.
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PENILAIAN KEKUATAN KONKRIT DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KAEDAH
YANG TIDAK MEROSAKKAN UNTUK NORMAL KONKRIT DAN HPC
Oleh
BABANDEDE MOHAMMED ASHIRU
April 2007
Penyelia: Profesor Madya Ir Mohd Saleh Jafaar, PhD
Fakulti: Kejuruteraan
Kajian ini berkaitan dengan ujian tanpa musnah bagi kedua – dua normal dan konkrit
prestasi tinggi (HPC)
Satu kajian eksperimen telah dijalankan , ia melibatkan kedua – dua cara musnah dan
tanpa musnah dikenakan pada campuran konkrit berlainan campuran kekuatan dengan
mampatan 30,40, 50, 60, dan 70MPa .kiub yang digunakan ádalah 100mm x 100mm
x100mm . Model bagi HPC dengan menggunakan UPV,konkrit normal dengan UPV
ringkasan ,kuasa jangkaan model bagi normal dan HPC manggunakan sclerometer dan
akhiruya gabugan ringkasan model ádalah.validate dengan data diperolehi danpada kajian
ini.
Data kemudian diplotken untuk mengira peratus ralat daripoda model.keputasan
menunjukkan bahawa madel jangkaan kuasa menggunakan ujian sclerometer ádalah statu
model ringkasan. Model jankaan kuasa menggunakan UPV tidak dap of dirinkasakan dan
idu dua model berlainan digunakan untuk konkrit normal den prestosi tinggi- model
kombinasi iaito cara sclerometer dan UPV memberi model kuasa dan menunjukkan
ringkasan.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alhamdulillah! Alhamdulillah!! Alhamdulillah!!! I give glory to Almighty Allah (SWT)
for sparing my life to see the successful completion of my programme, it started like it
will never finish, but by His special grace it has finally come to an end.
My special gratitude goes to my untiring supervisor, Associate Professor Ir Mohd Saleh
Jaafar for his candid gesture and unalloyed assistance, guidance and constructive
criticism towards the completion of this thesis.
To my beloved wife Salamatu Mohd Ashiru and Kids Ihsaan and ummi, thanks for your
patience and moral support during my period of absence. My collegues in lubel Nig Ltd,
Abuja Nigeria. Staff of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering University Putra
Malaysia.
My very good friends, Sahaad, Samaila Bawa and Family, Abdulsalam Abubakar, Salisu
Garba, Dr Abdulkarim Mohd and Family, Sagir Sayyadi Ringim, Mansir Aminu (UTM),
Staley Unuoha, Yinka Chris.
Finally my special thanks goes to my Father Alhaji Mohammad Babandede and also my
Brothers Mohammad Babandede Snr and jnr and their family, and the entire Babandede’s
Family, to my Mum for her support and prayers.
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APPROVAL SHEET
This Project Report attached titled “ASSESMENT OF CONCRETE STRENGTH BY
COMBINED NON DESTRUCTIVE METHODS FOR NORMAL AND HIGH
PERFORMANCE CONCRETE Submitted by BABANDEDE MOHAMMED ASHIRU in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Structural Engineering and
Constructions is hereby accepted.
Approved by,
Date
Supervisor
Ir Mohd Saleh Jaafar, Ph D
Associate Professor, University Putra Malaysia
Date
Examiner
Ir Jamaloddin Noorzaei, Ph D
Associate Professor, University Putra Malaysia
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and
citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it have not been
previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at UPM or other institutions.
BABANDEDE M. ASHIRU
Date:
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
APPROVAL
DECLARATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Page
Ii
Iii
Iv
V
Vi
Vii
Viii
X
Xi
xxii
CHAPTER 1
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Problem statement
1.3 Objective of the study
1.4 Scope Limitation of the Study
1
1
3
3
4
LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Non Destructive test 5
2.1.1 Definition of Non Destructive Testing 5
2.2 Development of Concrete Mix for NDT testing 7
2.2.1 Normal and High Performance Concrete
2.2.2 Definitions of HPC
2.2.3 Development of HPC
2.2.4 Material for HPC
2.2.4.1 Silica fumes
2.2.4.2 Aggregate
2.2.4.3 Super plasticizer Dosage
2.2.4.4 Water
7
9
10
11
12
14
16
17
2.3 NDT equipment for strength estimation 17
2.4 Surface Hardness Method 17
2.4.1 Rebound Hammer 18
2.4.2 Rebound Hammer Operation 20
2.4.3 Procedure Obtain Correlation between fcu and R 22
2.4.4 Interpretation of Result 23
2.5 Ultra Pulse Velocity tester 24
2.5.1 Ultra Pulse Velocity Operation and Procedure 26
2.5.2 Mounting of Transducer 29
2.5.3 Factors affecting Ultra pulse Velocity 31
2.5.3.1 Moisture Content 31
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2.5.3.2 Temperature 32
2.5.3.3 Path Length 33
2.5.4 Interpretation of Pulse Velocity Result 33
2.6 Calibration 36
2.7 Combine Method 39
2.8 Previous Research 45
2.9 Concluding Remark 57
3 METHODOLOGY 58
3.1 Introduction 58
3.2 Material Utilization 59
3.3 Concrete Mix Proportion 61
3.4 Specimen 62
3.5 Casting Details 62
3.5.1 Apparatus 63
3.5.2 Mix Design 65
3.5.3 Preparation of cubes 30 – 70MPa 65
3.5.3.1 Setting of samples 66
3.5.3.2 Compacting of sample 66
3.6 Testing Procedure 71
3.6.1 NDT Testing Detail 72
3.6.2 Cubes Compressive Strength 75
3.7 Techniques and analysis 77
3.7.1 Regression Analysis 78
3.7.2 Statistical Analysis Procedure 86
4 DATA ANALYSIS, RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 91
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Validation of the model 92
4.2.1 Strength Prediction Model(Pascal ) Using Sclerometer 95
4.2.2 Strength Prediction Model(Shibli ) Using Sclerometer 97
4.2.3 Strength Prediction Model Using UPV 98
4.2.4 Strength Prediction Model Using Combined 101
4.3 Implication of the model on the insitu 103
4.4 Concluding Remarks 103
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 107
5.1 Introduction 107
5.2 Conclusion 107
5.3 Recommendation 108
REFERENCES 109
APPENDIX A 112
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LISTS OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1 Some Significant achievement for HPC 10
2.2 Impact energy required for Rebound Hammer 21
2.3 Indicate Natural Frequency 29
2.4 Effect on Temperature on pulse velocity 33
2.5 Criteria for Concrete Quality Grading 35
2.6 Various Multiple Regression by Different Researchers 56
3.1 Mix Proportion for Normal Concrete 61
3.2 Mix Proportion for HPC 62
3.3 Suggested 95% Confidence Tolerance Factor 88
4.1 Actual cube strength and Sclerometer test for normal and HPC 105
4.2 Actual cube strength and UPV for normal and HPC 105
Appendix A Cubes Statistical Analysis Data for Normal Concrete. 112
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LISTS OF FIGURES
Figures Page
2.1 Schematic Diagram of Rebound Hammer 20
2.2 Various Position of Rebound Hammer 22
2.3 Apparatus for UPV 27
2.4 Direct Transmission 31
2.5 Semi Direct Transmission 31
2.6 Indirect Transmission 32
2.7 Relationship Between Explore Prove length 39
2.8 Monograph for Concrete Particular Aggregate. 62
3.1 Fine Aggreagate 60
3.2 Weighing Machine 64
3.3 Pocket Vibrator 64
3.4 Compacting Concrete 64
3.5 Mixing of Samples 67
3.6 Casting cubes placed in mould 67
3.7 Prepared top surface after placement 67
3.8 Final preparing of cubes 68
3.9 Setting before Demoulding 69
3.10 Demoulding of Cubes 70
3.11 Transporting after Demoulding 70
3.12 Curing Tank 70
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3.13 Showing Grid Point 73
3.14 Procedure of Collecting Sclerometer test result 73
3.15 Procedure of Colleting UPV result 73
3.16 Compressive Machine unit test 75
3.17 Placed cubes in Compressive Machine 76
3.18 Nature of Failure in Normal Concrete 76
3.19 Nature of Failur in HPC. 76
3.20 Illustration of Residual 78
3.21 Explore of Scatter plot Diagram 79
3.22 Characteristics Strength (95% Confidence limit) 90
4.1a Validation of Strength prediction model(Pascal) using fcst test. 95
4.1 Validation of Strength prediction model (shibli) using fcst test. 97
4.2a Validation of Strength prediction model(Pascal)using UPV . 99
4.2 Validation of Strength prediction model using UPV for normal. 100
4.3 Validation of Strength prediction model using UPV for HPC. 101
4.4 Validation of Strength prediction using generalized model. 102
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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ACI American Concrete Institute
BS British Standard
C-S-H Calcium Silicate Hydrates
C3A Tricalcium Aluminates
COV Coefficient of variation
D, D’ Depth of reinforcement below the concrete surface
Expo Exponential
FC Compressive strength from correlation relationship
Fcu characteristic strength
Fmean
Sample mean strength
FKA Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam
HPC High Performance Concrete
ICRI International Concrete Repair Institute
JKR Jabatan Kerja Raya
k - Tolerance factor
Khz - Kilohertz
Km - Kilometer
KN - KiloNewton
Ln Lognormal
Log - Logarithmic
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LS - Least square
MS Malaysian Standard
mm millimeter
MPa - MegaPascal
N/mm2 Newton per millimetres square
NDT - Nondestructive testing
OPC - Ordinary Portland Cement
PCHPC Portland cement High Performance Concrete
Q - Sum of squared deviation
R - Rebound number
r - Correlation coefficient
R2
- Coefficient of determination
s’ - Sample standard deviation
SF Silica Fume
SP Superplasticizer
sec - Seconde
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UPM - Universiti Putra Malaysia
V - Pulse velocity
W/c - water/cement
ε - Random error
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
The assessment of concrete strength by NDT is of considerable interest to engineers.
Several national and international standards recognize the various NDT methods as
suitable.
The non-destructive testing (NDT) of concrete is of great scientific and practical
importance. The subject has received growing attention during recent years, especially
the need for quality characterization of damaged constructions made of concrete, using
NDT methods.
Nondestructive tests (NDT) provide indirect data that can be empirically related to
compressive strength by calibration with strength measurements from a number of cast
specimens. NDT measurement technique has been used for more than two decades for
quality evaluation and assessing concrete compressive strength.
The direct determination of the strength of concrete implies that concrete specimens must
be loaded to failure; it becomes abundantly clear that non destructive method of testing
concrete cannot be expected to yield absolute value of strength.
The currently available method can be broadly classified into two categories.
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The first category consists of those methods which attempt to measure some property of
concrete from which an estimate of its strength, its durability, and its elastic property are
obtained.
Some such properties of concrete are its hardness, its resistance to penetration or
projectiles, rebound values, resonance frequency, and ability to allow ultrasonic pulses to
propagate through concrete.
Interest in testing of hardened concrete has increased considerably over these recent
years. In the UK this has mainly been due to the number of concrete structures, especially
those of relatively recent origin, that have showing signs of deterioration. Similar
problems have also emerged in other part of the world. Changes in cement manufacture,
the use of cement replacements and admixtures, and decline in standards of workmanship
and construction control, have all been held responsible. There is also an increasing
awareness of the shortcomings of control or compliance tests that require a 28 days wait
before the results are available. Even then, such tests reflect only the adequacy of the
material supplied rather than overall construction standards.
In each case the need for concrete strength measurement is clear but to many engineers
the features, and especially the limitations, of a variable test methods are unknown and
consequently left to “expert” .Whilst it is essential that the test should be performed and
interpreted by experienced specialist, many difficulty arise both at the planning and
interpretation stage because of lack of common understanding. A great deal of time,
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effort and money can be wasted on unsuitable or badly planned testing, leading to
inconclusive results which then become the subject of the heated debate.
1.2 Problem Statement
Researches on normal strength concrete using non-destructive test techniques have been
established. But these researches are progressing for high performance concrete.
Estimation of strength for normal concrete using Sclerometer test and UPV test has been
quite discussed and different researchers recommended different correlation models. But
correlations for the high performance concrete are yet to be established. Several
researchers made attempt to generalize strength prediction models using those NDT
techniques. The generalized strength prediction regression model means; a model that can
estimate concrete strength for normal as well as for high performance concrete. The
reliability of those strength prediction models are yet to be verified in order to ascertain
whether they are suitable for their own mix or can be used for other mix as well.
Therefore, validations of those regression models are sought.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The aim of the present study work is to produced a range of concrete mix from normal to
high performance concrete in the laboratory and test them in non-destructive and
destructive manner. The followings objectives are set forth in the investigations:
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i) To validate generalized strength prediction regression model using Sclerometer test.
ii) To validate generalized strength prediction regression model using UPV method.
iii) To validate generalized strength prediction regression model using combined NDT
method (Sclerometer and UPV test).
1.4 Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study covers five different mix of normal and high performance concrete (HPC),
which are mainly designed to achieve 28days characteristic strength of 30 MPa, 40 MPa,
50 MPa 60 MPa and 70 MPa. The locally sourced coarse aggregates (Sandstone) of
10mm maximum sizes were used in the mix. The 7 and 28 days strength in the normal
and HPC mix is investigated using Sclerometer test and UPV method to achieve the
stated objectives. The destructive test results were assumed as actual values of the
concrete properties. Results were analyzed by rule of statistics, using SPSS ver.14
computer program. It is expected that the results of this study will form the basis of
reliability of generalized strength prediction models using those NDT technique for civil
engineering applications.
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