assessing and treating sentence complexity in expository texts

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11/17/2010 1 ASSESSING AND TREATING ASSESSING AND TREATING SENTENCE COMPLEXITY SENTENCE COMPLEXITY IN EXPOSITORY TEXTS IN EXPOSITORY TEXTS Cheryl M. Scott Cheryl M. Scott Catherine H. Balthazar Catherine H. Balthazar Nicole M. Koonce Nicole M. Koonce ASHA Convention 2010, Philadelphia The authors gratefully acknowledge the support provided by a Clinical Research Grant from the American SpeechLanguageHearing Foundation. Expository text is challenging Expository text is challenging Developmental trajectory: later and longer Usually in the written modality Underrepresented in early school years Underrepresented in early school years Content, form, and use is less familiar LI/LD look “more impaired “ in expository text Several organizational schemes Unique grammatical features US students are losing ground in US students are losing ground in several areas that reflect facility several areas that reflect facility with expository text with expository text NAEP results in reading and writing and writing Comparisons with other developed countries People are People are worried worried Resulting in analyses of the problem and thoughtful suggestions for remedies, e.g., Biancarosa & Snow (2006) Graham & Perrin (2007) One remedy One remedy Initiative arose from governors and state commissioners of education ELL standards released June 2010; adopted by 30+ states K12 standards in listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills that HS graduates need to be successful in higher ed and in the workplace The notion of TEXT COMPLEXITY TEXT COMPLEXITY is at the core of the standards evidence of declining complexity of texts in K12 less independent reading of complex texts required COMPLEX SENTENCES CONTRIBUTE TO TEXT COMPLEXITY COMPLEX SENTENCES CONTRIBUTE TO TEXT COMPLEXITY and are emphasized throughout the standards Another remedy Another remedy Expand literacy instruction into higher grades in the form of DISCIPLINARY LITERACY Instruction that helps students appreciate differences in how content areas create, disseminate, and evaluate knowledge and how these differences are instantiated in instantiated in their uses of language their uses of language (Shanahan & Shanahan, 2008) Fang, 2008 Schleppegrell, 2004

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Page 1: Assessing and Treating Sentence Complexity in Expository Texts

11/17/2010

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ASSESSING AND TREATING ASSESSING AND TREATING SENTENCE COMPLEXITY SENTENCE COMPLEXITY IN EXPOSITORY TEXTSIN EXPOSITORY TEXTS

Cheryl M. ScottCheryl M. ScottCatherine H. BalthazarCatherine H. BalthazarNicole M. KoonceNicole M. Koonce

ASHA Convention 2010, Philadelphia

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support provided by a Clinical Research Grant from the American Speech‐Language‐Hearing Foundation.

Expository text is challengingExpository text is challenging

• Developmental trajectory: later and longer

• Usually in the written modality

• Underrepresented in early school yearsUnderrepresented in early school years

• Content, form, and use is less familiar

• LI/LD look “more impaired “ in expository text

• Several organizational schemes

• Unique grammatical features

US students are losing ground in US students are losing ground in several areas that reflect facility several areas that reflect facility with expository textwith expository text

• NAEP results in reading and writingand writing

• Comparisons with other developed countries

People are  People are  worriedworried

Resulting in analyses of the g yproblem and thoughtful suggestions for  remedies, e.g., 

Biancarosa & Snow (2006)

Graham & Perrin (2007)

One remedy One remedy • Initiative arose from governors and state commissioners of 

education

• ELL standards released June 2010; adopted by 30+ states

• K‐12 standards in listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills that HS graduates need to be successful in higher edand in the workplace

• The notion of TEXT COMPLEXITY TEXT COMPLEXITY is at the core of the standards 

evidence of declining complexity of texts in K‐12

less independent reading of complex texts required

•• COMPLEX SENTENCES CONTRIBUTE TO TEXT COMPLEXITY COMPLEX SENTENCES CONTRIBUTE TO TEXT COMPLEXITY and are emphasized throughout the standards

Another remedyAnother remedy

Expand literacy instruction into higher grades in the form of DISCIPLINARY LITERACY 

Instruction that helps students appreciate differences in how content areas create, ffdisseminate, and evaluate knowledge and how these differences are instantiated in instantiated in their uses of languagetheir uses of language (Shanahan & Shanahan, 2008)

Fang, 2008

Schleppegrell, 2004

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Our remedy  Our remedy  as applied to children and adolescents as applied to children and adolescents 

with language and learning disorderswith language and learning disorders

Teach these students to be “more fluent” recognizing, understanding (listening and reading), and producing (speaking & writing) complex sentences characteristic of ones found in school settings

What are some of these unique What are some of these unique grammatical features ofgrammatical features ofgrammatical features of grammatical features of informational text ?informational text ?

Feature 1:  Feature 1:  Long, complex nominal Long, complex nominal groups  (noun phrases) groups  (noun phrases)  that teach that teach 

1.1. The oldest known fossil skeleton of a human The oldest known fossil skeleton of a human ancestorancestor——a female a female ArdipithecusArdipithecus RamidusRamidusspecimen nicknamed “specimen nicknamed “ArdiArdi” ” has been found. 

22 InIn the last week of the campaignthe last week of the campaign he hammered2.2. In In the last week of the campaignthe last week of the campaign, he hammered away at the gusher of secret money poured in the gusher of secret money poured in by special interests to influence the outcome of by special interests to influence the outcome of the electionsthe elections, arguing in effect that the elites of the elites of Wall Street and corporate AmericaWall Street and corporate America were trying to hoodwink everyday voterseveryday voters into casting ballotsballots against their own interests their own interests to benefit the powerfulthe powerful.

Feature 2: Feature 2: Clausal subordination Clausal subordination that that conveys authority and organizes text by conveys authority and organizes text by indicating the logical relations between indicating the logical relations between 

propositionspropositions1. The plants adapt by by making sure making sure when there when there 

isis water they water they getget as much of it as possible by as much of it as possible by havinghaving wide arms or wide arms or tappingtapping for waterfor water. (adverbial X3; coord)

2. The blood blood returningreturning through the body through the body through the right side of the heart and to through the right side of the heart and to the lungsthe lungs contains cellular waste (relative)

3. Smaller dams uproot fewer people and do less harm to the environment, , while still while still providingproviding energy for a region energy for a region to growto grow. . (coord; adverbial X2)

4. But the new goal acknowledges that that China also China also hashas other tools other tools to increase to increase spending at home and spending at home and reducereduce external external imbalancesimbalances. (object complement; postmodifying nonfinite clause; coordination)

Feature 3: Feature 3: Theme and information Theme and information structuring patterns structuring patterns that enable focus that enable focus 

on new informationon new information

1.1. When an elephant When an elephant drinksdrinks, it sucks as much as 2 gallons (7.5 liters) of water into its trunk at a time. (left branching adverbial)( g )

2.2. Almost from the moment the caffeineAlmost from the moment the caffeine‐‐heavy heavy energy drink Red Bull energy drink Red Bull waswas introduced in the introduced in the late 1980’s,late 1980’s, it was mixed with alcohol by revelers intentintent on bleariness without on bleariness without wearinessweariness.

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Combinations of the threeCombinations of the three

1.1. Once DNA’s structure Once DNA’s structure was known was known scientists were able to figure out how it how it providesprovides a library of instructions that a library of instructions that 

ll h ll hh ll h kkcontrolcontrol the cells that the cells that make up make up our our bodies and those of other living things.bodies and those of other living things.(adverbial, object complement X2, relative X2)

SLP roles in this pictureSLP roles in this picture1. Comprehending and producing 

complex sentences is particularly problematic for LI/LD, showing up as listening and reading comprehension and production of oral or written 

l i i dexplanations, summaries, and reports. 

2. An increasing research base highlights the poor comprehender (a particular type of reading disorder that may not “show up” until mid‐elementary years).

3. The SLP needs to be “curriculum relevant”

4. Text (and sentence) complexity has  finally  arrived on the national agenda

5. SLPs need to participate in RTI at all levels, not just K‐2 and not just phonemic awareness

6 SLPs bring “value added” special6. SLPs bring  value‐added  special expertise in language generally and syntax specifically, language development,  and  methods of assessing and treating these highly individualized problems with higher level language

ASSESSING SENTENCE COMPLEXITY ASSESSING SENTENCE COMPLEXITY IN EXPOSITORY TEXTIN EXPOSITORY TEXT

Reviewed several tests and subtests laden Reviewed several tests and subtests laden 

with complex sentences, butwith complex sentences, but……• None contained a systematic 

distribution of complex sentence types and subtypes

• Measures seemed weighted toward particular types of complex sentencesC l• Complex sentences were not the only possible responses in some of the production tasks

• No apparent attempt to sample informational language specifically

• Tasks presented sentences in isolation, not in discourse

Assessing in sentence complexity in Assessing in sentence complexity in expository tasks is important expository tasks is important 

• Discourse genre and modality make a difference in performance of both LI and TD school‐age children (Scott & Windsor, 2000) with written expository being the most challenging

• Expository tasks may be more sensitive to disordered performance in adolescents (Nippold, Mansfield, Billow & Tomblin, 2008) and bring to light continuing language needs.

• Complex sentences play a large role in expository 

language.

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InertiaWhen When a ball flies through the aira ball flies through the air, it keeps movinguntiluntil a force stops ita force stops it.  The push of a fielder’s hand is a force that can stop a ballthat can stop a ball.  Force is also needed (in (in order) to order) to make a ball move make a ball move once once it stopsit stops.  Throwing or hitting the ball can provide that force.An object either remains in motion or stays at rest untiluntil a force acts on ita force acts on it.  The tendency of objects to stay in motion or to stay still is called inertia.  Every object, whetherwhether it is moving or at restit is moving or at rest has inertia In movingwhetherwhether it is moving or at restit is moving or at rest, has inertia.  In moving, you need to use a force (in order) to (in order) to overcome its overcome its inertia.inertia.Examples of inertia are all around you.  Find an object in the classroom that is at restthat is at rest, such as a book (that is) that is) on your deskon your desk.  (In order) In order) To To make the book move across make the book move across the deskthe desk, you would have to apply a force.  UnlessUnless a a force, force, such as such as a push or a pull, acts on the booka push or a pull, acts on the book, inertia keeps it still.  Your muscles can provide the push or pull to overcome the book’s inertia to overcome the book’s inertia andmake it move.

Bold = coordinating & subordinating conjunctions

Red = relative clauses

Green = adverbial clauses

Italic = grammar of science 

Need assessment strategies for Need assessment strategies for sentence complexity in expository textsentence complexity in expository text

• Need types of expository tasks that utilize a wider range of complex sentence types

• Need to systematically represent the various complex sentence types

• Need to look at how students are parsing complex sentences when encountered in text

Goals of developing alternative Goals of developing alternative assessment strategiesassessment strategies

• Systematically sample wider range of complex sentences in greater detail 

– Relative Clauses (4 types)

Object Complements (3 types)– Object Complements (3 types)

– Adverbial Clauses (8 semantic categories)

• Sample from authentic expository tasks that mimic those in curriculum, relating  assessment to classroom performance

Relative ClausesRelative Clauses

Modifying the subject noun1. Many national historical sites that relate to the founding 

of the United States are to be found in Philadelphia. 

2. The sculpture of Benjamin Franklin that James Penistoncreated is located in the Old City neighborhoodcreated is located in the Old City neighborhood. 

Modifying the object noun3. Philadelphia is an important center for medicine, a 

distinction that has held since the colonial period. 

4. During the spring that followed the Phillies loss in the World Series, the Flyers unexpectedly reached the Stanley Cup Finals, which they lost to the Chicago Blackhawks.

Object ComplementsObject Complements

That clauses– Historians claim that Penn’s treaty of friendship with Lenape

chief Tammany under an elm tree at Shackamaxon is a legend.

Question word clauses– In 1681, in partial repayment of a debt, Charles II of England 

granted William Penn a charter for what would become the P l i lPennsylvania colony. 

Nonfinite clauses (bare infinitive, infinitive, gerund)– Construction of roads, canals, and railroads helped turn 

Philadelphia into the United States' first major industrial city. – Penn had experienced religious persecution and wanted his 

colony to be a place where anyone could worship freely despite their religion.

– Penn tried keeping roads laid out so that there would be space between homes for gardens and orchards, but the city's inhabitants crowded by the Delaware River and subdivided and resold their lots.

Adverbial ClausesAdverbial Clauses

The city's professional teams went without a championship from 1983, when the 76ers won the NBA Championship, until 2008, when the Phillies won the World Series (time x 2)World Series. (time x 2) 

Since Philadelphia’s name is derived from the Greek for philos, “love” or “friendship”, and adelphos, “brother,” it is often referred to as “the city of brotherly love.” (reason)

While other Northern industrial cities were electing Democratic mayors in the 1930s and 1940s, Philadelphia did not follow suit until 1951. (contrast)

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Sentence completion

Sentence combining ability is developmental (Scott, Nelson,  Andersen, & Zielinski, 2006), but doesn’t always obligate particular complex sentences 

A variation on sentence combining ‐ provide kernel sentences and a starter phrase to obligate a particular structure (ala Levy & Friedmann, 2007)

Sentence Combining / Completion

Adverbial Clause

The earliest structures were of log construction.  

Brick structures were common by 1700 .

1.  Although the earliest structures were of log construction, brick structures were common by 1700 .

Relative Clause

Philadelphia's largest park is Fairmount Park. 

Fairmount Park encompasses 9,200 acres.

In this exercise, I am going to ask you to write some sentences. First, I will read two short sentences aloud while you read along silently. After the two sentences there is an incomplete sentence with a blank in it. You will write ONE sentence by filling 

2.  Fairmount Park, which encompasses 9,200 acres, is Philadelphia’s largest park.

Object Complement Clause

Graffiti artists need an outlet.  

The Mural Arts Program  provides funds for graffiti artists.

3. The Mural Arts Program seeks to provide an outlet for graffiti artists.

in that blank. Use as much of the information in the two shorter sentences as you can, but DO NOT use the words, “and, but, or, then.” Try to make one sentence that makes sense, based on the two shorter sentences. If you have any trouble reading a word, ask me.

Sample Sentence Combining / Completion (Object Complements)

Sentence completion used for progress probes…

•Female, age 13, 6th grade•6 sessions per sentence type over 9 

kweeks•“B” phase is treatment on the structure•Captured improvements during the 

treatment period•Allowed comparison between baseline, 

treatment, and post‐treatment

Written Summary

Summarization is an expository task commonly employed Summarization is an expository task commonly employed in academic settings (for notein academic settings (for note‐‐taking, essays, etc.)taking, essays, etc.)

Assessing complex sentence structure in a discourse Assessing complex sentence structure in a discourse context has shown promise for eliciting a large context has shown promise for eliciting a large number of complex sentences (Gummersall & Strong, number of complex sentences (Gummersall & Strong, 1999)1999)1999)1999)

Written expository summaries may pose the greatest Written expository summaries may pose the greatest challenge for schoolchallenge for school‐‐age students with LLD (Scott & age students with LLD (Scott & Windsor, 2000) and offers Windsor, 2000) and offers potential potential for distinguishing for distinguishing LLD from age peers (Scott & Lane, 2008)LLD from age peers (Scott & Lane, 2008)

Sample can be analyzed using readily available metrics Sample can be analyzed using readily available metrics relating to sentence complexity: MLTU and SIrelating to sentence complexity: MLTU and SI

Written Summarization

Students watch a 12‐minute educational video and are then instructed to write about it, as in Scott & Windsor (2000)

Pre‐video viewing instructionsYou will be watching a science video.  Pay close attention while you are 

h b h f h ll k fwatching because when you finish I will ask you to write a summary of the video.  This simply means that you’ll write down the important and interesting information that you learned in your own words.  

Post‐video viewing instructionsNow write a summary of the important and interesting things that you 

learned from the video.  Pretend that I am one of your classmates who has not seen the video but needs the information to do some classwork.  I want you to try to write for at least fifteen minutes but you can have more time if you need it.  

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Written summary response from male, age 10, with language impairment 

T‐Units = 7     Words = 46     Clauses = 11     MLTU = 46/7 = 6.51     SI = 11/7 = 1.57  

Written summary response from male, age 10, 

typically developingT‐Units = 18     Words = 250    Clauses = 46     

/ /MLTU = 250/18 = 13.88     SI = 46/18 = 2.55

Text Paraphrase

Sentence complexity may contribute to comprehension problems but has generally been overlooked in models of reading comprehension (Scott, 2009)

Paraphrase offers opportunities for examining comprehension of specific complex sentences occurring in expository text

Think‐aloud strategy for assessing comprehension may provide insight into underlying processes (Gillam, Fargo, and Robertson, 2009)

Text Paraphrase

Present text one sentence at a time; either all auditory or with visual support.

I am going to read a passage about _________________  to you aloud, one sentence at a time.  Please listen carefully, because after each sentence I will ask you what youbecause after each sentence, I will ask you what you learned.  Tell me in your own words.  Sometimes, I will ask you a question afterwards.  

Once we have read the whole passage, I want you to tell me what the whole thing was about.  If you don’t understand a word in the passage, you can ask me and I’ll define it for you.  I can also repeat a sentence if you need me to.

Passenger Cars

Early railroad passenger cars were little more than stagecoaches fitted (rRC) with special wheels to help (PM) them stay (OC) on the tracks.

Q:  What did passenger cars have?have?

Q:  What did the special wheels do?

They didn’t hold many passengers, and because they were (AC) made out of wood, they were fire hazards.

Q: Why were they fire hazards?

TREATMENT PRINCIPLES IN COMPLEX SENTENCE INTERVENTION 

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Intervention Studies: Review of literature in brief

• Recent lit review on K‐5 language intervention by Cirrin & Gillam (2008) uncovered few studies focused on syntax (morphosyntax only)

• Many studies on improving expository languageMany studies on improving expository language skills emerge from education literature  and are focused on macrostructure (Biancarosa & Snow, 2006; Graham & Perin, 2007)

• Few studies across disciplines have targeted intervention at the complex syntax level

• How should treatment for complex sentences in expository text be addressed?

Treatment Principle 1: Treatment Principle 1: 

Repeated exposure and practice 

• Repeated exposure and practice increase the production of subordinate clauses (Gummersall & Strong, 1999; Johnson, Marinellie, Cetin, Marassa, & Correll, 1999)

F f t t t i (W F &• Frequency of treatment sessions (Warren, Fey, & Yoder, 2007)

Treatment Principle 2:Treatment Principle 2:

Explicit instruction is a necessity

• Metalinguistic training/Visual coding

(Ebbels, van der Lely, & Dockrell, 2007; Hirschman, 2000; Levy & Friedmann 2009)2000; Levy & Friedmann, 2009)

• Metalinguistic training/Sentence combining

(Neville & Searles, 1985; Saddler & Graham, 2005;Wilkinson & Patty, 1993)

Treatment Principle 3:Treatment Principle 3:

Intervention activities should engage all modalities

• Incorporating reading, writing, listening, and speaking activities enriches student learning (Graham & Perin, 2007; Lesaux et al., 2010; M t 2009 M L & B k 2008)Moats, 2009; Munro, Lee, & Baker, 2008)

Treatment Principle 4:Treatment Principle 4:

Materials should reflect the real life curricular demands of students

• Research supports the implementation of complex sentence intervention in the context  of curriculum based activities

(Fey, Long & Finestack, 2003; Hirschman, 2000; Nelson & Van Meter, 2007)

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Treatment Principles Applied

Treatment ScheduleAdverbials 1 (time) Videotape

Adverbials 2 (causal, purpose)

Adverbials 3 (contrast) 

Adverbials 4 (condition) 

Adverbials 5 (concession) 

Adverbials 6 (mixed types)

1. Warm‐up2. Lesson & practicea. ID clause (reading)b. Deconstructionc. Combining (writing)

3. Applicationa. Clause Hunt

Warm‐up Reading Passage

Storms: Tornados

Scientists define a tornado as “a violently rotating column of air thatthat extends from a thunderstorm to the extends from a thunderstorm to the groundground..” ” The most violent tornadoes are capable of tremendous destruction. Traveling at 100 kilometers per hour with wind speeds up to 400 kilometers per hour, p p p ,they can cut a path of 1.5 kilometers wide and 80 or more kilometers long in minutes. The United States is where the where the most tornados occumost tornados occurr.. The U.S. is home to an average of 800 tornadoes a year. AlthoughAlthough they cause fewer than a they cause fewer than a hundred deathshundred deaths, thousands of injuries occur and many millions of dollars in damage result.

Decontextualized activity:Identification of clauses

Decontextualized activity:Sentence generation

Decontextualized activity:Sentence combining

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Contextualized Activities:Clause hunt

Can the National Zoo's new pandas help their endangered Chinese cousins to survive?They earn a million bucks a year. They live in a posh new home. They 

make headlines across America. Yet they don't seem to care about being rich and famous.being rich and famous.

"They" are giant pandas who are named Mei Xiang (may SHONG) and Tian Tian (tea YEN tea YEN)…

Mei Xiang and Tian Tian were born in China, which is  the only country where wild pandas live. China has lent the pair to the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., for ten years. In exchange, the zoo will contribute a million dollars each year to help protect wild places, plants, and animals in China.

Summary and Questions

• Complex sentences are an important feature of expository/academic language

• The language of specific academic disciplines poses a challenge for older children and adolescents, particularly those with language impairment

• By analyzing curriculum content and student performance for sentence complexity, SLPs can make a valuable contribution – identify and treat structures that are problematic 

• Evidence is being generated to improve our understanding of the amount and type of treatment necessary and the scope of its effect

Stay tuned…Stay tuned…

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References and Bibliograhpy

Biancarosa, C., & Snow, C.E. (2006). Reading next – A vision for action and research in middle and high school literacy: A report to Carnegie Corporation of New York (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education.

Cirrin, F., & Gillam, R. (2008). Language intervention practices for school-age children with spoken language disorders: A systematic review. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 39, 110-137.

Ebbels, S., van der Lely, H., & Dockrell, J. (2007). Intervention for verb argument structure in children with persistent SLI: A randomized control trial. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50, 1330–1349.

Fang, Z. (2008). Helping students cope with the unique linguistic challenges of expository reading in intermediate grades. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 51:6, 478-487.

Fey, M.E., Long, S.H., & Finestack, L.H. (2003). Ten principles of grammar facilitation for children with specific language impairments. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 12, 3-15.

Gillam, S., Fargo, J., & Robertson, K. (2009). Comprehehnsion of expository text: Insights gained from think-aloud data. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18, 82-94.

Graham, S., & Perin, D. (2007). Writing next: Effective strategies to improve writing of adolescent in middle and high schools – A report to Carnegie Corporation of New York. Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education.

Gummersall, D., & Strong, C. (1999). Assessment of complex sentence production in a narrative context. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 30,152–164.

Hirschman, M. (2000). Language repair via metalinguistic means. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 35, 251–268.

Johnson, C., Marinellie, S., Cetin, P., Marassa, L., & Correll, K. (1999). Facilitating a child’s syntactic style during conversational language intervention. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Speech Language Hearing Association. San Francisco.

Lesaux, N.K., Kieffer, M.J., Faller, S.E., Kelley, J.G. (2010). The effectiveness and ease of implementation of an academic vocabulary intervention for linguistically diverse students in urban middle schools. Reading Research Quarterly, 45, 196-228.

Levy, H., & Friedmann, N. (2009). Treatment of syntactic movement in syntactic SLI: A case study. First Language, 12(1), 15-45.

Moats, L. (2009). Knowledge foundations for teaching reading and spelling. Reading and Writing, 22, 370-399.

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Munro,N., Lee,K., & Baker, E. (2008). Building vocabulary knowledge and phonological awareness skills in children with specific language impairment through hybrid language intervention: A feasibility study. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 43, 662-682.

Nippold, M., Mansfield, T., Billow, J., & Tomblin, J.B. (2008). Expository discourse in adolescents with language impairments: Examining syntactic development. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17, 356-366.

Schleppegrell, M. (2004). The language of schooling: A functional linguistics perspective. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

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